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Coal Ash Use and Disposal Debra Pflughoeft-Hassett, Associate Gypsum Parameters 20 Fenton Avenue...
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![Page 1: Coal Ash Use and Disposal Debra Pflughoeft-Hassett, Associate Gypsum Parameters 20 Fenton Avenue Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 218-791-7729 dfphassett@live.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5519940055034653068b473e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Coal Ash Use and Disposal
Debra Pflughoeft-Hassett, AssociateGypsum Parameters20 Fenton Avenue
Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203218-791-7729 [email protected]
Advising Industry on Strategic Development of FGD Gypsum Resources
![Page 2: Coal Ash Use and Disposal Debra Pflughoeft-Hassett, Associate Gypsum Parameters 20 Fenton Avenue Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 218-791-7729 dfphassett@live.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5519940055034653068b473e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CCP Use and DisposalBackground
Fly Ash Bottom Ash
FGD Gypsum Boiler Slag
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![Page 4: Coal Ash Use and Disposal Debra Pflughoeft-Hassett, Associate Gypsum Parameters 20 Fenton Avenue Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 218-791-7729 dfphassett@live.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070306/5519940055034653068b473e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CCP Use and DisposalBackground
• 2008 Statistics– 136,073,107 short tons produced in the U.S.– 60,593,660 short tons or 44.5 % were used – 75,479,447 short tons or 55.5 % were
disposed– Fly ash is the largest CCP stream produced
in the U.S.– FGD materials include gypsum and other
calcium- and sodium-based materials– Fluidized Bed Combustion ash is another
type of CCP produced in the U.S.
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CCP Use and DisposalBackground
2008 CCP Utilization
Fly Ash, 30,142,274
Bottom Ash, 8,076,255
Boiler Slag, 1,689,892
FGD Material, 11,620,449
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Primary CCP Use Applications
• Cement/concrete/grout
• Raw feed for cement clinker
• Flowable fill and structural fill
• Road base/subbase• Mining applications• Wallboard• Mineral filler• Waste
stabilization/solidification
• Soil modification
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
1
Concrete/Concrete Products
Structural Fills/Embankments
Blended Cement/Raw Feed forClinker
Flowable Fill
Road Base/Sub-Base
Soil Modification/Stabilization
Mineral Filler in Asphalt
Blasting Grit/Roofing Granules
Mining Applications
WasteStabilization/Solidification
Agriculture
Aggregate
Other
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Evolution of APC Equipment on pc Boilers
Source: Institute of Clean Air Companies (ICAC)
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SorbentInjection
DOE/NETL Funded Approaches for Controlling Mercury
Baghouseor ESP ScrubberBoiler
Coal
ScrubberEnhancement/Oxidation
Combustion/Chemistry
Modification
PolishingTechnology
•ACI•Amended silicates•Halogenated AC•Ca-based sorbents•Chemically treated sorbents•COHPAC/Toxecon™•Thief sorbents
•Coal cleaning•Cl-based additives•Combustion modifications
•Oxidation catalysts•Reagent addition•Ultraviolet radiation (GP-254)•Electrocatalytic oxidation•SCR oxidation
•MerCAP™•ECO/Wet ESP
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2000 Regulatory Determination
(65 Fed. Reg. 32214)• “Remaining Wastes” do not warrant
hazardous waste regulations
• No federal regulation when used beneficially
• EPA does “not wish to place any unnecessary barriers on beneficial use”
• No damage cases from CCP utilization
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2000 Regulatory Determination (continued)
• No damage cases from mine placement
• SMCRA “is expressly designed to address environmental risks associated with coal mines.” (65 Fed. Reg. at 32217)
• EPA to develop national regulations under Subtitle D (or Modify SMCRA) for CCBs used in Mine-filling operations
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CCP Regulation in 2008 Disposal
• RCRA Subtitle C regulation of CCPs not warranted.
• Options:– National Subtitle D standards– Application of Industrial D guidance– Development and implementation of
USWAG CCP Action Plan – Status quo (state regulatory control)
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CCP Regulation in 2008Disposal & Utilization
• State-by-state under RCRA Subtitle D
• State regulation varies significantly– DOE, EPA, and industry evaluate
individual states
• EPA Evaluates Damage Cases– 24 Damage Cases identified– 42 Potential Damage Cases identified
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CCP Regulation in 2008 Mine Placement
• Managing Coal Combustion Residues in Mines” (2006) Summary of findings:– Mineplacement is a “Viable Option”– No Damage from CCP Mineplacement was
Found– Recommendations:
• Improved characterization of CCPs and Mine Sites• Robust Monitoring of Sites• Development of “Enforceable Federal Standards”
– Beneficial Use of CCPs was Encouraged
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CCP Regulation in 2008 Mine Placement
• Options Considered:– Consider RCRA Subtitle C regulations– Consider RCRA standards– Implement status quo (state regulatory
control under SMCRA and/or RCRA authorities)
• Option Selected– Develop rules under SMCRA– Draft rules were developed by OSM
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December 22, 2008
• Fly Ash Spill at Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Station Disposal Site – CCP Regulation Gets Attention– During her Senate confirmation hearing
in January 2009, Lisa P. Jackson, President Obama’s choice for to head the EPA, indicated that she intended to immediately review coal ash disposal sites across the U.S.
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Recent Developments
• EPA Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2) lowers its utilization goal and excludes mine placement from its estimates.
• The CCP industry works to educate Congressional delegates.
• The CCP industry works to get support for maintaining CCPs as solid wastes.
• TVA Clean up continues. • An EPA evaluation of CCP disposal sites
identifies 49 with high hazard potential.
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And Now…..
• EPA’s Regulation was scheduled for release in January 2010, but still has not been released.
• The mine placement rules continue to be held until after the CCP regulation is a known entity.
• The CCP industry continues to work to address CCP issues related to mercury, sulfur trioxide, and NOx emissions.
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Questions?Contact Information:
Debra Pflughoeft-HassettGypsum Parameters20 Fenton Avenue
Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203218-791-7729 [email protected]
Advising Industry on Strategic Development of FGD Gypsum Resources