Cơ Sở Thiết Kế Máy- Bách Khoa Đà Nẵng

5/24/2018 C S Thi t K M y- B ch Khoa N ng

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I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

Trn Th Truyn

C S THIT K NH MY

Nng, 2006
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MC LC****

PHN 1: C S THIT K NH MY

CHNG 1: KHI NIM C BN.......................................................... 41.1. Nhim v v phn loi thit k:.....................................................................41.2. Cc giai on thit k:...................................................................................51.3. Yu cu ca bn thit k: ..............................................................................61.4. B cc bn thuyt minh: .............................................................................12

CHNG 2:LP LUN KINH T K THUT................................... 132.1. c im thin nhin: .................................................................................132.2. Vng nguyn liu:.......................................................................................132.3. Hp tc ho: ...............................................................................................132.4. Ngun cung cp in: .................................................................................142.5. Ngun cung cp hi:...................................................................................142.6. Nhin liu:..................................................................................................142.7. Ngun cung cp nc v vn x l nc:...............................................14

2.8. Thot nc: ................................................................................................152.9. Giao thng vn ti:......................................................................................152.10. Nng sut nh my:...................................................................................162.11 Cung cp nhn cng:................................................................................. 17

CHNG 3:THIT K K THUT ..................................................... 18

3.1 Chn s sn xut (quy trnh cng ngh): ................................................. 183.2. Tnh cn bng vt liu:................................................................................193.3 Biu qu trnh k thut:...........................................................................253.4 Xc nh cc ch tiu v nhng yu cu khc: .............................................. 263.5 Chn v tnh ton thit b:............................................................................27

3.6 Tnh nng lng: ......................................................................................... 293.7. Tnh cung cp nc: ................................................................................... 37

CHNG 4:PHN XNG SN XUT .............................................. 384.1 Xp t thit b trong phn xng:...............................................................38

4.2. Nhng nguyn tc b tr thit b:.................................................................394.3 S b tr phn xng:..............................................................................42

CHNG 5:TNG MT BNG NH MY ........................................ 445.1 Gii thiu chung: ......................................................................................... 44

5.2 C cu ca nh my:....................................................................................455.3 Nhng yu cu khi b tr tng mt bng nh my: .......................................475.4 Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng nh my: ................................................... 485.5 Yu cu i vi mt s cng trnh chnh trong nh my: ............................. 49
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CHNG 6:S B TR NG NG.......................................... 596.1 Nguyn tc chung:.......................................................................................596.2 Yu cu i vi mt vi loi ng ng: ..................................................... 61

PHN 2: THIT K KIN TRC CNG NGHIP

CHNG 1:KHI NIM V KIN TRC CNG NGHIP.............. 661.1 Khi nim....................................................................................................661.2 Tnh hnh xy dng cng nghip nc ta .................................................. 66

1.3 Xu hng mi trong xy dng cng nghip................................................. 66

CHNG 2:THIT K KIN TRC NH V CNG TRNH CNG

NGHIP...................................................................................................... 682.1 Nhng c s thit k kin trc nh cng nghip ......................................682.2 Thit k mt bng hnh khi v kt cu nh cng nghip .......................... 72

CHNG 3:THIT K TNG MT BNG X NGHIP CNGNGHIP...................................................................................................... 84

3.1 Ni dung v nhng yu cu ch yu ............................................................843.2 C s thit k tng mt bng........................................................................853.3 Cc nguyn tc c bn khi thit k tng mt bng x nghip cng nghip: ... 873.4 Cc gii php quy hoch khng gian - tng mt bng cc x nghip cngnghip................................................................................................................92 3.5 Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut: ..................................................................... 95

CHNG 4:CHI TIT CU TO NH CNG NGHIP................... 96

4.1 Nn mng v mng nh cng nghip ...........................................................964.2 Khung nh cng nghip mt tng.................................................................984.3 Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng ............................................. 1024.4 Kt cu bao che nh cng nghip...............................................................1044.5 Nn, sn nh cng nghip: ......................................................................... 111

TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................ 114


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PHN IC S THIT K NH MY HO


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CHNG 1:KHI NIM C BN

1.1. Nhim v v phn loi thit k:

Cng tc thit k c tc dng quyt nh cht lng ca cng trnh sau ny,

nh hng n c qu trnh thi cng xy dng, qu trnh phc v cng trnh, tuith cng trnh, tc dng v hiu qu kinh t ca cng trnh.

i vi nh my ch bin thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc n cn nh hngc n cht lng thnh phm

V vy ngi lm cng tc thit k phi nm vng nhng yu cu c bn vtng hp v cng tc thit k, kin thc v cng ngh v hiu bit v k thut xydng, thi cng, an ton lao ng, v sinh x nghip, kinh t t chc nhng trc

tin phi nm vng v bm st nhim v thit k trong sut qu trnh thit k.

1.1.1. Nhim v thit k:Bt k mt bn thit k no cng phi c nhim v thit k.

Nhim v thit k l xut pht im, l c s khi tin hnh thit k phibm st, n l kt qu ca yu cu thc t, ca vic iu tra nghin cu k cng.

Tu tng loi thit k m nhim v thit k c phn khc nhau, ni chung

nhim v thit k xut pht t nhng i hi ca s pht trin nn kinh t quc dn

c k hoch v t nhng ci tin v k thut v cng ngh.

Trong nhim v thit k phi ra y nhng d kin, nhng quy nh c

th ti nhim v, nhn chung n bao gm cc ni dung sau:a) L do hoc c s thit k

b) a phng v a im xy dng

c) Nng sut v mt hng (k c chnh v ph) do nh my sn xut, i khi

ghi theo gi tr tng sn lng.

d) Ngun cung cp nguyn liu, in, nc v nhin liu

e) Ni dung c th phi thit k

g) Thi gian v cc giai on thit k.

1.1.2 Phn loi:

i vi nh my thng c ba loi thit k sau:

1.1.2.1 Thit k m rng v sa cha:

Loi ny nhm sa cha hay m rng nng sut cho mt nh my hay mt

bn thit k c sn, ci to nh my, tng thm hoc thay i c cu, t l mthng.


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Trong thit k phi tin hnh thu thp s liu c th ti ch, v phi ht sctn trng tn dng nhng cng trnh, nhng chi tit sn c ca thit k v c s c.

1.1.2.2 Thit k mi:

Theo k hoch pht trin kinh t ca nh nc hay a phng.

Loi ny ch yu da trn nhng d kin v yu cu c th ca mt aphng xy dng nh my mi.

Trong thit k cc yu cu phi p ng ti mc ti a nhng iu kin ca

a phng nh tnh hnh kh hu, t ai, giao thng vn ti, ngun cung cpnguyn vt liu, in nc, nhn lc

Thng u thit k gn lin vi tn c th ca a phng, v d: Nh

my thuc l Si Gn, Nh my bia Hu

1.1.2.3 Thit k mu (thit k nh hnh):

Loi ny da trn nhng iu kin chung nht, nhng gi thit chung.N c th xy dng bt k a phng hay a im no (thng c p

dng trong mt nc).

Bn thit k c s dng nhiu ln, phn c bn vn c bo ton, ch

thay i nhng phn cn thit cho ph hp vi a im xy dng nh phn cpthot nc, ngun cung cp in, nhin liu i khi c thay i v phn kt cu

nn mng cho ph hp vi tnh hnh a cht, mch nc ngm v ti trng gi

i vi sinh vin khi thit k tt nghip, do iu kin v kh nng thu thp

ti liu, kin thc tng hp, thi gian c hn, nn thng l thit k mu, ngoi ra

c th tham gia thit k mi hay thit k sa cha.

1.2. Cc giai on thit k:

Trong thc t cng tc thit k thng phi tri qua hai giai on ln:

1.2.1. Kho st k thut:

Tm hiu v thu nhp ti liu ton din, xc minh r rng nhim v thit k.Phn ny gm:

1.2.1.1 Kho st c s kinh t:

Bao gm vn thi v, nguyn liu, t l xut nhp nhm m bo qutrnh hot ng sn xut ca nh my sau ny.

1.2.1.2 Kho st c s k thut:

Bao gm bn v bnh chung ton khu vc, bn v h thng giao thng, b

tr mng ng ng cp thot nc chung, mng cung cp in, cc s liu khoand v tnh hnh a cht, cc s liu v ngun nc s dng ( pH, cng,


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kim, thnh phn ho hc v vi sinh vt, mc nc ngm), tnh hnh nguyn vtliu a phng, gi thnh vn chuyn, tnh hnh cung cp nhn lc, thc n

Sau khi nhim v thit k c chnh thc duyt y th bt tay vo phn 2.

1.2.2 Phn thit k k thut:gm hai giai on ln:

1.2.2.1 Thit k s b:Nhm trnh c quan ch qun v u ban k hoch nh nc, trn c s

nu c chun y mi sang phn sau.

1.2.2.2 Thit k k thut (chnh thc):y l nhng phn c tnh cht tng qut v bn v chi tit.* Phn k thut bao gm: chn s k thut, chn v tnh thit b, b tr

mt bng phn xng, b tr tng mt bng nh my, tnh nng lng, in, nc,

nhin liu, xy dng v v sinh x nghip, cui cng l hch ton kinh t.

* Tip theo trn c s tin hnh lp bn v v xy dng, v chi tit kt

cu, bn v lp rp

1.3. Yu cu ca bn thit k:

1.3.1. Hnh thc:

* Tt c cc phn r rng, chnh xc nhm thun li cho vic s dng v sau.

* Cc n v, k hiu phi tun theo quy chun hay cc quy c hin hnh.

Cc k hiu t chn phi nht qun trong ton bn thit k.* Thuyt minh cn ngn gn, r rng, cho php minh ho bng nhng th,

biu , bn thng k.

* Kh giy ng quy nh.

1.3.2. Cc quy nh v k hiu:

1.3.2.1 Kh giy v:Trong thit k nn dng c giy A0,A1, hoc A1m rng.

Trng hp cn v cc bn v ln (mt bng nh my, s ng ng..)cho php tng mt chiu ca giy ln gp 2-2,5 ln, trong khi gi nguyn chiu kia.

1.3.2.2 T l hnh v:*Tng: 2/1; 5/1; 10/1. K hiu: M2:1;*Gim: 1/2; 1/2,5; 1/5; 1/10; 1/20; 1/25; 1/50; 1/100; 1/200;

1/500; 1/1000; K hiu: M 1:2;Cng c th cho php dng t l: 1/4; 1/15; 1/40; 1/75.


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1.3.2.3 Trnh by bn v v khung tn:

1.3.2.4 K hiu ng ng dn:

ng dn Nt v K hiu (mu)

Sn phm thc phm -------------------- en

Nc lnh -----.-----.-----. Xanh l cy

Hi nc ----..----..----.. Hng

Khng kh ---...---...---... Xanh da tri

Kh t -----O-----O-----O Tm

Chn khng - - - - - - - Xm ti

Du ----//----//----//----//-- G

Axit ----\----\----\----\- Xanh liu

Kim ------------------- G sng

Ngoi ra cn nhiu k hiu ng ng khc.

TRNG I HC BCH KHOAKHOA HO K THUTKHO:

CHUYN NGNH:

N TT NGHIP

S bn v: ti:Bn v s:

Sinh vin H v tn (Ch k) T l:Gio vin H v tn (Ch k) Ngy hon thnh:T trng H v tn (Ch k)

NI DUNG BN VNgy bo v:

25 30 20 75 30

180mm

8

8

8

16

20

60mm


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1.3.2.5 K hiu vt liu:

1.3.2.6 K hiu l, dc:

L trn L vung

Kim loi Knh Li t nn cht

GGch chu la Vt liu cch nhitCht do

t thin nhin Cht lng B tng gch v t p

i %

B tng ct thp B tng thng Gch cc loi


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1.3.2.7 Cc loi ng nt trong bn v(TCVN8-1993)

* Trn bn v c biu din bng nhiu nt. Mi loi c hnh dng v cng

dng khc nhau. Vic quy nh nt v nhm mc ch r rng, d c v p.

Tn gi Nt v p dng tng qut

A Nt lin m A1: cnh thy, ng bao thyA2: ng ren thyA3: khung bn v, khung tn

B Nt lin mnh

B1: ng kch thc, ng dngB2: thn mi tn

B3: ng gch cho trn mt ctB4: ng bao mt ct

C Nt ln sng

C1: ng ct lin hnh biu dinC2: ng gii hn hnh ct v hnh

chiu.D Nt zizzc

ng ct la hnh biu din

E Nt tng bao khutCnh khut

GNt gch chmmnh

G1: ng tmG2: ng i xng

H

Nt gch chmmnh dy cc

u v ch thayi hng

nh du v tr ca mt phng ct

* Quy nh v vic ghi kch thc:

- V ng dng kch thc

- V ng kch thc

- Ghi con s kch thc

Ch : - Kch thc nn ghi ngoi hnh biu din

- Trn bn v dng n v di l mm nhng khng ghi n v sau con s

kch thc.

2200

3600

450

450

ng kch thc

ng dng

Hnh v 1.1


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- ng kch thc: c th 2 u c v mi tn, hoc c th thay bng mt

on nt di 2-3 mm, nghing 45ov v ti giao im.- Kch thc cao :

Trong bn v xy dng kch thc ch cao so vi mt phng chun(mt sn tng 1 hoc mt bin) thng dng n v l m vi 3 s l.

