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CO2QUEST Techno-economic Assessment of CO2 Quality Effect on its Storage and Transport Sergey Martynov University College London http://www.co2quest.eu

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Carbon Capture and Sequestration

The captured CO2 will contain a range of different types of impurities each having its own impact on the different parts of the CCS chain.

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Oxyfuel combustion Pre-combustion Post-combustion Raw /

dehumidified Double flashing

Distillation

CO2 vol% 74.8-85.0 95.84-96.7 99.3-99.4 95-99 99.6 – 99.8

O2 vol% 3.21-6.0 1.05-1.2 0.01-0.4 0 0.015 – 0.0035

N2 vol% 5.80-16.6 1.6-2.03 0.01-0.2 0.0195 – 1 0.045 - 0.29

Ar vol% 2.3-4.47 0.4-0.61 0.01-0.1 0.0001-0.15 0.0011 – 0.021

NOX ppm 100-709 0-150 33-100 400 20 - 38.8

SO2 ppm 50-800 0-4500 37-50 25 0 - 67.1

SO3 ppm 20 - 20 - N.I.

H2O ppm 100-1000 0 0-100 0.1 -600 100 – 640

CO ppm 50 - 50 0 - 2000 1.2 - 10

H2S/COS ppm 0.2 - 34000

H2 ppm 20-30000

CH4 ppm 0-112

CO2 Impurities

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Trace elements such as Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in the CO2 stream are of far greater concern in an aquifer storage site as compared to the pipeline. On the other hand, even small concentrations of water in the CO2 stream cause pipeline corrosion, but of benefit even at high concentrations during storage.

‘What is good for the pipeline is not necessarily good for storage’.

The Challenge

CO2 purity

Cost

Capture cost

Transport and storage cost

Total cost

Cost trade-offs associated with CO2 purity

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What impurities can be allowed in the CO2 stream for its safe and cost-effective transportation and storage?

The presentation provides an overview of the CO2QUEST project aiming to identify impurities with most adverse effect on CO2 transport and storage.

The $billion question:

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CO2QUEST project

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European Commission FP7-ENERGY

• Total EC funding: 4M €

• Start date: 1st March 2013

• Duration: 36 months

• Coordinator: UCL

• Collaboration of 10 partners from 8 countries

Project partners

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National Research Centre for Physical Sciences “Demokritos” (Greece)

Research Centre for Steel Related Applications, OCAS (Belgium)

Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (UK)

University College London (UK)

University of Leeds (UK)

National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risques, INERIS (France)

Uppsala Universitet (Sweden)

Federal Inst. for Geosciences and Natural Resourses, BGR (Germany)

Dalian University of Technology (China)

Project work packages

WP7: Project Management LEAD: UCL

WP6: Dissemination LEAD: UoL

WP2: CO2 Transport WP4: Techno-economic

Assessment Important Impurities

WP1: Fluid Properties & Phase Behaviour

WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity Performance

Tolerance Levels

Important Impurities

WP5: Impacts and Risk

Assessment

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WP1: Fluid Properties and Phase Behaviour

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Determination of the range and level of impurities expected in CO2 product gas streams from different capture technologies and other CO2 intensive industries

CO2 purification pilot unit (DUT)

Amine plant

250 kW oxy-fuel test facility (Pilot Scale Advanced Capture, PACT)

WP1: Fluid Properties and Phase Behaviour

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Equation of State (EoS) Development and Validation Development and integration of new SAFT-based models for CO2 mixtures with typical impurities applicable to solid-phase CO2 (dry ice) and electrolytic solutions (H2O+brine)

Predictions of phase envelopes for binary mixtures of CO2 with 5% (mole) of impurities, with PR (a) and PC-SAFT (b).

Solubility of water in CO2: Points - experimental data, Solid lines - PC-SAFT Dashed lines - tPC-PSAFT

WP1: Fluid Properties and Phase Behaviour

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Experimental Evaluation

1 l autoclave (can be heated)

Insulation(vaccum)

Discharge line with temperatureand pressure drop measurementExternal temperature regulated

Discharge orifice (2 g/s)

A small-scale adiabatic calorimeter for thermodynamic and transport properties of CO2 mixtures at INERIS

CanmetENERGY’s high pressure CO2 test facility

• VLE data for binary, ternary and multi-component CO2 mixtures. • Transport properties of CO2 with impurities

Project work packages

WP7: Project Management LEAD: UCL

WP6: Dissemination LEAD: UoL

WP2: CO2 Transport WP4: Techno-economic

Assessment Important Impurities

WP1: Fluid Properties & Phase Behaviour

WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity Performance

Tolerance Levels

Important Impurities

WP5: Impacts and Risk

Assessment

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WP2: CO2 Transport

Evaluation of the impact of impurities on operation and safety of transportation of superctitical CO2 streams:

