Coastal zone manangement & coastal regulation zone

35
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT & COASTAL REGULATION ZONE Dr. M. Baba Centre for Earth Science Studies

Transcript of Coastal zone manangement & coastal regulation zone

Page 1: Coastal zone manangement & coastal regulation zone

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

&

COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

Dr. M. Baba

Centre for Earth Science Studies

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Diversity of coastal hazards

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Narrow sandy beaches of Kerala

Lagoons of Lakshadweep

Extensive tidal flats of Gujarat

DIVERSITY OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

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Mumbai

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− Mangroves

− Sand dunes

− Turtle breeding grounds

− Coral reefs

− Uninhabited small islands

− Areas of outstanding natural beauty

− Heritage/archeological sites

− Areas likely to be inundated by sea level rise

Sensitive coastal ecosystems

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Filtration pond

Fish habitat

Ground water

Inter-tidal system

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Rocky cliffSandy beach bordering cliff

Tidal flatLateritic cliff

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Tidal inlet

Beach

Backwater/KayalTidal marsh

Coastal forest

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Coastal Uses

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Coastal Uses

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Damages to coastal systems

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Integrated

Coastal

Zone

Management

Plan

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District Coastal Management Plan

Ashtamudi Estuary, Kollam, India Proposed tourism and marine park zoning map

Produced by: M. Muralikrishna

Project Directors: Prof. Kerry Black and Dr. M. Baba

Project leaders: ASR Ltd., Marine and Freshwater Consultants,

New Zealand

Counterpart: Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), India

Sponsor: Asia Development Assistance Facility (ADAF),

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand

WEST KALLADAEAST KALLADA

THRIKKARUVA

MUNDROTHURUTHU

PERAYAM

PERINAD

ASHTAMUDI KAYAL

CENTRAL KAYAL

KUNDRA

BOAT BERTHING

AND NATURE PARK

MARINE RESERVE

(FISHING NOT ALLOWED)

TOURISM CENTRE

HOUSEBOAT MOORING

MARINE RESERVE

RESEARCH CENTRE

TOURISM AREA

ÊÚ

KANJIRAKOTTU KAYAL

FISHING ZONE

FISHING ZONE

Î

KUMBALATTU KAYAL

FISHING ZONE

KAL LA DA R

N

PROPOSED TOURISM AND MARINE PARK ZONES - ASHTAMUDI ESTUARY

Kms1 0 1

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WEST KALLADAEAST KALLADA

THRIKKARUVA

MUNDROTHURUTHU

PERAYAM

PERINAD

ASHTAMUDI KAYAL

CENTRAL KAYAL

KUNDRA

BOAT BERTHING

AND NATURE PARK

MARINE RESERVE

(FISHING NOT ALLOWED)

TOURISM CENTRE

HOUSEBOAT MOORING

MARINE RESERVE

RESEARCH CENTRE

TOURISM AREA

ÊÚ

KANJIRAKOTTU KAYAL

FISHING ZONE

FISHING ZONE

Î

KUMBALATTU KAYAL

FISHING ZONE

KAL LA DA R

N

PROPOSED TOURISM AND MARINE PARK ZONES - ASHTAMUDI ESTUARY

Kms1 0 1

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Coastal Zone boundaries for different countries

COUNTRY INLAND BOUNDARY OCEAN BOUNDARY

Brazil

China

Costa Rica

India

Israel

Philippines

Queensland

South Australia

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sweden

United Kingdom

U.S.A

2 km from MHW

10 km from MHW

200 m from MHW

500 m from HTL

1 – 2 km variable

Flexible

400 m from MHW

100 m from MHW

500 m from highest

storm or tide line

300 m from MHW

100 – 300 m

Flexible

Flexible

12 km from MHW

15 m isobath (depth)

MLW

LTL

500 MLW

Continental Shelf

3 NM from the CB

3 NM from the CB

12 NM (limit of territorial

sea)

2 km from MLW

2 NM

12 NM

12 NM

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Areas included by different countries in the

Coastal Management Zone

• All coastal lands that are subject to storms and flooding by the sea

• All intertidal areas of mangrove, marsh, deltas, salt flats, tidal flats

and beaches

• All permanent shallow coastal water areas such as bays, lagoons,

estuaries, deltaic waterways, and nearshore than include seagrass

meadows, coral reefs, shellfish beds or submerged bars

• All small coastal islands and other important nearshore features

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Economic/Development

Pressure

Societal/Environmental

Pressure

I C Z M

Environmental

ConservationEquitable Benefit Sharing Conflict Resolution

SUSTAINABLE COASTAL

RESOURCE UTILISATION

EQUITABLE SOCEITAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Legislative intervention - CRZ

Action Plans

Coastal Resources

Incorporation into Local body Plans

Spatial planning

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NATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

POLICY

• Issues due to resource overuse,

• Degradation of ecosystems,

• Conflicts among stakeholders

• Coastal hazards

• Livelihood security

• Sustainable development

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Why regulated development of the

coast?