Dng k hiu:

Khi ghi cao trn mt bng, con s ch cao c t trong hnh ch

nht v t ti ch cn ghi cao (Hnh v 1.3).

- Cch ghi ng trc tim, trc s:

Trong bn v cn nh du ng trc tim (nt gch chm) v t tn chocc ng trc tim gi l trc s.

Trc s c v k hiu l ng trn trong ghi tn ca ng trc s .

Thng c ghi nh sau:

Theo trc ngang c nh th t t tri qua phi bng cc s t nhin1,2,3...

Theo trc dc c nh th t t di ln bng cc ch in hoa A, B,C...

3000

0,000

-0,980

1,330

Hnh v 1.2

3600

Hnh v 1.3

ng dng

3,100


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1.3.2.8 K hiu trn bn v mt bng tng th:

TT TN GI K HIU TT TN GI K HIU

1 Cng ra vo

2 Hng ro tm16 Ca mt cnh

3Hng ro vnh cu

4ng t

17 Ca hai cnh

5ng t tmthi

18 Ca quay

6 Sng thin nhin 19 Ca la 1 cnh

7 H ao thin nhin 20 Ca la 2 cnh

8 ng st

9 Cy ln````````

21Ca s n

10 Cy nh

11 B phun nc22

Ca s n quaytheo trc ngangtrn

12 Thm c

13Khu vc t mrng

23 Phng tm

14 Cng trnh ngm

15 Nh sn c24 Phng v sinh

C

B

A

1 2 3 4

Hnh v 1.4


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1.4. B cc bn thuyt minh:

Bn thuyt minh n tt nghip ca sinh vin phi c y cc phn sau:

1. Nhim v thit k

2. Mc lc

3. M u

4. Lp lun kinh t k thut

5. Thit k k thut

6. Kin trc v xy dng

7. T ng ho

8. Tnh kinh t

9. An ton lao ng v phng chng chy n

10. V sinh x nghip, kim tra sn xut

11. Ph lc

12. Kt lun

13. Ti liu tham kho

Tu trng hp c th m ni dung c th thm hoc bt cc phn cho ph

hp vi ti.


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CHNG 2LP LUN KINH T K THUT

Trc khi bt tay vo thit k mt cng trnh, trc ht phi tm hiu ton

din nhng vn c lin quan n cng trnh.

V vy y l phn mang tnh thuyt phc v quyt nh s sng cn ca nh

my. Yu cu chnh ca phn ny l cc s liu cn phi chnh xc v ph hp vithc t .

Ni dung gm cc phn sau:

2.1. c im thin nhin:

* a im xy dng nh my tt nht l gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu,

thng c ly thch hp l 50 n 80 km.

Do c im th nhng thng rt nh hng n s pht trin v cungcp nguyn liu lu di cho nh my. N quyt nh v s lng, cht lng nguynliu cung cp, c v thi v sn xut v i khi c n qui trnh sn xut.

* c im mt bng xy dng, cu to t ai c tnh cht quyt nh rt

ln n kt cu xy dng, nh cho php xy dng mt tng hay nhiu tng, kt cunn mng ph thuc mch nc ngm...

* Hng gi c nh hng quyt nh n vic b tr tng mt bng nhmy, hng nh, bin php che gi v chng nng.

* Cc s liu v kh tng ca a phng (nhit , m, hng gi, mc

nc ngm, bc x mt tri ...) phi l kt qu trung bnh quan st ca nhiu nm(thng phi trn 30 nm).

2.2. Vng nguyn liu:

Mi nh my ch bin u phi c mt vng nguyn liu n nh. Vic xcnh vng nguyn liu cho nh my ph thuc rt nhiu vo kh nng cung cp

nguyn liu ca a phng.

Ngoi ra da vo kh nng pht trin kinh t ca vng m xng vic

pht trin tng loi nguyn liu v s lng cng nh v cht lng, thi v thu

hoch v pht trin mng li giao thng thu b, phi xc nh c din tch, snlng v nng sut lp k hoch sn xut.

2.3. Hp tc ho:

Vic hp tc ho gia nh my thit k vi cc nh my khc v mt kinh t

k thut v lin hp ho s tng cng s dng chung nhng cng trnh cung cpin, nc, hi, cng trnh giao thng vn ti, cng trnh phc li tp th v phc v


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cng cng, vn tiu th sn phm v ph phm nhanh...s c tc dng gim thigian xy dng, gim vn u t v h gi thnh sn phm.

2.4. Ngun cung cp in:

* Trc ht xc nh ngun in do u cung cp. Nu khng c ngun in

v yu cu cho php th c th xy dng ngun in ring.

* Trong nh my phi t trm bin th ring ly t ng dy cao thca mng li cung cp in chung trong khu vc. Nu ng dy cao th ln hn

6 KV th phi dng hai nc h th.

* Ngoi ra phi c my pht in d phng nhm m bo sn xut lin tc.

2.5. Ngun cung cp hi:

* Hi c dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau ca tng nh my nh: cc, nu, thanh trng, sy, rn...k c lm nng nc cho sinh hot.

* Nu ln c p lc hi cn dng trong nh my. Tu theo yu cu cngngh m p lc hi thng t 3 at n 13 at.

2.6. Nhin liu:

* u tin phi xut pht t yu cu sn xut v kh nng cung cp nhit canhin liu chn loi nhin liu dng cho nh my.

* Sau lp biu hi chn thit b ni hi, t xc nh c nhucu dng nhin liu ca nh my.

2.7. Ngun cung cp nc v vn x l nc:

* Mc ch: i vi cc nh my thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc, nc lvn rt quan trng, nc c dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nc dng

gin tip hoc trc tip, dng pha ch, chng ct, dng cho ni hi...

* Cht lng nc phi ht sc coi trng, tu tng mc tiu s dng m chtlng nc c khc nhau, do vy thng trong nh my c khu vc x l nc.

Cht lng nc da vo cc ch tiu: ch s coli, cng, nhit , hn hp

v c v hu c c trong nc ...

* Trong thit k phi cp n ngun cung cp nc chnh v ph, phngphp khai thc v x l nc ca nh my.

* i vi ngun cung cp nc t thnh ph th phi xc nh ng ng

chnh dn n nh my, tnh ton ng knh ng t trong nh my v p lc ncyu cu.

* Nu ly nc t ging o hay ging khoan th phi xc nh chiu su

mch nc ngm, nng sut ging.


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* Nu ly nc t sng, ao, h th phi xc nh nng sut bm, chiu cao vv tr t bm.

* Bin php x l

C nhiu phng php x l nc khc nhau p ng cc yu cu khc

nhau v cht lng nc.- Loi nc sch thng thng do cc nh my nc cung cp qua cc

giai on lng, lc v kh trng.

- Lm mm nc bng phng php ho hc: ngi ta va un nng va

thm vo cc hp cht ho hc nh vi, sda, kim, natri photphat ... sau lc kt

ta lng xung.

- Lm mm nc bng nha trao i ion (c gi l ionit: cationit v

anionit) nh nha phenolformaldehyt, nha melanin, polystyrin, polyvinylclorua(PVC).

Cc ionit c kh nng trao i cation v anion cha trong chng vi cationv anion c trong nc, do lm mm c nc, phng php ny c kh nnglm ngt c nc bin l iu con ngi m c t lu.

2.8. Thot nc:

* Yu cu t ra cho vn thot nc ca nh my ch bin thc phm vcng ngh sinh hc rt cp bch. V nc thi ra ch yu cha cc cht hu c l

mi trng vi sinh vt d pht trin, lm cho d ly nhim dng c thit b vnguyn liu nhp vo nh my, s nh hng ln n cht lng thnh phm. Mt

khc phi trnh ng nc thng xuyn lm ngp mng tng, mng ct nhhng n kt cu xy dng.

* Phi xc nh kh nng tn dng nhng h thng thot nc ca thnh phhay ca x nghip ln cn v kh nng cng thot, ng dn, bn v vng x l

nc thi.

* Phi xc nh c ng knh ng dn nc thi, chiu su v nghing

t ng, nu thi ra ch c mc nc cao hn th phi b tr trm.

Bm nc thi sau khi v c ho.

* Nu nc thi t bn v c php c th thi trc tip ra sng, bin, ao hhoc cc cnh ng sau khi qua h thng x l nc thi ring ca nh my.

2.9. Giao thng vn ti:

* Hng ngy nh my cn vn chuyn vi khi lng ln, thng thng ch

v nh my gm nguyn vt liu, bao b, nhn hiu... kp thi m bo s hotng ca nh my, ngoi ra vn chuyn thnh phm n ni tiu th, vn chuyn


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ph liu trong sn xut. V vy vn giao thng khng ch mc ch xy dng nhmy nhanh m cn l s tn ti v pht trin nh my trong tng lai.

* Phi xc nh kh nng tn dng nhng ng giao thng thu b bnngoi nh my, yu cu ni t ni cung cp nguyn vt liu n ni tiu th sn

phm.

* Qua thc t v tnh ton thy vn chuyn ng thu tuy chm nhng

thun tin v r hn c, do c gng xy dng nh my gn vng ven sng, bin kt hp gii quyt vn cp thot nc na.

Xe la cng l giao thng thun tin, nhanh, kh r. Nu vn chuyn nhiuth xy dng ng xe la bn trong nh my ni vi ng xe la bn ngoi.

ng b khng th thiu vi tt c cc nh my. Phng tin vn ti ni bnh my ch yu bng xe in ng, n ray, xe th s...

2.10. Nng sut nh my:* Phi xc nh nng sut hp l cho nh my da vo kh nng cung cp

nguyn vt liu, yu cu tiu th... C th nng sut ny cho trc.

Nng sut nh my l lng sn phm nhiu nht m cc phn xng cth sn xut ra trong mt n v thi gian, thng tnh theo ca, ngy hay nm.

Tu tng loi nh my m cch th hin nng sut c khc nhau, thngthng n v o nng sut nh sau:

- Lng nh ru, bia, nc chm... dng LT.

- ng, ch, cafe... dng TN

- Thuc l dng BAO.

* c bit vi loi nh my c cch tnh khc nh:

1. Nh my hp:

Nh my hp phc tp do sn sut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau v

ng trong cc bao b c th tch khc nhau, cho nn quy nh hp No.8 l hp tiu

chun. Kch thc hp No.8 nh sau:

Th tch hp: 353 cm3

Trng lng: 80 gamng knh ngoi: 102,3 mm

Chiu cao ngoi: 52,8 mm

1000 hp tiu chun gi l 1 n v sn phm = 1 tp.

i vi chai l, bao b khc mun chuyn sang hp tiu chun phi nhn vih s chuyn K theo bng sau:


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Bng 2.1

Hp s V (cm3) K Ghi ch

3

7

8912

13

14A1718

19

250

325

353375515

861

1000159238

228

0,707

0,919

1,0001,0781,511

2,500

2,8320,4500,674

0,645

Hnh ch nht

Hnh van

i vi cc loi hp t rau qu ngm nc ng, rau qu dm dm, snphm c c c ng hoc khng th dng n v hp tiu chun l 400 gam snphm.

2. Nh my lnh:

+ cc nc TBCN th thng tnh nng sut nh my lnh theo th tch ccphng bo qun (tnh ra m3) tr phng bo qun .

+ cc nc XHCN tnh bng sc cha ca cc phng bo qun (tnh ra

Tn sn phm), tr t lnh th tnh theo th tch bn trong (lt). Bi v cng mt th

tch c th xp nhng lng khc nhau i vi cc loi sn phm khc nhau, chonn ngi ta dng Sc cha quy c ca phng, hay sc cha ca hng ho quyc.

Hng ho quy c l tht ln lm lnh ng (loi 1) theo tiu chun 1/4

con, xp 0,35 tn/m3 hu dng ca phng.

+ i khi xc nh kh nng ca my mc thit b lm lnh ng, ngi ta

cn tnh nng sut nh my theo tn sn phm lm lnh ng.

2.11 Cung cp nhn cng:

* Cn phi xc nh r s lng cng nhn, trnh chuyn mn ca cngnhn v cng lao ng.

* Cng nhn lm vic trong nh my ch yu tuyn dng ti a phng, v

ngoi nhng phin phc khc cn phn u t v xy dng khu nh cho cngnhn.

Khi tnh ton s lng cng nhn c th tnh k cho tng cng on, i khida trn bnh qun s lng sn phm trn mt ngy cng.


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CHNG 3THIT K K THUT

Chng ta bt u phn ny sau khi c y cc s liu ban u, c

nhng lp lun chc chn v r rng trong phn kinh t k thut.Ni dung bao gm cc phn sau:

3.1 Chn s sn xut (quy trnh cng ngh):

3.1.1 Trnh t:

m bo vic chn s thch hp nht thng qua cc bc sau:

* Qua cc gio trnh: c v nghin cu k quy trnh sn xut chung ca loi

sn phm m mnh thit k, ngha v mc ch ca tng khu mt trn dy chuynsn sut, cn lin h vi nhng sn phm khc c quy trnh tng t nh vy.

* Nghin cu v phn tch nhng u khuyt im ca quy trnh ny trong ccnh my trong nc, trn c s chn s cng ngh thch hp nht theo ch

quan.

3.1.2 Yu cu:

*S dng nguyn liu ti mc ti a, hp l, tit kim, r tin.

* Cht lng thnh phm cao nht.