• Pressure Drop/ Compressor Requirements

• Near-field Dispersion

• Materials Selection

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WP2: CO2 Transport

Pressure Drop/Compressor Requirement The impact of impurities on the pipeline capacity, pressure drop, fluid phase and compressor power requirements

• Pipeline networks

• Multi-stage compression

strategy

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Pipeline transportation

Compression of captured/ purified CO2

WP2.1: Compression strategies

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WP2.1: Compression strategies

WP2.2: CO2 Dispersion

Medium and large-scale experimental studies of high pressure CO2 with impurities releases and model validation

CFD predictions of the near-field shock structure of a CO2 release

Instrumented 256 m long, 233 mm i.d. test pipeline in China

Instrumented 40 m long, 40 mm id test pipeline at INERIS

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2 sec 10 sec 30 sec 20 sec

High-speed photographs of the flow in the pipe (top) and the CO2 release jet (bottom) at different times after the initiation of the pipe decompression (12 mm orifice)

WP2.2: Outflow and Dispersion

WP2.3: CO2 Transport – Materials Selection

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Fracture Propagation

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Charpy impact test for different steel grades considered for CO2 transportation pipelines

WP2.3: CO2 Transport – Materials Selection

Fracture Experiments

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256 m long, 233 mm i.d fully instrumented pipeline for rupture experiments

WP2.3: CO2 Transport – Materials Selection

Experimental Validation

CO2 release experiment

Project work packages

WP7: Project Management LEAD: UCL

WP6: Dissemination LEAD: UoL

WP2: CO2 Transport WP4: Techno-economic

Assessment Important Impurities

WP1: Fluid Properties & Phase Behaviour

WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity Performance

Tolerance Levels

Important Impurities

WP5: Impacts and Risk

Assessment

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WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity

Singe-well push-pull experiments of CO2 and water at the Heletz test site

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Super-critical CO2 injection into a reservoir layer at 1.6 km depth, with sophisticated monitoring and sampling

•Impact of impurities on the two key trapping mechanisms of CO2 (residual trapping and dissolution trapping) at field scale

•Validation of predictive models, measurement and monitoring techniques

wells for field experiments

injection-withdrawal of supercritical CO2 and brine

zone of residual trapped scCO2

WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity

Injection of industrial grade CO2 in a shallow freshwater aquifer

• Investigate the impact of impurities on freshwater aquifer • Recommend methods for monitoring of trace elements impurities and

groundwater quality above the future CO2 geological storage sites

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UPSTREAM (10 m)

DOWNSTREAM (50 m)

Meteorological station

GSM/ADSL antenna

Technical premises

Measurement of soil gases (quality and flux)

Unsaturated zone

Soil

Leakage

Saturated zone Injection Dissolved gas

plume

Upstream piezometer Downstream piezometers and piezairs

Measurement of soil gases

Measurements in the aquifer

Flow in the aquifer

Project work packages

WP7: Project Management LEAD: UCL

WP6: Dissemination LEAD: UoL

WP2: CO2 Transport WP4: Techno-economic

Assessment Important Impurities

WP1: Fluid Properties & Phase Behaviour

WP3: CO2 Storage Reservoir Integrity Performance

Tolerance Levels

Important Impurities

WP5: Impacts and Risk

Assessment

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WP4: Techno-Economic Assessment

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Develop a model of CCS capture and transport networks to evaluate: • feasible operational envelopes for CCS systems containing

various impurities • blending of CO2 streams from different sources for optimal

operation of transport and storage • trade-offs between the costs of CCS and safety of transport

and storage

Example of network design Cost trade-offs associated with CO2 purity

CO2 purity

Cost

Capture cost

Transport and storage cost

Total cost

TO UPDATE…

WP5: Impacts and Risk Assessment

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1. Analysis of incremental risks across the CCS chain associated

with the presence of impurities

2. Development of decision making risk assessment tools

accounting for the role of impurities (safety and environmental

impact)

3. Planning prevention and mitigation measures for selected risks

Project value

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The results of the study will be used to provide

recommendations for the development of relevant

standards for the safe design and operation of

CCS:

• tolerance levels for CO2 impurities,

• mixing protocols for CO2-reach streams from

various sources

• control measures for pipeline networks and

storage infrastructure.

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Acknowledgements and Disclaimer

The research leading to the results described in this presentation has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme FP7-ENERGY-2012-1-2STAGE under grant agreement number 309102. The presentation reflects only the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

CO2QUEST

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Contact details Haroun Mahgerefteh Project Coordinator University College London Gower Street, London, United Kingdom Tel: +44-2076793835 Fax: +44-2076793835 www.co2quest.eu

Thank you

Questions