• Protection of fishery

• Protection of coastal ecosystems

• Protection of life and property

• Maintain the scenic beauty of coast

• Encourage sustainable tourism

• Ensure public access to beach

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Coastal Regulation Zone

• Intertidal zone- area

between HTL & LTL

• Defined regulation zone

landward of the HTL on

sea coast and on the

banks of estuaries creeks

and backwaters

• 500 m along sea &

estuary coast

• 100 0r 150 m on banks of

backwater, river

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CRZ Notification - Genesis

1981 – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s letter: Keep 500 m from the HTL free from development activities

1982- Working Group on beach development guidelines

1983- Guidelines for the development of beaches (Tourism, Industrial development, Urban and rural developmentSpecial areas – mangroves, scenic areas, corals, oceanic islands)

1986 – Environmental Protection Act

1989 – Draft CRZ Notification

1991 – CRZ Notification

1994 – Supreme Court direction asking for strict implementation of CRZ

1996 – Approval to State CZMPs

1997 – Constitution of Aquaculture Authority

1998 – National and State Coastal Zone Management Authorities

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How it progressed……

• Vohra Committee

• Saldhana Committee

• Balakrishnan Nair Committee

• Saldhana Committee

• Babu Paul Committee

• Swaminathan Committee

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Benefits of CRZ

• Awareness on coast

• Traditional rights

• Industries controlled

• Natural hazard

protection

• Livelihood security

• Fragile systems

• Aesthetics

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Failures of CRZ

• Arbitrary zone

• Mainly violated

• No participation

• Too restrictive

• Goals undefined

• No incentives

• No enforcement

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Terms of Reference of Swaminathan Committee

1. Review reports of various Committees & international

practices

2. Suggest scientific principles for an ICZM best suited for the

country

3. Define and enlist various coastal and marine resources

4. Recommend the methodology for their identification

5. Recommend the extent of safeguards required for

conservation and protection

6. Revisit CRZ, Notification, 1991 in the light of above

7. Recommend necessary amendments to make the regulatory

framework consistent with recommendations

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COASTAL ISSUES

• Social and economic development of the

country

• Bring together a unique collection of natural

resources

• Coast an economic base and physical

location

• Fast developing area in the country

• Environmental degradation, resource

reduction and user conflicts

• Large scale destruction of life, property and

natural resources due to natural hazards

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MSS Committee

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM

• Ecological and cultural security, livelihood security and national security

• Territorial sea and the landward administrative biological limits

• Regulation, education and social mobilization

• conformity with international laws

• Regulation based on sound, scientific and ecological principles

• Precautionary approach where there are potential threats or irreversible damage to ecologically fragile systems

• Significant biological, cultural and natural assets should be considered incomparable

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MSS Committee

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM

• Coastal policy and regulations should be guided by the principles of gender and social equity as well as intra-generational and inter-generational equity

• ‘Polluter-pays’ principle(s) and ‘public trust’ doctrine

• Concurrent attention to conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits

• National coastal bio-shield movement

• Short term commercial interests not be allowed to undermine the ecological security of our coastal areas

• Cohesive, multi-disciplinary approaches

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MSS Committee

A NATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

ACTION PLAN

• To protect with peoples participation the livelihood security of the coastal fishers and others

• To protect life and property

• To protect the ecosystems which sustain productivity of the coastal areas

• Promote sustainable development that contribute to nation’s economy and prosperity.

Objectives

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DEFINITION

The coastal zone is defined as an area from the territorial waters limit (12 nautical miles) including its sea bed upto the landward boundary of the local self government abutting the sea coast.

Coastal zone also includes inland water bodies

influenced by tidal action including its bed and the adjacent land area upto the landward boundary of the local self-government abutting such water bodies.

In case of ecologically sensitive areas, the entire notified area/biological boundary of the area will be included.

MSS Committee

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ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS (ESA)

• Mangroves

• Coral reefs

• Sand beaches and sand dunes

• Inland tidal water bodies, i.e. estuaries, lakes, lagoons, creeks

• Mudflats

• Marine wildlife protected areas under the Wildlife (Conservation) Act.

• Coastal fresh water lakes

• Salt marshes

• Turtle nesting grounds

• Horse shoe crabs habitats

• Seagrass beds

• Seaweed beds

• Nesting grounds of migratory birds

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AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

• Coastal municipalities / corporations (the entire notifiedarea)

• Coastal panchayats with population density more than400 persons per sq.km. (the entire notified area)

• Ports and harbours

• Notified tourism areas

• Mining sites

• Notified industrial estates

• Special Economic Zones

• Haritage areas

• Notified archaeological sites under the ProtectedMonuments Act

• Defence areas / installations

• Power plants

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FACILITIES / ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ACCESS

TO THE SHORELINES• Port and harbours, including refueling facilities, and dredging and

reclamation

• Fish landing sides

• Public toilets

• Lighthouses and light-towers

• Beach tourism and water sports facilities

• Salt pans

• Mining of minerals other than beach sand, rocks, gravel, and sea-shells

• Ship building and repair facilities

• Coastal protection structures

• Hydrocarbon exploration and production

• Defence installations

• Discharge pipelines for treated effluent and sewage

• Approach roads, railways, pipelines, power transmissions anddistribution lines to service the above

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A comparison of the CRZ &

MSS recommendations

Item CRZ MSS Report

Approach Regulatory

(top down)

Participatory management

(bottom up)

Area Covered Only coastal land Land and water

Boundaries Shoreline (LTL) to

500m

Entire panchayat / municipality &

territorial sea & coastal waters

Coastal peculiarities Not fully accounted Fully accounted

Development

setbacks

HTL, 200m, 500m Based on vulnerability to hazards

Livelihood security Partial coverage Wider coverage

Traditional rights Partially covered Fully covered

Responsibility for

implementation

Central Govt. Local Self Governments

Funding Nil Central funds available

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