* Ph liu sau ch bin phi s dng hp l nht.

* C gng c gii ho, t ng ho v nn s dng thit b trong nc.3.1.3 Ch :

* Thuyt minh dy chuyn cn ngn gn, r rng, nhng y i vi tng

cng on.

* Trong quy trnh vn din t dng th mnh lch cch ch khng gii

thch chi tit, di dng.

V d:Rn nhit to= 160 oC trong thi gian t= 8 pht. Ch khng cngii thch cc yu t nhit cao hay thp, thi gian ngn hay di s nh hng ncht lng nh th no.

* S vit thnh dng lin tc, trn s phi biu din cc v tr tham giaca nguyn vt liu ph, ca bao b v ph liu khi tch ra.

* C trng hp cn biu din quy trnh cng ngh trn s k thut.

S k thut c lp dng cc thit b c trng ca tng cng on.


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V d:Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xir qu theo phng php trch ly

3.2. Tnh cn bng vt liu:

vic chn v tnh thit b ph hp, tnh c hiu sut lm vic cng

nh gi thnh sn phm ca nh my, lp k hoch sn xut chnh xc... th trc

ht phi tnh sn phm v cn bng vt liu. Trnh t cc bc sau:

3.2.1 Lp s thu hoch nguyn liu:

Cn c nhng s liu v thi v, v c sn ca tng vng nguyn liu... m

lp s nh sau:

Bng 3.1

TT Nguyn liu 1 2 .... 12

1

2

Bp ci

Da....

3.2.2 S nhp nguyn liu:

* Da vo s thu hoch nguyn liu, da vo nng sut v sn lng catng loi m thnh lp s nhp nguyn liu cho nh my.

* Trn s ghi r ngy thng, thi gian nhp tng loi nguyn liu ch yucn thit cho nh my.

Nguyn liu

La chn

X l nguyn liu

Ngm trch ly Axit xitric

Axit socbic

ng knh

Tch xiro Qu nu mchoc trch ly bng ru etylic

sx bnh mLc

ng bao bBao b sch

Tng tr sn phm


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Bng 3.2

TT Nguyn liu 1 2 .... 12

12

Bp ciDa

....* Chng ta phi tm bin php ko di thi gian nhp nguyn liu, ng thi

phi tn dng nhng loi nguyn liu c thi v xen k nhau.

V d:Vn x l hoa da bng axetylen. Da thng thu hoch t thng 3n thng 8, ta thng t thng 5 n thng 7, hin nay vi k thut nng nghip

pht trin, da c x l bng axetylen, ngi ta cho axetylen (3-4 g) vo cy dakhong 10 12 l, n 6 thng sau th thu hoch, bi vy c th ch ng thu hoch

da bt k thi im no.

3.2.3 Biu sn xut:* Da vo s nhp nguyn liu v mt tng loi nguyn liu trong

tng thi gian lp biu sn xut. Biu c lp ring cho tng dy chuynsn xut mt.

* Biu sn xut phi nu r s ca sn xut trong mt ngy, s ca v s

ngy sn xut trong mt thng trong mt nm.

* Trong nm nn ra mt hoc vi thng vo nhng dp khng c hoc c

t nguyn liu nht sa cha thit b, i tu phn xng.

* Trong khi lp biu cn ch phn b thi gian lm vic u cho cnm, nu khng cn thit lm ch nn sn xut hai ca, trng hp nguyn liu chngh hng v thi v dn dp th c th sn xut 3 ca, hoc dy chuyn cn sn xut

lin tc nh: nu ng, chng ct ru, sy...cn sn xut 3 ca lin tc.

* Ch dy chuyn sn xut lin tc v u, ta cn nghin cu a vosn xut trn dy chuyn cc loi sn phm khc nhau v c thi v nguyn liu

khc nhau m yu cu thit b gn nh nhau( thng gp trong nh my hp)

V d: Trn dy chuyn sn xut hp c th a vo sn xut cc loi cchua dm dm (thng 1, 2), da chut dm dm (thng 3, 4, 5) tip theo sn xut

qu nc ng.* u tin lp biu s ca, s thng lm vic cho tng dy chuyn:

Bng 3.3

Ca 1 3 ... 9 10 11 12123


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* Lp bng s ngy lm vic / s ca trong thng i vi tng loi sn phm:

Bng 3.4

Sn phm 1 2 ... 9 10 11 12 C nm

Da hp

...

26/52 24/48 26/78 25/75 27/81

3.2.4 Chng trnh sn xut

* Trong chng trnh sn xut ra s lng sn phm m dy chuyn phi

sn xut ra trong tng thngv trong c nm cho tng loi.

* Chng trnh sn xut da trn nhim v thit k ra v kt hp vi biu

sn xut trn:

Bng 3.5

Sn phm 1 2 ... 9 10 11 12 C nm

Tng cng

* Ch :Nu nhim v thit k nng sut tnh bng s lng nguyn liu, thphi da vo tiu chun tiu hao nguyn vt liu tnh ra s lng sn phm.

3.2.5 Tnh tiu chun chi ph nguyn vt liu ( TCCPNVL):

Ta thng gp trong quy trnh sn xut ca nh my cc (TCCPNVL) cho

mt n v thnh phm.

V d:

- Lng ma sn xut ra mt tn ng.- Lng tinh bt sn xut ra 1000 l ru.- Lng c ti, tht hay rau qu ban u cn thit sn xut ra mt n

v thnh phm...

Nu khng c th ta phi tnh (TCCPNVL) tin cc phn tnh sau ny, y v d mt vi nh my thc phm:

a) Nh my hp:

Cho php tnh (TCCPNVL) da trn hao tn cho php tng cng on

trong qu trnh sn xut v trn lng sn phm cui cng i vo mt n v thnhphm.


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* Nu tiu hao ca tng cng on tnh bng % lng nguyn liu u th:

S .100

T1=

100 X

Trong :S - lng nguyn liu cui cng trong mt n v thnh phm, [ Kg].

X - tng s hao ph nguyn liu tng cng on tnh bng % nguyn liuu.

T1 tiu chun tiu hao nguyn vt liu cho 1 vtp, [ kg]

* Nu tiu hao nguyn liu tng cng on tnh so vi lng nguyn liu

cng on a vo th TCTHNVL c tnh:

S .100

T2=(100 X1) ( 10 X2)...(100 Xn)

Trong :

n - s cng on.

X1, X2,...Xn l % hao ph nguyn liu cc cng on 1, 2,...n so vi lcnguyn liu a vo cng on .

V d: tiu hao c qua cc cng on ch bin sau:

Ra M p mui Rn Xp

+ So vi nguyn liu ban u: (%) 1 25 2,5 18 1,5+ So vi nguyn liu cng on trc: 1 24 2 16 1

b)Nh my bnh m: ch yu da vo thc n

* Chi ph bt sn xut trong ngy:

100 .Pn

Mn= [kg/ ngy]

B

* Chi ph bt sn xut trong mt gi:

100 . Pg

Mg= [ kg/gi]

B

Trong :

+ Pn, Pg nng sut bung nng, [kg/ ngy, kg/gi]

+ B t l thnh phm trn t l bt, [%]


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Thng thng B = 135 %

* Cc nguyn vt liu khc:

Mn. C

Nc = [kg/ngy]

100Vi C l chi ph nguyn liu khc theo thc n tnh theo % trng lng bt.

c)Nh my xay xt go:theo quy trnh

Xay Ch

Thc u Thc sch Go lt Go trng

Ex Eg

* Tnh lng go lt: (go xay sch)

Qo

Qx = [kg/h]Eg

Trong :

QgQo = .1000 [kg/h]

24

Vi: Qg nng sut nh my, [tn/ngy]

Qo- lng go trng, [tn/ngy]

Eg - t l go trng so vi go lt, [%]* Lng thc sch: l lng thc sau khi ra khi cng on lm sch:

QoQts = [kg/h]

Eg. Ex

Vi:

Ex- t l go lt so vi thc sch, [%]

* Lng thc du:

QtsQt = . 100 [kg/h]

100 - Tc

Vi:

Tc- tp cht, [%]. Thng ti a t 1,3 n 3%

* Lng tru: Qtr= Qts Qx [kg/h]

* Lng tm v cm: Qtc= Qx Qo [kg/h]


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Vi thng s thng thng: Ex, [%] Eg, [%]

- i vi thc ht di v nh sn xut go ho hng: 75-78 86-88

- Thc ht ngn v trn sn xut go loi I: 77-80 90

- Thc sn xut go loi II: 79-81 92

- Np con: 76-79 94d)Nh my m si:Lng nguyn liu (bt) c tnh nh sau:

P = z + y + B [kg/tn]

Trong :

z - tn hao do qu trnh cng ngh (ch yu do sy); [kg/tn]

100 - Wsz = . 1000

100 - WtWt, Ws- m sn phm trc v sau khi sy, [%]

Thng Ws= 12,8 13,2%

y cc tn tht khc c th thu hi c; [kg/tn]

B - tn tht khng th thu hi c; [kg/tn]

Ph thuc vo k thut sn xut v trang thit b m thng:

y = 3 4 kg/tn

B = 1,5 2,5 kg/tn

P = 1022 1025 kg/tn

3.2.6 Lp bng nhu cu nguyn vt liu:

c c nhng d tr v nguyn vt liu cho sn xut, yu cu v s

lng, kho tng, xe c vn chuyn v lao ng, chng ta phi da vo mc chi phnguyn vt liu cho 1 n v sn phm, vo nng sut gi, vo s ca lm vic trongnm tnh nhu cu nguyn vt liu trong tng gi, ca v c nm.

Bng 3.6

Tiu haoTn snphm

Nng sutca

Nguynliu T (kg/tn) Gi, (kg) Ca, (kg) Nm, (kg)


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3.2.7 Lp bng s lng bn thnh phm qua tng cng on:

* tnh lng thit b yu cu cho tng cng on mt ta phi bit lng

nguyn vt liu i vo trong tng cng on ch bin .

* Bng ny tnh cho tng loi nguyn vt liu trong thi gian 1 gi.

Bng 3.7Nguyn liu

Cng on ............

- Cng on 1:+ Hao ph %

+ Kg hao ph- Cng on 2:

+ Hao ph %

+ Kg hao ph

.......

+ y qua tng cng on ta bit cch b tr v chn thit b.

+ T kt qu cui cng tm ra c sn phm sn xut ra trong 1 gi v i

chiu vi nhim v thit k.

3.3 Biu qu trnh k thut:

Biu qu trnh k thut nu ln thi gian bt u v kt thc lm vic trnmi cng on trong phm vi 1ca hay 1chu k.

Qua biu bit c gi bt u hay kt thc lm vic ca cng nhn vthit b trn mi qu trnh, ngoi ra xc nh c ch tiu v in, nc, hi, lnh ..ng thi bit c thi gian t lc nguyn vt liu vo cho ti lc thnh phm cuicng i ra, so snh vi thc t nh gi cht lng vn hnh v hiu qu kinh t.

Thi gian gia 2 giai on lin tc ph thuc vo tnh cht ca tng cngon. C th xc nh thi gian nh sau:

1/ Cc giai on m thi gian c xc nh r trong qu trnh (nh thigian trung ho, thi gian nu, rn, chn, sy ...), trong trng hp ny thi gian cc

giai on bng thi gian thc hin qu trnh .

2/ Cc giai on m nguyn liu i vo thit b khng lin tc (nh: thng

cha, thit b bay hi, thit b thanh trng gin on, thng lng ..), trng hp nythi gian gia cc m c xc nh:

Vt = [pht]

Q


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Trong :

t - thi gian gia cc m, [pht]

V- th tch thit b tnh bng s lng nguyn liu cho vo , [kg, lt, m 3,

ci]...

Q nng sut dy chuyn sn xut trong 1 pht v tnh theo n v ca V.3/ Trng hp nguyn liu vn hnh trn bng ti, my ra, bng chuyn

phn loi, vn chuyn ... th thi gian ca cc giai on c tnh:

Lt = [pht]

60 . v

Trong :

t - thi gian nguyn liu i trn bng ti, [pht]

L - chiu di bng ti, [m]v - vn tc bng ti, [m/s]

4/ Thi gian c c trong thit b gin on c xc nh bng tnh tonnhit.

Lp biu sau:

Bng 3.8

Thi gian bt uTn qu trnh

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3.4 Xc nh cc ch tiu v nhng yu cu khc:

Trc khi i vo cc phn tip theo nh chn v tnh thit b, quyt nh cc

cng trnh trong nh my... chng ta phi xc nh y cc ch tiu k thut vcc yu cu khc do qu trnh k thut ra. C th:

3.4.1 Nng sut lao ng:

Phi xc nh r nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn trn tng cng on. trn

c s ng thi da vo nng sut ca dy chuyn sn xut tnh s lngcng nhn ton nh my. T tnh ra cc nhu cu v nh n, nh sinh hot, nc

tiu th...hoc tnh mt s loi thit b nh tnh cc bng ti nhng ni lm


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vic bng tay ( bc v, phn loi, m...), s lng cng nhn cng nhiu th bng ticng di, cng sut ng c cng ln.

3.4.2 Phng php lao ng:

Phi ra phng php hay gi l t chc lao ng ca nh my, ngha l

nng sut lao ng ca nh my tnh theo t hay tng c nhn, cng c khi tnh theonng sut cng nht.

Vn t chc lao ng c lin quan nhiu n vic b tr dy chuyn snxut v chn loi thit b.

V d nng sut tnh theo tp th th nguyn liu a vo ch lm vic theomt bng ti chung v bn thnh phm cng i theo mt bng ti chung. Nhng nu

nng sut tnh theo c nhn th phi b tr bn ring v cung cp khay ring cho

tng ngi.

3.4.3 Thng s k thut:

Phi xc nh c cc thng s ca cc qu trnh nh: thi gian, nhit ,

p sut, chn khng, m... chn v tnh thit b ph hp vi cng ngh.

3.4.4 Xy dng:

* Vn quyt nh xy dng nh my mt tng hay nhiu tng l do s btr dy chuyn sn xut v yu cu k thut quyt nh.

* V cu trc v trang thit b trong cc phng ph thuc vo cc yu cu kthut nh: nhit , m, bi, c, nh sng, thng gi, cch nhit...

* V cu trc ca nn mng, tng, trn...cng tu theo c im v yu cu

k thut mi ni xy dng m quyt nh.

3.4.5 Vn nc:

Tu theo yu cu s dng khc nhau m t nhiu h thng cung cp t

nhng ngun khc nhau v t thm nhng thit b x l khc nhau.

3.5 Chn v tnh ton thit b:

3.5.1 Chn thit b:

* Ging nh vic chn quy trnh cng ngh, vic chn thit b cn phi xut

pht t nhng yu cu k thut.1/Nguyn tc chn:

+ Thit b phi m bo cht lng sn phm cao, tiu hao lng ph nguynliu t nht.

+ y phi l nhng thit b hin hnh ta hoc nc ngoi.


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+ Thit b lm vic lin tc, c cu to n gin, r tin, vic s dng v sacha d, kch thc gn, nng sut cao v tiu hao nng lng ( hi, in, nc...)

t.

Thng thng c rt nhiu thit b khc nhau cng lm mt nhim v, nnkhi chn phi xut pht t nhng nguyn tc trn.

2/ Ch :

+ Trong khi chn c gng tm bin php nng cao h s s dng ca thit b.

+ Khi chn thit b phi ch n vt liu ch to thit b, bi v kim loi c

nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm.

V d:

Trong sn xut c chua c c th khng th dng vt liu bng ng, vng d chuyn vo sn phm c chua, ph hu vitamin C, tri li trong sn xut

cc sn phm c c vi ng nh mt qu ta li c th s dng thit b bng

ng, v nng ng cao c tc dng ngn cn qu trnh oxy ha ng.

Trong sn xut ng c th dng thp thng v ng d en ng.

i vi nc hoa qu p trnh r ngi ta thng dng cc b phn trng

men hoc bng thu tinh, s, polyetylen...

3/ Cch ghi ch:

Khi chn mt thit b phi ghi y cc c tnh k thut sau:

+ Nng sut thit b: cn ch c nhiu thit b nng sut ca n ph thuc

vo tng loi nguyn liu v tng ch lm vic khc nhau.

+ Kch thc thit b: t n nh din tch v chiu cao phn xng.

+ Trng lng thit b: tnh ton khi di chuyn v t nn mng cho thchhp.

+ Cng sut ng c: lp nhu cu v in cho thch hp.

+ Ni sn xut v nhn hiu my, cn ghi trang v cun sch no, thun

tin cho vic mua thit b sau ny.

3.5.2. Tnh ton thit b:

S lng thit b c xc nh theo hai phng php sau:

a) Nu thit b lm vic lin tc th:N

n =

M


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b)Nu thit b lm vic gin on th:

N . T

n =60 . V

Trong :n - s lng thit b yu cu.

N nng sut gi ca dy chuyn tng cng on.

M nng sut gi ca thit b.

T - thi gian tng cng ca mi chu k lm vic ca my, [pht]

V - th tch lm vic ca thit b, c tnh cng n v vi N.

Thng thng sau khi tnh n l s l, ta lm trn s v thng cng thm 1hoc 2 thit b d tr.

V d:Tnh ra n = 6,3 th ta lm trn thnh 7 v cng thm 1 l 8.Lc ny s thit b chn s l 8 thit b.

3.6 Tnh nng lng:

3.6.1 Tnh hi:

Hi c dng ph bin trong cc nh my, mc ch ch yu l dng cho

cc thit b truyn nhit nh c c, nu, chng, hp, sy, thanh trng...

Thng dng hi bo ho v c h s truyn nhit cao v d ngng t.

chn ni hi thch hp cho nh my v bit c nhu cu v nhin liu taphi tnh c lng hi cn thit trong ca, trong thng ca thi gian tiu th nhiunht, bi vy trc ht phi lp biu tiu th hi.

3.6.1.1Biu tiu th hi:

* Biu ny c lp cho thi gian t khong na ca n mt ca, lpbiu chnh xc ta phi v trn giy k ly.

* tnh ton c chnh xc v cc yu cu dng hi, ta chia ra lm hailoi tiu th:

+ Loi tiu th hi c nh: i vi cc thit b lm vic lin tc th cng

tiu th hi xem nh c nh (tr thi gian khi ng).

+ Loi tiu th hi khng c nh: i vi cc thit b lm vic gin on, vlc ng lc m khi ly ra hoc cho nguyn liu vo, v ngay c trong mt chu klm vic tiu th hi cng khng u do yu cu k thut (nh thit b thanh trng,

thit b gia nhit hai v ...), v vy nhu cu v hi lun lun thay i.


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* n gin trong qu trnh tnh ton, u tin ta tng cng cc loi hitiu th c nh, v thm vo kt qu trn 10% cho tiu th ring ca ni hi v 0,5

kg/h i vi 1 ngi dng cho sinh hot.* Chn trc ta vung gc, vi trc honh l trc thi gian (thng ly t

l 1h = 60 mm) v trc tung l trc cng tiu th hi (kg/h) vi t l sao cho

thch hp. y dng ng tiu th hi c nh trng vi trc thi gian (T) lm trc

honh.

Tip theo pha di trc honh ta ln lt sp xp tng giai on lm vicca tng thit b tiu th hi khng c nh. Tng chu k lm vic ca mt thit b

xp theo hng ngang, tng thit b v tng nhm thit b xp theo hng dc.Sau dng php cng chiu bit kt qu tiu th hi tng thi gian

khc nhau.ng biu din tiu th hi thc t ln xung rt t ngt, chng ta phi

chn ly mt ng n nh trung bnh bit c lng hi tiu th chung. V trca ng ny sao cho nhng din tch tha v thiu c b p, tuy nhin ng

trung bnh khng c nh hn 25% ca lc tiu th hi cc i. t nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca ni hi, ta c gng sp xp

thi gian lm vic ca cc thit b sao cho ng biu din tiu th hi thc t t lnxung t ngt nht.

Hnh v 3.1

8 9 10 11 12 T

200 50 200 50

200 50 200 50

100 25 100 25

Thit b thanh trn

ng trung bnh26002500240023002200

D (kg/h)

Thit b gia nhi


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3.6.1.2. Chn ni hi:* Da vo kt qu va tm thy trn biu .

* Ngoi ra c th theo phng php Ch tiu dng hi, theo phng phpny ta bit c ch tiu dng hi ca mt n v sn phm, ng thi bit cnng sut ca dy chuyn, t ta tnh c ng lng hi trung bnh tiu th

trong 1 gi ca ton nh my.

* Thng thng trong cc nh my c nng sut c trung bnh, ta chn nihi c nng sut 2 -10 tn/h, p sut hi 13 at. i vi cc x nghip nh thng

chn ni hi c nng sut 0,2 2 tn/h, p sut hi 8 at.

* Cc ni chn c th nng sut bng nhau hoc khc nhau, song phi mbo tu theo yu cu hi thay i m c th ngng lm vic tng ni.

3.6.1.3 Tnh nhin liu:

*Nhin liu dng c th l than , than bn, than gy (antraxit), mazut, kh

thin nhin ta thng dng than gy.* Lng nhin liu yu cu cho ni hi c tnh:

100..

).(

nQ

iiDG

p

nh= [kg/h]

Vi:

D - nng sut tng cng cc ni hi phi thng xuyn chy, [kg/h]

ih- nhit hm ca hi p sut lm vic, [kcal/kg]

in- nhit hm ca nc a vo ni hi, [kcal/kg]

Qp- nhit tr ca nhin liu,[kcal/kg]

n - h s tc dng hu ch ca ni hi, [%]

Thng thng n = 60 90 %

+ Nhit tr: l c tnh c bn ca nhin liu, c th nguyn [kcal/kg]. Cn

phn bit:- Nhit tr cao Qcp: l nhit lng pht ra khi t chy 1 kg nhin liu

- Nht tr thp Qtp : l nhit lng c ch v phi tr i nhng tn tht vnhit.

i vi nhin liu th kh th tnh cho 1m3 iu kin P = 760 mmHg v nhit t = 0 oC. Biu th [kcal/m3].

Nhin liu tiu chun l nhin liu c nhit tr thp Qpt= 7000 kcal/kg

Nhit lng ca hi thu cn =

Nhit lng ca nhin liu tiu th


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+ ng lng nhin liu:

Qtp

=

7000

mazut = 1,35; than = 0,95; than bn= 0,36; g= 0,35; + Lng hi to thnh:

1 tn mazut 9 13 tn hi

1 tn than 5 9 tn hi

1 tn than bn 2 4 tn hi

1 tn ci g 2 4 tn hi

1 tn vn cy 1,5 2,5 tn hi

1m

3

thin nhin 9 10 kg hi nc3.6.2 Tnh in:

in dng trong nh my ch yu l: in ng lc v in thp sng.

Trong phn ny phi xc nh c in nng tiu th hng nm ca nh

my, tnh v chn my bin p, tm bin php nng cao h s cng sut cos.

3.6.2.1 Tnh cng sut in ng lc: Pl

* Ph ti in ng lc chim khong 90 95% so vi ton b in nng xnghip tiu th.

* Kiu ng c th tu tng ni dng:+ Nu phng sch, khng bi, t m th chn kiu h.

K hiu: A (v gang); A-A (v nhm).

+ Nu bi v m nhiu th chn kiu kn.

K hiu; AO (v gang); AO-AO (v nhm).

+ Ni no cn chng n, chng chy th dng loi TA hoc MA.

Cn ch trnh dng v nhm nhng ni tip xc vi nc mui nhiu.

* Lp bng tiu th in ng lc nh sau:

Bng 3.9

TT Loi phti

Kiung c

in pnh mc

[V]

Cng sutnh mc

[KW]

S lngng c

Tngcng sut

[KW]


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3.6.2.2 Tnh cng sut in thp sng: Pcs

1/ Yu cu v chiu sng:

* Trong thit k, chiu sng l vn quan trng, cn ch n cht lng

ca ri v hiu qu chiu sng i vi cng trnh.

* Ch n cht lng quang thng, mu sc nh sng v phng php phiquang.

* Phi m bo sng ti thiu Emin.

* nh sng phn b u, khng c bng ti v khng lm lo mt.

2/ Tnh Pcs:

C th dng nhiu phng php nh:

+ Phng php cng sut chiu sng ring.

+ Phng php tnh theo h s s dng quang thng (chnh xc)

n gin l dng phng php cng sut chiu sng ring: theo phngphp ny ta bit 1m2 nh cn cng sut chiu sng ring l p (W/m2). Nh vy trn

ton din tch nh S cn cng sut l:

P = p . S [W]

Nu chn loi bng n c cng sut pth s bng n c tnh:

P

n =p

Lm trn s v chn c s bng n thc t l n c. Do :Pcs = nc. p [W]

3.6.2.3 Tnh in nng tiu th hng nm:

1/ in nng cho thp sng: Acs

Acs = Pcs . T [KWh]

Trong : Acs - in nng tiu th cho thp sng c nm, [KWh]

Pcs cng sut in chiu sng [KW]

T - thi gian s dng ti a, [h]

Vi T = k1. k2. k3k1 thi gian thp sng trong 1 ngy, [h]

+ Nh hnh chnh s nghip: k1= 1 - 2 h

+ Phn xng lm vic 2 ca: k1= 2 - 3 h+ Nh n: k1= 4 - 5 h

+ Phn xng lm vic 3 ca+ Chiu sng hnh lang bo v k1= 12 - 13 h


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k2- s ngy lm vic bnh thng trong thng, thng k2= 26 ngyk3- s thng lm vic trong nm

2/ in nng cho ng lc: Al

Al= Kc. Pl. T [kWh]

Trong :Kc- h s cn dng, thng Kc= 0,6 0,7

T - s gi s dng ti a, [h]

3/ in nng tiu th hng nm: A

A = Al+ Acs [kWh]

3.6.2.4 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton:

ngha: trong phn xng hoc x nghip ni chung c nhiu my cng tc,cng sut cc ng c l cng sut t. Thc t cho thy cc my cng tc rt t

khi vn hnh cho ng c lm vic ch nh mc. Mt khc l cc ng cthc t rt t lm vic ng thi vi nhau.

* Ph ti tnh ton cho ng lc c tnh:

Ptt1= Ktt1. Pl [kW]

Trong :

Ktt1- h s cn dng, thng Ktt1= 0,5 0,6

Pl cng sut in ng lc,[kW]

* Ph ti tnh ton cho chiu sng c tnh:

Ptt2= Ktt2. Pcs [kW]Trong :

Ktt2- h s khng ng b ca cc n, thng Ktt2= 0,9

Pcs- cng sut in chiu sng, [kW]

* Cng sut tc dng tnh ton m x nghip nhn t th cp ca trm bin

p s l:

Ptt= Ptt1+ Ptt2 [kW]

3.6.2.5 Chn my bin p: gm cc bc sau:

1/ Tnh cng sut phn khng: QttTa ch tnh cho ng lc, phn chiu sng b qua

Qtt= Ptt1. tg1 [KVA]

Trong : 1 : gc ca h s cng sut cos1.

2/ Tnh dng lng b: Qb


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V ngha l tm cch nng cao cos cng ln cng tt. Gi cos2 l h

cng sut nng ln. Lc dung lng b c tnh:

Qb= Ptt1. (tg1 tg2) [KVA]

3/ Xc nh s t in: n

nng cao tr s cos l ta s dng t in c cng sut q [KVA]

no , lc s t in c xc nh:

Qbn =

q

H s cng sut thc t c xc nh:

cos tt=( )2tt

21tt

1tt

q.nQP

P

+

d) Chn my bin p: cng sut my bin p c tnh:

PttPchn = [KVA]

cos tt

Vi Ptt- tng cng sut tc dng ca ton x nghip, [KW]

3.6.3 Tnh lnh:

3.6.3.1 Mc ch:

Nhiu nh my thc phm c kho bo qun lnh nguyn liu v thnh phm

nh: nh my hp , hoc do yu cu cng ngh nh: nh my bia, nc ngt,nh my sa, nh my bnh ko, nh my sn xut cc sn phm sinh hc

Do vy tnh cn bng nhit nh lnh xc nh tn tht lnh ca tng phngkhc nhau v ca ton nh my, t xc nh nng sut my lnh, chn my nn

v tnh chn cc thit b lnh. Trn c s xc nh c din tch ca phngmy c chnh xc.

3.6.3.2 Tnh lnh:chi ph lnh bao gm;

Q = Q1+ Q2+ Q3+ Q4[kcal/h;W]Trong :

Q1- chi ph lnh do truyn ra mi trng xung quanh qua tng, vch, nn,trn, do chnh lch nhit .

Q2- chi ph lnh trong qu trnh cng ngh lm lnh hay lm lnh ng

sn phm.

Q3- chi ph lnh cho thng gi phng khi bo qun lnh rau qu


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Q4- chi ph lnh do thao tc, do thit b c to nhit v cc tiu hao khc.

* Ch : khi tnh phi chn iu kin lm vic ca nh my l kh khn nht

nh nhit khng kh bn ngoi l cao nht v sn phm a vo nhiu nht.

1/ Tnh Q1:

Q1= Q1a+ Q1b[kcal/h]* Q1a- tn tht lnh do truyn nhit qua cu trc phng

Q1a= Q1t+ Q1tr+ Q1n[kcal/h]

Cng thc chung tnh Q1:

Q1= K . F . t [kcal/h]

Vi:

K - h s truyn nhit qua kt cu cch nhit, [kcal/m2h oC;W/m2 oC]

F - din tch truyn nhit ca cu trc, [m2]

t - chnh lch nhit ngoi v trong phng, [oC]

Nhit ngoi tri c tnh:

tn= ttb+ 0,25 . tmax

Vi:

tn- nhit trung bnh ca thng nng nht

tmax- nhit cao tuyt i

* Q1b- tn tht lnh do bc x mt tri:

Q1b= K . Fbx. t bx[kcal/h]

Trong :

Fbx- din tch chu bc x,

t bx - chnh lch nhit do bc x gy nn

I . a

t bx= 0.75

1

Vi: 0,75 - h s hp th bc x

I cng bc x ma ha - h s hp th bc x trn b mt ph thuc vt liu

1 - h s cp nhit bn ngoi.

2/ Tnh Q2:

Q2= G . c . (t tc) [kcal/h]

= G . (i - ic)


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Trong :

G - lng sn phm a vo lm lnh, lnh ng, [kg/h]

c - nhit dung ring ca sn phm, [kcal/kg oC]

t, tc- nhit ban u v cui ca sn phm [oC]

i, ic entanpi ca sn phm u v cui, [kcal/kg]3/ Tnh Q3:

a . V . k . (ikn ikt)

Q3= [kcal/h]

24

Trong : a - s ln thay i khng kh trong ngy

V - th tch phng bo qun, [m3]

k - khi lng ring ca khng kh, [kg/m3]

ikn, ikt entanpi ca khng kh ngoi v bn trong phng, [kcal/kg]

4/ Tnh Q4:n gin cho php ly

Q4= (0,1 0,4) . (Q1+ Q3) [kcal/h]

3.7. Tnh cung cp nc:

1. Nc cho thit b:

* Nc lm mt cc thit b c ghi sn trong catalog.

* Nc cho thit b ngng t:

QntGn= [m

3/h]

c . (tn2 tn1) . 1000

Vi: Qnt- nhit lng ngng t, [kcal/h]

c - t nhit ca nc, c = 1 kcal/Kg oC

tn2, tn1- nhit nc ra v vo thit b, [oC]

2. Nc cho sinh hot:

- Nc dng cho nh n tp th: 30 lt/1 ngy.1 ngi

- Nc tm, v sinh: 40 60 lt/1 ngy.1 ngi- Nc ti ng, cy xanh: 1,5 4 lt/1 ngy.1 m2- Nc ra xe: 300 500 lt/ngy.1 xe

- Nc cha chy:+ Nh c V < 25.000 m3th dng 1 ct cha chy

+ Nh c V > 25.000 m3th dng 2 ct cha chy

Mt ct nh mc 2,5 lt/s. Tnh cha chy trong vng 3 gi.


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CHNG 4PHN XNG SN XUT

4.1 Xp t thit b trong phn xng:

4.1.1 Yu cu:Sau khi tnh ton v chn thit b, ta tin hnh b tr cc thit b vo

phn xng sn xut m bo cc yu cu sau:

* Ph hp vi yu cu cng ngh v hp l cc giai on trong sn xut ton

nh my.

* m bo vic i li, thao tc d dng.

* Vic vn chuyn thun tin

4.1.2 Trnh t:

a) Lp bng tng kt v thit b:Bng 4.1

TT Thit b S lng Nng sut c tnh Trng lng Kch thc

b) Lp s b tr chung ton nh my, khng cn kch thc, trn s cd kin v tr cc phn xng v cng trnh. Trn c s b tr cc ng giaothng v ca ra vo cng nh mt trc nh.

c) Sp xp thit b trong phn xng: dng giy mm ct theo t l 1/100 hoc1/50 so vi kch thc thit b, ch khng b st thit b chnh v ph no. Sau

sp xp trn giy k ly theo s b tr mt bng ca dy chuyn sn xut cho va .

d) Sau khi b tr hp l thit b, trn c s quyt nh kch thc v hnh

thc ca nh xng. Tc l sau khi b tr thit b xong ta c th t tng xungquanh, t ca ra vo, tng ngn hon chnh dn phn xng, t chn

moun ca nh.

Ch kch thc nh phi chn vi khu v bc ct tiu chun.

Phi ch n s lin h gia cc thit b b tr thm bng ti, mng

hng, cu thang Theo phng php ny ta d dng thay i phng n cuicng chn c phng n ti u.

* Vic chn kch thc (moun) v kiu nh mt tng hay nhiu tng, ta phi

ch lin h vi dy chuyn sn xut v yu cu cng ngh i hi.

iu ny lin quan n vic b tr dy chuyn sn xut, vic b tr hp l dychuyn sn xut s c tc ng rt ln trong qu trnh lm vic sau ny.


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Sau y l mt vi v d:

+ Nh my hp:

Do tnh cht c bit ca n, dy chuyn nn b tr i theo s dn ngang,

khng nn b tr phn xng sn xut nh nhiu tng.

V trong dy chuyn sn xut ngoi cc thit b ln nh rn, c c, chn cn u l nhng thit b nh, nn vic b tr s theo hng ngang rt thun tincho vic thay i mt hng t nhng nguyn liu khc nhau, ngoi ra nh mt tngs n gin trong xy dng, tit kim tin vn v d dng m bo vn v sinh,

ng thi cho php ta nng dn nng sut ca phn xng, m rng phn xng ddng.

+ Nh my xay xt ng cc:

li dng tnh t chy ca nguyn liu v kt hp yu cu k thut, ngita thng b tr dy chuyn sn xut theo chiu ng, ngha l xy dng nh nhiu

tng.+ Nh my sy, nh my ru, nh my ng:

Do chiu cao thit b v cng ngh sn xut m ngi ta b tr dy chuyn

theo chiu ng, ngha l xy dng nh nhiu tng.

+ Nh my lnh:

- Loi nh my lnh c nng sut di 1000 tn, thng ch xy dng nhmt tng, v thun tin cho vic c gii ho (dng c cc loi cu chy, n ray

v xe bc xp trong phn xng), c ti trng nn cao (4000 kg/m2), kt cu xy

dng nh, n gin. Tuy vy c nhc im l tn tht lnh ln do chu tc dngbc x mt tri cao, dn n tn hao khi lng sn phm ln, tn din tch xydng, x l nn mng cho phng c nhit m phc tp v tn km.

- i vi cc nh my lnh c nng sut c trung bnh tr ln, ngi tathng xy dng nh nhiu tng khc phc nhng nhc im trn.

4.2. Nhng nguyn tc b tr thit b:

C th ni vic b tr thit b l mt trong nhng giai on quan trng nhtca qu trnh thit k. N i hi phi c nhiu tch lu thc t, kin thc l thuyt

v c nhiu sng to, ng thi phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc ch yu sau:1/ Cc thit b phi t theo th t v lin tc nhau thnh mt dy chuyn, rt

ngn nht qung ng v thi gian vn chuyn.

Ni trt vo ca my sau phi thp hn hay bng ch ra ca my trc,nu my trc thp hn th phi k trn b, nu thp hn nhiu th phi b tr bng

ti c ngng hay bng ti nghing c g, v nhiu khi c to ra nh vy nhm tokhong trng cho ngi i li i vi cc dy chuyn qu di.


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Phi ch n cu to ca thit b b tr ng hng.

2/ Cc thit b c th sp xp ngang hng nhau hoc cng c th xp my ny

trn my kia trong nhng trng hp cn thit nhm tit kim din tch, tit kimbm, va m bo cht lng sn phm cao.

V d trong sn xut c chua bt th my nghin t st trn my ch.3/ Dy chuyn sn xut phi i theo chiu lin tc, khng qun ti mt ch

hay quay li v tr c. Dy chuyn c th nhp li hay ta ra theo yu cu k thut.

* Hng i ng ca dy chuyn theo s biu din

* Hng i sai ca dy chuyn cn trnh:

4/ Cn trit s dng din tch khu nh:

Thng gp trong cng mt phn xng m c nhng dy chuyn sn xut

di ngn khc nhau, hoc cao cc thit b chnh nhau nhiu.

V d: trong cng mt phn xng b tr hai dy chuyn

- Dy chuyn sn xut hp c rn st c chua (dy chuyn di).

- Dy chuyn sn xut c ng hp t nhin (dy chuyn ngn).

a) i vi dy chuyn sn xutthng thng

b) i vi dy chuyn sn xutqu di

c) Nu dy chuyn sn xut ra snphm t nhiu cu t to thnh

d) Nu nng sut ca my sau nh,phi tch ra nhiu nhnh.

a) Sn phm quanh qun, cng mt

khu vc thc hin nhiu qu trnh

b) Sn phm sau khi qua cc

trnh gia cng li tr v c.

Hnh v 4.1

Hnh v 4.2


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41

Lc ny cn phi b tr thit b trn mt bng cho hp l rt ngn chiudi ngi nh, hoc ch lm nh cao ln nhng v tr t thit b cao.

5/ i vi cc thit b ln nn t su vo trong phn xng, khng nn tchn ca s lm che ti bn trong v nh hng n vic lu thng khng kh trong

phng.

Cc ca s v ca ra vo phi chiu sng v thun tin cho vic i li,phi lm ng kch thc qui chun m bo thi cng nhanh chng v d dng.

6/ m bo v sinh v cc iu kin an ton v lao ng, cn tun theomt s qui nh sau:

* Cc phng s dng nhit nhiu, p lc hi ln nh: nu nc ng, ncmui, ra chai hp phi c tng ngn cch ring cao nh 1,8 m.

* Gia cc my vi phn xy dng ca nh (ca, tng, ct ) phi c

khong cch nht nh i li. Cn phi b tr sao cho thun tin trong vic thao

tc v sa cha tng thit b.

* Khong cch trng gia hai dy my phi trn 1,8 m; trng hp cn xequa li th khong cch ny phi trn 3 m. nhng v tr cn thit c th cha li ili khong 0,8 m n 1 m.

* Cc dn t thit b trn c cng nhn lm vic hoc phi thng xuyn

quan st phi lm sn rng 1,5 n 2 m, c thang ln rng trn 0,7 m v sn lm caocch mt nn nh t 2 m tr ln.

* Nhng thit b t su xung t nh thng cha, ni thanh trng phic np y kn hoc c thnh cao so vi nn nh l 0,8 m.

* Cc ng ray cho ti in chy phi cao trn 4 m, ng ray c thgn trn x, k trn ct hoc tng, thun tin v tit kim thng lm ng ray

khp kn.

Hnh v 4.3


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42

* Ti nhng khu vc s dng nhit nhiu khng nn c ca knh.

7/ Cc iu kin bo him:

* Phn xng di phi lm thm cc ca ph thot ngi nhanh khi xy ra

s c bn trong. Dy chuyn khng nn ko di qu m khng c ch qua li.

* Cc thit b lm vic p lc hoc chn khng phi cch nhau trn 0,8 m* Cc ng ng dn phi sn ng mu qui nh. ng ng hi v cc b

phn truyn nhit phi c bao cch nhit.

* Cc thit b lm vic di p lc v chn khng cn phi c p k v vanan ton.

4.3 S b tr phn xng:

Sau khi c s b tr thit b trong phn xng trn giy k ly, ta c th

tin hnh cc bn v s sau:

* B tr mt bng cc tng nh.

* Cc mt ct dc theo tng dy chuyn sn xut.

* Mt ct ngang nhng v tr quan trng.

Thng v theo t l M 1:50, M 1:100; c th M 1:200. Nu v nhng chitit kt cu th thng v theo t l M1:50.

S lng cc mt ct phi m bo tt c mi thit b u c biu din tnht mt ln. Chi tit kt cu nhng ni cn thit u c biu din ra nh: cu

to mi nh, nn, mng tng, mng ct, ca, ng ray v cch gn cc thit b

vo kt cu xy dng.* Ch :

+ Mt bng phn xng: khng c b st bt k mt thit b no k c:

cn c nh, ng c, mng hng, hm ngm

Cc thit b c tnh cht di ng nh xe y, xe my th khng biu din

trn mt bng.

+ V v theo t l nh, nn cc thit b cho php ch v theo s k hiu,tc l nhng nt ch yu v hnh dng thit b ch khng cn v chi tit.

V d:

Ni thanh trng Ni hai v

Hnh v 4.4


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+ Cc mt ct phi gii thiu ht cc dy chuyn v kt cu, song cngtrnh phi nhc li nhiu ln.

Nhng mt ct dy chuyn khc nhau trong cng mt phn xng th phnxy dng c kt cu nh ging nhau ch cn biu din mt ln.

+ Trong khi v mt ct, nu my sau b my trc che phn ln th khng thhin my sau. Nu mt ct i vo mt phn my th vn coi nh nhn ngoi vo

m khng v ct my. Thng cho php th hin dy chuyn gn nht.

* Ghi ch trong bn v:

1. Kch thc phn xng, kch thc bc ct, ca ra vo v ca s.

2. Kch thc cc phng nh bn trong phn xng.

3. Chiu cao nh, chiu cao mi tng nh.

4. Kch thc v cu to cc lp nn nh, mi nh, mng tng, chn ct,

ko dm, cu thang v cc phn v cu trc xy dng nh nghing ca mi, nn.

5. Kch thc xp t thit b, khng ghi kch thc thit b. Ngha l ch ghi

khong cch cc thit b ln nhau, khong cch t thit b n cc phn xy dngnh tng, trn

Tm li yu cu chung y ra l khi thi cng c th bit c chnh xcv tr tng thit b trong phn xng.


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CHNG 5TNG MT BNG NH MY

5.1 Gii thiu chung:

Tng mt bng nh my (TMBNM) l mt trong nhng phn quan trng cabn thit k, trong phi gii quyt tt c cc vn v b tr mt bng ca xnghip.

Vic b tr TMB nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca x nghip sau ny, i

vi nh my ch bin thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc, n khng nhng nh hng

n m quan v hiu qu kinh t m cn nh hng n cht lng ca thnh phm

na.

5.1.1 Trnh t:

* Sau khi b tr xong phn xng chnh, tip tc tnh ton c kch thcca cc cng trnh ph khc.

* Tip n l lp bng tng kt v xy dng:

Bng 5.1

TT Hng mc Kch thc (mm) F (m2) Ghi ch

* Sau khi tng kt bit c tng din tch xy dng F xd, t y tnh din tch

khu t Fkcn:

FxdFk= ; [m

2]Kxd

Vi:

Kxd- h s xy dng (%)

i vi nh my thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc thng Kxd= 35 50%

Ngoi ra nh gi ch tiu kinh t k thut ca TMBNM cn c h s s

dng Ksd.Fsd

Ksd= . 100%Fk

Vi: Fk- din tch bn trong hng ro nh my , [m2]

Fsd= Fxd+F h rnh+ Fgiao thng+Fhnh lang+ Fkho bi l thin+


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5.1.2 Ch :

* Phi m bo cc yu cu b tr TMBNM trong xy dng.

* C gng gim Fxd, nn b nhng cng trnh ph khng cn thit nh: sn

bng, b bi

* Lnh th nh my nn xy dng c gii hn, khng trn lan.* m bo ng i thun tin v ngn nht, tin li v giao thng trong v

ngoi nh my.

* Ch n vn cy xanh nhm ci to vi kh hu trong khu vc nh my.

* Bit c hoa gi, hng gi ch o b tr hp l cc cng trnh, trnhhi c, bi m bo v sinh mi trng.

Hoa gi l mt th, biu th hin tn sut gi theo cc hng chnh ca

a phng, c theo di sau mt thi gian di, (thng trn 30 nm).

+ Tn sut lng gi (tnh ra %) l t l gia cc s ln lng gi so vi tng sln quan trc gi, c ghi bng ch s trong vng trn.

+ Tn sut hng gi (tnh ra %) l tnh vi tng s ln quan trc thy c gic biu th bng chiu di mi tn ch hng gi thi n, thng 1mm = 2%.

Cch v hoa gi:

5.2 C cu ca nh my:

* Trc ht tu theo nng sut m xc nh thnh phn ca n.

i vi cc nh my trung bnh v ln, trong thnh phn nn c cc phn

xng ph, lc s li trong hch ton kinh t, tit kim trong qu trnh hot ngca nh my v sau.

B

T

N

Hnh v: 5.1


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i vi cc nh my c nng sut nh th mt s cng trnh v phn xngph c th khng cn, v d phn xng tn dng ph liu, lm bao b, ni hi, trm

x l nc

Tuy nhin cn tu theo v tr xy dng nh my, loi sn phm m nh mysn xut ra thit k xy dng cc cng trnh ph.

V d cc thnh ph ln, nc cho x nghip c th ly t ng ng dn

thnh ph, mt s ni s dng nc sng, sui, h, ging khoan

Nu xy dng bn b sng, bin, th phi trit li dng vn chuyn ng

thy, nn phi xy dng cu tu.

nhng ni xung quanh c nhiu x nghip cn nghin cu hp tc.

V d: khu cng nghip Vit Tr

* Thnh phn ca nh my cn do tnh cht ca n quyt nh, v d nhmy hp thng phi c phn xng lnh, phn xng hp st, phng phn

tch cn nh my ng cc phi c phn xng sy v trang b v ht bi.

i vi nh my ch bin thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc do yu cu sch s,

t bi, nn thng phi xy dng xa ng giao thng chnh, ng s bn trong

phi ri nha hay si, vn trng c cy

* Tm li mi nhim v thit k i hi phi gii quyt ring bit. Nhngtrong iu kin chung nht mi nh my phi c nhng i tng sau:

1/ Phn xng sn xut chnh: l phn xng sn xut ra sn phm ch yuca nh my.

2/ Phn xng sn xut ph: l cc phn xng sn xut ra mt s sn

phm th yu, c tnh cht tng thm mt hng cho x nghip hoc c tnh cht tndng ph liu.

3/ Phn xng h tr:gip cho phn xng sn xut chnh hot ng c,tuy rt quan trng nhng khng trc tip lm ra sn phm.

V d:Phn xng ni hi l phn xng h tr cho phn xng sn xutchnh ca nh my ng, nh my hp

4/Ngoi ra cn c h thng nh kho, nh phc v sinh hot v cc cng trnhkhc.

Ma Nh my ng

B R ng

Nh my giy Nh my ru


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5.3 Nhng yu cu khi b tr tng mt bng nh my:

1/ m bo ng i ca dy chuyn cng ngh l ngn nht.

2/ m bo s hp tc trong vic s dng nguyn liu, ph liu gia cc

phn xng v gia nh my vi khu vc khc trong ton b khu cng nghip.

3/ Gii quyt tt vn giao thng ni b nh my v gia nh my vi khuvc khc:

* Chn c phng tin vn chuyn hp l.

* C mi lin h cht ch gia cc phn xng sn xut vi nhau, gia khu

vc sn xut vi khu vc iu khin.

4/ m bo ph hp vi a hnh, a cht khu vc nh my:

* Cc cng trnh nn b tr song song vi ng ng mc nhm li dng

mt bng khu t tt hn

* Cc cng trnh cn cao th b tr khu t cao v ngc li.

* Cc cng trnh ngm phi t nhng ni c mc nc ngm thp,

* Tn dng n mc ti a cc cng trnh sn c ca khu t.

5/ m bo khong cch gia cc cng trnh theo tiu chun p ng ccyu cu v thng gi, chiu sng, phng ha v v sinh cng nghip.

* Khong cch gia phn xng vi cc khu vc khc thng nh sau:

* Khong cch gia hai phn xng thng nh sau:

+ Khi hai phn xng trong sn xut t sinh ra khi bi c hi: K=15m.

+ Khi mt trong hai phn xng trong sn xut sinh ra nhiu khi bi v d

c nguy c chy n: K 25m.

6/ m bo tit kim din tch t xy dng.

7/ m bo kh nng m rng nh my.

K

H1 H2

H1+ H2K

2

Hnh 5.2


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khng gy ra nhng iu bt hp l sau ny, thng c hai hnh thc sau:

* hn mt khu t trng trong nh my (a).

* Khu t m rng gn lin vi cc phn xng c nhiu kh nng m rng

(b).

5.4 Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng nh my:Vn b tr TMBNM cn tch lu nhiu kinh nghim, y l vn sng

to, tu thuc vo mi a hnh c th, tuy nhin thng theo hai nguyn tc sau:

5.4.1 Nguyn tc hp khi:

Cc cng trnh c cng v c tnh sn xut, c nhiu mi quan h vi nhau

v c yu cu kt cu xy dng ging nhau ta nn b tr trong mt nh ln.

V d:Nh my sn xut ng.

*u im:

+ Rt ngn c dy chuyn cng ngh.+ Tit kim c din tch t xy dng t 1,5 n 2 ln.

+ D thc hin c gii ho v t ng ho trong qu trnh sn xut.

+ D to hnh khi lm tng thm m kin trc cho cng trnh.

*Nhc im: Kh gii quyt v vn thng gi v chiu sng t nhin.

5.4.2 Nguyn tc phn vng:

Nhm gim ti a s lng cng trnh, thng quy hoch theo 4 vng sau:

a) Vng sn xut

b) Vng nng lng

c) Vng kho tng v phng tin vn chuyn.

d) Vng phc v sinh hot.

(a) (b)Hnh 5.3


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* u im:

+ D b tr cc khu vc cng trnh theo yu cu cng ngh.

+ D iu khin v qun l cc khu vc theo yu cu k thut.

+D p ng c yu cu v v sinh cng nghip.

+D b tr h thng giao thng vn chuyn cho nh my.

+ D b tr khu t m rng v ph hp vi iu kin kh hu.

5.5 Yu cu i vi mt s cng trnh chnh trong nh my:

5.5.1 Phn xng sn xut chnh:

Cc phn xng c t trong ngi nh sn xut chnh, thng t trungtm nh my v c lin kt cht ch vi cc i tng khc nh nh kho, phng

th nghim, nh sinh hot v sinh ...

Trong phn xng sn xut chnh c rt nhiu phng n trnh by, miphng n u c u nhc im ring, tu trng hp c th m p dng. Sau yl vi v d:

5.5.1.1 Nh my hp:

* Phng n 1:

Theo phng n ny cc nh mt tng c b tr lin tip nhau theo ch L.

Kho tng v phng tin vn chuyn

Nnglng

Sn xut

Kho tng v phng tin vn chuyn

Phc v sinh hot

t m rng

1. Phng tm cha nguyn liu

2. Phn xng sn xut

3. Khu thanh trng

4. Nh kho thnh phm

5. Nh v sinh

6. Thm

7. ng vn chuyn

1

5

2

3

4 6

7


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* Phng n 2:

1,2. Phn xng sn xut

3. Khu thanh trng

4. Phng tm cha NVL

5. Nh kho6. Thm

7. ng vn chuyn

Theo phng n ny nh my c hai phn xng sn xut chnh, nng sut

ln, cc nh mt tng c b tr thnh hai khi ring bit.

* Phng n 3:

1,2. Phn xng sn xut

3,4. Kho tm cha nguyn liu5. Khu thanh trng

6.- Kho thnh phm (tng1)- Phn xng hp st (tng 2)

7. Kho thnh phm8. Kho st lm hp

9. Kho nguyn vt liu ph

10. Thm11. ng vn chuyn

Theo phng n ny nh my c hai phn xng sn xut chnh nng sutln, cc nh 1 tng v nhiu tng b tr theo hnh ch H.

* Phng n 4:

1: Nh ch yu: bao gm tt c cci tng, tr ni hi, xng mcv kho nguyn vt liu d chy.

2. Kho nguyn liu.

3. Thm.

4. ng vn chuyn

Theo phng n ny cc nh c hp khi nhm gim din tch xy dng,gim vn u t. Tuy nhin c nhc im l kh gii quyt vn thng gi,

chiu sng.

331

5

2

4

6

98

7

10 11

7 6 5

3 1

42

2

3

1

4


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5.5.1.2 Nh my bnh m:

* Phng n 1:

1. Kho nguyn liu

2. Khu vc x l

3. Phn xng ch bin4. Kho thnh phm

* Phng n 2:

1. Kho nguyn liu

2. Phn xng sn xut

3. Kho thnh phm

5.5.2 Kho nguyn liu:

*Cu trc: cu trc nh kho ty theo yu cu ca loi nguyn liu.

V d:

+ Hoa qu ch cn tm cha nh mi che, nn cch m v thotnc d dng, thong nhng khng cn thng gi nhn to.

Trng hp yu cu c bit v gi lu mi cn lm kho lnh.

+ i vi nh my lng thc, kho cha nhiu khi khng cn tng,m ch cn mi che.

+ Nh kho cha tht, c nht thit phi lm kho lnh.

* Din tch kho: din tch ca kho tm cha tu thuc s lng nguyn liu

a vo sn xut trong mt gi, vo thi gian bo qun v tiu chun chatrn 1 m2hay 1 m3ca kho.

+ Thi gian bo qun: nhm phc v sn xut tt, i vi rau qu ch cn d

tr khng lnh t 2 - 5 ngy, i vi tht, c bo qun lnh th thi gian tng

ln. i vi nh my go th tnh d tr cho 10 30 ngy. Nh my bnhm, m si th tnh d tr t 7 10 ngy.

+ Tiu chun xp kho trn 1 m2cha k li i

(Thng li i v ct chim khong 30 50 % din tch phng)

1 2 3

4

321

1 2

3


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Bng 5.2

Nguyn liu Tiu chun xp, kg/m2Bp ciDaNhn, vi

Cam, chanhDa chutChui xanhThtC

350400350

400600600200

300 400

Trong iu kin c th th kho tm cha nguyn liu nn lm kho lnh tng thi gian bo qun v tng cht lng nguyn liu.

5.5.3. Kho thnh phm:

*Din tch: phng php tnh ging nh kho nguyn liu. Song cn tu

thuc vo phng php xp, cch ng gi, loi sn phm, m chng chim nhngdin tch khc nhau.

V d: + Sn phm trong bao b st ty chim ch bng 3/4 so vi khi cha

trong bao b thu tinh.

+ Hp ng trong thng xp tn nhiu ch hn khi xp thnh ct.

* Tiu chun xp:

+ i vi lng thc: 1,5 1,7 tn/m2

+ i vi hp bao b st ty: (tnh tp/m2)

- Hp xp thnh ct cao 3 m l 3,5 tp

- Hp xp thng ri chng cao 4 m l 3 tp

+ i vi kho lnh: (tnh tn/m3)

- Tht ln ng lnh: 0,45

- Tht b ng lnh con: 0,3 0,35

- C ng lnh trong hm: 0,45

- Tri cy cha trong thng: 0,28 0,32

* Ni chung trong kho thnh phm cn c mt phng hoc mt khu vc

ring c din tch cha c s lng sn phm sn xut trong 1 ngy, lm chng gi v chun b sn phm trc khi xut kho.

* Trong sn xut hp c tht, ngoi kho thnh phm thng lm thm 1kho gi m, 5% hp sn xut ra c gi y trong 10 ngy nhm theo di

cht lng thnh phm. Yu cu phng ny kn, c nhit 37 oC, chiu cao 2,2 m;din tch phng tnh theo tiu chun 1 tp sn phm/m2(k c li i).


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Nu iu kin sn xut hin i, v sinh cng nghip tht tt th khng cnlm phng gi m.

* Cu trc nh:

m bo c gii trong vic bc xp, nh kho phi rng ri, cha cc

li i li dnh cho cng nhn v xe lm vic:- Nh kho thng cao ti thiu 5 m.

- Ca ra vo cao trn 2,4 m rng trn 1,8 m c th qua li d dng.

- Kho khng nn lm nh nhiu tng v ti trng km.

- tin vic bc xp ln xe th thm kho nn cao ngang mc sn xe.

- Cu trc v trang b nh kho tu theo yu cu bo qun tng loi.

* Thi gian bo qun:

Ty loi sn phm v theo yu cu tng nh my c th m c thi gian

bo qun khc nhau. V trn c s tnh din tch kho thnh phm5.5.4 Kho bao b thu tinh:

* Cc loi chai l, hp thy tinh dng trong cng nghip thc phm v sinhhc cn c bo qun chu o. C th xp chng ngoi tri cc sn c ri nha,

lt gch, ximng

d ly v trnh v ta thnh tng c ngn. Chai l xp chng cao 2

m c th xp c 3000 hp tiu chun/1 m2.

* m bo cho sn xut lin tc, s bao b d tr phi .

- Nu nh my sn xut bao b gn th ch cn d tr trong 1 thng- Nu nh my sn xut bao b xa hoc cn nhp ngoi th lng d tr

phi m bo cho 70% nhu cu sn xut trong 6 thng.

* Kho bao b thy tinh cn phi ch tin ng giao thng, trnh nhng v

tr c nhiu ct bi.

5.5.5 Kho nguyn vt liu:

* Kho ny dng cha mi th nguyn liu cho nh my, k c my mcthit b d tr v nguyn liu ph cho sn xut, tt nhin phi khu vc ring bit.

* Din tch ca kho ny thng khng tnh ton chi ly, n ph thuc vonng sut v c im nh my, thng ly khong 60 80 m 2.

* V tr kho thng t su trong nh my v gn ng chuyn ch.

5.5.6 Xng thng g:

* Nu nh my c s dng bao b thng g, th nn xy dng ti nh my, v

ni khc s lng ph nhiu trong vn chuyn ch, v v tnh cht d chy ca


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xng, nn n thng c xy dng ring bit, nhng cng tnh n vic thuntin trong vic cung cp cho cc phn xng khc.

* Xng gm cc b phn sn xut v kho cha, ngoi ra cn c sn phihoc cha cc thng khng ch v.

* Din tch da vo:- S lng thng ng phi cung cp cho 100% sn phm v 20% nguyn

liu hng ngy khi cao im ca thi v.

- Nh kho k c li i c kh nng cha 1,5 m3thng/m2v cha c lng

thng sn xut ra trong mt ngy.

- Cc din tch ph khc chim 15 20 % din tch chung.

5.5.7 Phng kim nghim:

* Ton nh my ch nn tp trung lm mt phng th nghim trung tm. N

c th t chung trong cng mt nh vi xng sn xut hoc vi kho thnh phmc li ra vo ring bit.

Trong phng thng c cc phng phn tch ho hc, phng phn tch vitrng, phng cm quan, kho dng c, ho cht

* V tr: t ni sng sa, sch s, t bi v t rung ng.

* Din tch: thng ly khong 40-100 m2da vo nng sut nh my.

5.5.8 Nh hnh chnh v phc v khc:

* Trong nh hnh chnh thng b tr phng k thut v tt c cc b phn

lnh o, qun l x nghip, nu cn th gm c cu lc b, phng khch, phnghp...

* Din tch tnh trung bnh:

+ 8 - 12 m2i vi cn b lnh o.

+ 4 m2cho mi cn b nhn vin chc nh my.

* V tr: thng b tr pha trc nh my, bit lp khu sn xut.

* Nh cha xe: tnh cho 30% s ngi lm vic trong ca ng nht, thng

lm nh di gn cng bo v. Din tch c tnh l 3 xe p/m 2v 1 xe my /m2.

* Cc nh my ln hoc xt thy cn c th thit k cn t n hoc cnkp. khi cn tr i li, cn t thng c lm su vo trong cng t 8 10m.

V d: cc nh my ng, hp u thit k cn t.

5.5.9 Phn xng c kh:

* Nhim v: m bo sa cha ln, nh cc thit b my mc trong nh my,ng thi cn gia cng ch to theo ci tin k thut, pht huy sng kin


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* Din tch: ty thuc nng sut nh my m s cng nhn ca phn xngc kh c th t 10 20 ngi, vi din tch trong khong 50 120 m 2.

* V tr: c th lm ring bit, cng c th nm trong mt ngi nh vi phnxng sn xut chnh, nhng c ngn ring.

5.5.10 Phn xng l hi:* V tr: yu cu phi gn ni s dng hi chnh, ng thi m bo yu cu

v cch b tr phn xng nu.

Thng c xy dng thnh ngi nh ring bit km theo kho cha nhinliu v sn x.

* Kho nhin liu c tnh theo yu cu t trong hai thng.

* Nu t bng than, th sn x phi cch kho nhin liu ti thiu 30 m

m bo chng chy.

5.5.11 Trm bin p:* V tr: thng c b tr mt gc nh my, k ng giao thng v t

gn ni tiu th in nhiu nht.

* Din tch: thng ly trong khong 9 16 m2.

5.5.12 Nh xe in ng:

* V tr: t gn phn xng c kh.

* Din tch: tnh cho mt xe l 6 m2, ngoi ra cn thm khong 10 m2 lmphng np in acqui.

5.5.13 Nh sinh hot v sinh:* Nht thit nh my phi c nh sinh hot v sinh, trong gm cc khu

vc sau: phng pht m o v thay mc, phng tm ra, nh v sinh v mt sphng c bit khc.

Vic b tr th t cc khu vc ny sao cho va thun tin li va m bo vsinh nht.

* Do trong cc nh my cng nghip thc phm v sinh hc cng nhn nchim a s, v vy khi tnh ton cc tin nghi thng xem s cng nhn l 70% n

v 30% nam. Cc tnh ton nhm m bo phc v cho s cng nhn trong cang nht.

* Cch tnh mt vi trng hp c th:

+ Phng thay qun o: din tch 0,2 m2/1cng nhn. i vi cc phn xngph nh l hi, c kh, my lnh khu vc thay qun o c th t ngay trong

phn xng.


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+ Nh tm: tnh cho 60% s cng nhn trong ca ng nht, v 7 10 cngnhn/1vi tm. Kch thc 0,9 x 0,9 m.

+ Khu vc ra: tnh cho 20 cng nhn /1chu ra

+ Nh v sinh: b tr trong nh sinh hot, nhng khng qu 100 m t ch lm

vic. S lng nh v sinh tnh bng 1/4 s nh tm, vi kch thc 0,9 x 1,2 m.5.5.14 Nh n:

* V tr: nh n phi c bn knh phc v l 300 m.

* Din tch: tiu chun tnh 2,25 m2/1 cng nhn, v tnh theo 2/3 s lng

cng nhn trong ca ng nht.

5.5.15 Giao thng trong nh my:

* Nh my c bo v bng ro kn hoc tng cao v km theo rng cyngn bi xung quanh nh my. Lnh th nh my quang ng, ng i bng

phng, cao ro, d thot nc.* Vic trng cy xanh theo qui nh:

Khong cch t thn cy v vm l ngoi cng

+ Ti b tng 5 m 1,5 m

+ L ng t 1 m 0,5 m

+ Dy in 2 m 0,5 m

+ ng hi 2 m 1,0 m

+ Cng nc 1,5 m

* Cc ng chnh ri nha, ng nh ri si, theo quy nh:+ ng t 1 chiu rng 3 5 m

+ ng t 2 chiu rng 6 7 m

+ ng i b rng 1,5 2 m

+ ng t ct, th ch cui phi c ch t vng ra, mi chiu

rng 12 m

+ ng t cch ng > 1,5 m

Tt c cc cng trnh trong nh my u phi ni vi ng chnh. Cc

ng giao thng nn t vng v t ct nhau.

* Cc cu trc bt qua ng phi cao trn 4,5 m.

* Mi nh my ngoi cng chnh, cn phi c thm mt cng ph.

* i vi cc nh my ln c th b tr ng xe la ni vi h thng xe lachung.


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Cn i vi nh my c giao thng ng thy th pha sng hay bin phixy dng cu tu, trn cu tu t cu trc, ng gong bc d hng.

5.5.16 Vn cp nc:

* Lng nc tiu hao tu mc ch m khc nhau. V vic dng nc

khng iu ho nn phi tnh h s tiu hao khng ng b l K = 1,5.* p sut trn ng ng 2,5 3,0 atm hoc ln hn tu theo yu cu.

to p sut trn ng ng ta phi t bm hay xy dng thp nc.

* i vi ngun nc t ging phi bm vo b ngm. Th tch ca b cha cho 2 ngy sn xut, b c th lm na chm na ni, nhng khng c su

qu 5 m.

* Ngun nc thnh ph khng c trn chung vi cc ngun nc khc.

* ng nc chnh trong nh my nu di trn 100 m th phi lm ngkhp kn, phng h hng, khi sa cha vn m bo vn cung cp nc.

* Nc t ng dn chnh c ni trc tip n tng phn xng hockhu vc tiu dng, v t bit bn trong phn xng sn xut chnh ng nc

phi l ng khp kn.

* Trong nh my nu c ni hi th nn t thm ng nc nng dng

cho khu vc nh sinh hot v cc mc ch khc nh: ra, chn

* Nhng ni tiu th nc thng xuyn th ng nc phi c ni trc

tip n tn ni, cn nhng ch t dng th s dng ng cao su dn n.

5.5.17 Vn thot nc:

* Nc thi chia lm hai loi:

- Loi sch: t nhng nhng ni c dn ngng t, lm mt, nc ny c

th tp trung v mt ch s dng vo mc ch m khng yu cu cht lngnc cao nh: vn chuyn nguyn liu bng thy lc, ra bao b g, tre.

- Loi bn: t cc qu trnh sn xut c cha tp cht v c, hu c, t khu

nh sinh hot v sinh

Hai loi ny khng c ni chung nhau.

* m bo yu cu v sinh, ng ng dn nc thi thng chn ngm

su di t, hoc rnh c np y kn, phi m bo trong vn t chy, thng nghing t 6 8 mm/m.

Trong nhng trng hp nc thi ra v tr qu su nh thit b thanh trngng th phi s dng bm ln ng dn chung.

* nhng v tr ni vi ng chung hoc ch vng phi lm h ga quan st,khong cch gia chng khng qu 40 50 m.


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* Nc thi ra khng c ni trc tip xung cng, m phi qua phu ringhoc np cng.

Thng ng nc thi chung ca nh my c ni lin vi cng ngmca thnh ph sau khi qua khu x l nc thi, v nu khng c th phi lmng nc ring, lc ny nc thi phi qua x l tt mi c ra sng ngi,

h, ao

* i vi phn xng nhiu tng th cc tng trn ng ng dn nc thiphi b tr nhng ch m tng di khng c thit b v ngi lm vic.

* ng dn nc thi t trong phn xng i ra u phi theo mt pha vtheo chiu ngang ca nh.

c bit khc vi ng nc cp, ng nc thi khng c lmng khp kn.


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CHNG 6S B TR NG NG

6.1 Nguyn tc chung:

* Trong qu trnh sn xut mi ng ng u c yu cu c bit, v vy

vic b tr ng ng thng rt phc tp.

* ng ng trong nh my bao gm: ng dn nc nng, nc lnh,ng hi, ng nc ngng, ng khng kh nn, ng dn cc sn phm,

ng dn cht ti lnh, tc nhn lnh, ng cp nc, ng thot nc, ng

thng gi, ht bi

V vy phn bit ng i ca tng ng, khng nhng ta phi dng k

hiu hoc sn mu khc nhau theo quy nh (chng 1), m cn phi th hin chngtheo hnh chiu trc o, vi t l 1/100 hay 1/200.

Thng v theo gc sau:

(a) (b)

Trong thit k thng chn v theo gc (a).

* Cch v mt phn xng v cc thit b bn trong ln dng hnh chiu trc

o tin hnh theo nguyn tc da vo mt bng v cc mt ct ca phn xng.Trc ht chng ta v khung ca nh xng ln hnh chiu trc o, tip theo

ln lt v cc thit b theo cc v tr ca chng trong phn xng.

120o 135

o

Hnh 6.1


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* Ch :

* ng ng phi i theo ng ngn nht m bo tit kim ng, va ttn hao nng lng khi vn chuyn v nhm v sinh tt.

* Nn thit k t ch vng, ch ni tit kim ng v t tn hao p lc. ivi ng dn sn phm th l nhng ni kh v sinh, d to iu kin cho vi sinh

vt pht trin.

* Cc ng ng phi t cao trn 2 mt, hoc t mt nn tr xung khng cn tr s qua li.

ng ng phi t sao cho d quan st v sa cha. Tr ng ng dn

nc thi, cc ng ng khc khng nn chn di t. Nu cn c th lm rnh

dc theo tng t ng, nhng rnh phi c np y v c th m c d dng,mt np phi ngang mc nn nh xng.

B

LMt bng phn xng Mt ct dc phn xng

B L

H

Hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.3


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* Cc ng ng khng c bc ngang qua ca s, ca ra vo. Khi t ngphi xem trc cc v tr ta ng, c th li dng tng ct v dm nh gn ng.

* Cc ng ng phi sp xp sao cho khi cn sa cha mt ng thkhng nh hng n ng kia tng thit b hoc mt nhm thit b.

* Cc van ca ng ng nn thit k tp trung (a) cng nhn d vnhnh. Khng nn t van ch cao qu hoc thp qu. Nu ng ng ni vi thit

b ch qu cao th phi a mt on ng xung ngang tm t van (b).

+ Thng gp k hiu ng ng : inch (tc Anh)

1 = 1 in = 25,4 mm

6.2 Yu cu i vi mt vi loi ng ng:

6.2.1 ng dn sn phm:

Trong nh my thc phm i vi mt vi loi sn phm nh: sa, nc prau qu, nc ng, nc st, ru bia v cc nh my cng ngh sinh hc doyu cu cng ngh, cng nh nng cao cht lng sn phm, ngi ta dngng ng dn cc loi sn phm ny.

Yu cu ln nht l ng ng phi tho lp c d dng khi c ra, quanst d, v tuyt i khng chn di t.

Cc ng tt nht lm bng thu tinh, thp khng r, i khi dng ng ng,ng nhm tu thuc vo tng loi sn phm.

6.2.2 ng ng hi:* T phn xng ni hi, theo ng ngn nht hi c a ti phn

xng sn xut chnh. ng ng thng t cao trn 4-5 m, theo tng hoc lm

ct ngoi tri, ngoi ra c th t ngm hay theo rnh ca ng ng dn ncngng v ni hi.

* gim tn hao nhit v trnh nguy him, tt c cc ng ng dn hi

bn trong cng nh bn ngoi phn xng u c bc lp cch nhit.

Hi

NcSn phm

Hi t

(a)(b)

Hnh 6.4


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* p sut hi i vo phn xng phi bng p sut hi ni hi i ra, trnng ng chnh khng c t van iu chnh gim p lc hi trc khi a vo

phn xng, v n s lm tn hao nhit nhiu.

Nu cn, van iu chnh c th t bn trong phn xng, trc mi nhmthit b tu theo yu cu cng ngh.

* Hi t ni hi vo ti phn xng c a ti bu phn phi.

Bu phn phi hi l mt ng thp kn chu p lc cao, c ng knh 0,3 0,6 m, c gn ln tng hoc t trn gi c cao khong 1,5 m.

T bnh phn phi, hi i theo ng ng ti tng nhm thit b hoc tng

thit b. Nu thit b yu cu p sut hi thp th trn ng nhnh ny s t thm

van iu chnh.

* Khng c ly hi tt ngy trn ng ng chnh khi cha qua bu phn

phi.

* phng h hng ng do b nng dn n, trn nhng on ng thng

di, ta lm cc vng dn n hnh ch C theo mt phng ngang, khong cch giachng khng qu 25m, ch l vng ch C khng c hng xung di, v trnhtrng hp nc s ngng t to thnh van chn ti y d gy nguy him.

Hi t ni hi

Van iu chnh

5atm10 atm2 atm

13 atm

< 25m

Hnh 6.5

Hnh 6.6


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6.2.3 ng dn nc ngng:

* Nc ngng t cc thit b dng hi gin tip u c theo ng ng

dn v thng cha t phn xng ni hi. Nc ngng v c trn vi ngunnc lnh x l cung cp li cho ni hi.

* tng thit b dng hi gin tip ta t cc bnh ngng (cc ngng), dn nc ngng t ra khi thit b, ng thi gi hi li. Trc v sau cc ngng

u phi c van, phi c ng ng x khng kh v nc ng lc thit b bt ulm vic.

Cch lp t cc ngng

* Cc cc ngng phi b tr song song nhau, cc van v ng ng ni

chung phi t sao cho khi nh hng n s lm vic ca nhau.

V d c 3 ni hai v t song song nhau, th b tr cc ngng nh sau:

Ty theo p sut v cng tiu th hi ca thit b m ta chn loi bnhngng cho thch hp.

Nu cc thit b lm vic p sut < 1at (khng c p sut d), th hi ngngt phi c thi ra theo mt h thng c bit.

Nc ngng

Nc ngng

Hnh 6.7

Hnh 6.8


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Hi ngng t trc tip cc thit b dng hi trc tip (ni thanh trng, mychn) th c tho ra ngoi nh nc thi.

6.2.4 ng ng dn tc nhn lnh v cht ti lnh:

* Yu cu b tr cc ng ng c ng i ngn nht. Trn ng dn lng

trnh to ra cc ti kh v trn ng dn kh trnh to ra cc ti lng, tr ti duca my lnh freon.

* ng ng ca thit b lnh c th b tr pha trn v pha di. Khi b trpha trn ngi ta c nh vo tng hoc ln trn, cch b tr ny c coi l hp

l, bi v vic cch nhit, kim tra v sa cha nh k thun li.

Ngoi ra cn c mt s phng php b tr ng ng di hm, nhng

phng php ny khng ph hp vi iu kin v hon cnh Vit Nam.

Cc ng ng dn nc hoc nc mui c th b tr di t hoc trong

cng, khi b tr trn nn t cc ng c nhit dng c th khng cn cch nhit

******


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PHN IIKIN TRC CNG NGHIP


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CHNG 1:KHI NIM V KIN TRC CNG NGHIP

1.1 Khi nim

1.1.1 Kin trc dn dng: chc nng c sinh ra t cc yu cu ca conngi, phc v trc tip con ngi.

1.1.2 Kin trc cng nghip: chc nng ca chng l phc v cho sn xut vcho ngi lao ng.

Trong cng ngh sn xut tng ngnh s xc nh c cu v cu trc tngmt bng x nghip, xc nh cc thng s xy dng c bn v mt bng, hnh khi

ca nh sn xut, cng trnh phc v, s giao thng...

Kin trc cng nghip l ngh thut v xy dng nh, cng trnh k thut,cc qun th kin trc (x nghip, khu, cm cng nghip), cc i tng lin quan

n s phc v cho sn xut cng nghip v th cng nghip.

Mt tc phm thuc lnh vc kin trc cng nghip, v thc cht l stng hp sng to ca nhiu chuyn gia thuc nhiu lnh vc nh: cng ngh snxut, ch to, kin trc, kt cu, xy dng, v sinh, nng lng, giao thng, mi

trng, x hi v ngh thut.

Tm li: Kin trc cng nghip thc cht l s thng nht v hi ho

gia k thut, khoa hc v ngh thut.

1.2 Tnh hnh xy dng cng nghip nc ta Vit Nam ang bc sang mt thi k mi trong xy dng kinh t, bn

cnh vic khi phc, ci to, nng cp cc x nghip c, chng ta ang xy dngnhiu khu cng nghip mi ti cc a phng.

Cc nh my xi mng Hong Thch (Hi Hng), ChinFon (Hi Phng),Vn X (Hu)...

Cc nh my lc ho du (Dung Qut, Vng Tu) Cc nh my thuc ngnh cng nghip nh v thc phm.

Cc nh my thuc lnh vc cng ngh sinh hc...

1.3 Xu hng mi trong xy dng cng nghip

1.3.1 Nguyn tc chung ca cc xu hng xy dng cng nghip hin i:

Phi tho mn cao nht cc yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut. C kh nng tn ti lu di c th ph hp vi yu cu hin i ho

dy chuyn sn xut v thay i thit b trong tng lai.


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Gim trng lng cng trnh xy dng n mc ti thiu. Biu hin tnh thm m cao. C gi thnh xy dng thp

1.3.2 Cc xu hng mi:

Ci tin cng tc lm k hoch v chun b u t: ni dung ch yu lgii quyt vn nghin cu cc chng trnh u t, nghin cu ci to, nng cp

cc x nghip c, quy hoch cc khu cng nghip mi, nghin cu kh nng xydng bng phng php cng nghip.

Xy dng hp khi, lin hp v hp tc trong sn xut, xy dng nhcng nghip kiu linh hot, vn nng cao, xy dng to iu kin tt nht cho ngi

lao ng v t c hiu qu cao trong u t xy dng, tng nng sut lao ng,tit kim t ai xy dng v thi gian u t xy dng cng trnh.

Xy dng bn l thin v l thin: nhm p ng nhu cu d dng thayi dy chuyn sn xut, loi ny ph hp vi cc ngnh sn xut c c kh ho,t ng ho cao, vi cc x nghip c cc thit b sn xut c th t l thin.

Xy dng bng kt cu kim loi, nhp nh ln. Tng sc biu hin kin trc v tnh thm m ca cc cng trnh cng

nghip.

p dng phng php t ng ho trong thit k.


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CHNG 2:

THIT K KIN TRC

NH V CNG TRNH CNG NGHIP

2.1 Nhng c s thit k kin trc nh cng nghip

2.1.1 Phn loi nh cng nghip:

2.1.1.1 Phn loi theo c im ring:

1) Theo c im chc nng: c chia thnh cc nhm sau:

- Nh sn xut: hon thnh nhng chc nng sn xut, nhm to ra bnthnh phm hoc thnh phm ca x nghip.

- Nh cung cp nng lng: trm pht in, bin th, nh ni hi, trmcung cp kh nn, kh t.

- Kho tng v trm phc v giao thng: kho cha nguyn vt liu, thnhphm, nh cha xe...

2) Theo c im xy dng tho mn yu cu chc nng:

- Nh mt mc ch: gn b vi mt dy chuyn sn xut nht nh, khithay i dy chuyn thng phi ph d.

- Nh kiu linh hot: gn b vi mt ngnh sn xut nht nh, d dngtho mn yu cu hin i ho dy chuyn sn xut v thit b.

- Nh vn nng: c t

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