CO basics, CCS value chain, capture overview
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| | Daniel Sutter, Mischa Repmann, Marco Mazzotti CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 March 15, 2021 CO 2 basics, CCS value chain, capture overview CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) and the industry of carbon-based resources
Transcript of CO basics, CCS value chain, capture overview
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Daniel Sutter, Mischa Repmann, Marco Mazzotti
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021
March 15, 2021
CO2 basics, CCS value chain, capture overview
CO2 capture and storage (CCS) and the industry of carbon-based resources
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Recapitulation
I. Fossil fuel resources and
the global energy system
II. CO2 and
climate change
III.CCS:
the concept
millions of yearsyears seconds hours/days milleniayears
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CO2 basics
CO2
CO2 at ambient conditions is a colorless, odorless, non-combustible
(non-explosive) gas
CO2 is heavier than air and can accumulate in depressions – danger of
asphyxiation
CO2 is classified as non-toxic, however, the following exposure limits are
reported for high concentrations
< 2 %, short term: no harmful effects
3 %: breathing rate doubles
5 %: breathing rate 4 times more than normal
> 10%, ca.15 min: difficulties in breathing, impaired hearing, nausea, stupor
within 10 min and loss of consciousness within 15 min
> 20%, 1 min or less: acute danger of death
CO2 takes part in the global carbon cycle, where billions of tons of the gas
are moved between different pools by natural drivers
Source: Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair, www.inspectapedia.com (15.02.13)
2CO air
g g( , 29 )
m o4
o l4
l mM M
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The global carbon cycle
CO2
Atmosphere: 800 Gt
Hydrosphere: 40,000 Gt Lithosphere: 65,000,000 Gt
Biosphere: 2,500 GtAnthroposphere: 2-3 Gt
Natural fluxes: 100 Gt/a
Anthropogenic GHG: 10 Gt/a
CCS
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
Please note: The numbers report mass of carbon (C), not CO2.
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The global carbon cycle
CO2
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonate
400 kJ/mole
60...180 kJ/mole
The ground state ofcarbon is a mineral
carbonate
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonate
400 kJ/mole
60...180 kJ/mole
The ground state ofcarbon is a mineral
carbonate
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CO2 phase diagram
CO2
Sublimation point
-78.5°C, 1bar
Triple point
-56.6°C, 5.1 bar
Critical point
31.1°C, 73.9 bar
10’000.0
1’000.0
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature [°C]
CO2 gas
1999, ChemicaLogic Corporation
Drawn with CO2
Tab V1.0
CO2 liquid
CO2 solid
Sublimatio
n line
Saturation line
Melting line
Pre
ssu
re [b
ar]
Watch supercritical CO2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9EftqFYaHg
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CO2
Depth
(km
)
Density of CO 2 (kg/m3)
©CO2CRC2.5
op
tima
l
de
pth
for s
tora
ge
0 200 400 600 800 1’000
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Volume = 100%
10%
2%
1.1%
0.32%
0.28%
0.27%
0.27%
CO2
(gaseous state)
CO2
(supercritical)
Earth’s surface
Pressure [MPa]
Depth
[m]
Depth
[m]
800 m limit 800 m limit
Geothermal
Gradients
Density of CO2 with depth
Sources:
• simplified, artistic representation: CO2CRC
• scientific representation: Diamond et al, Swiss J Geosci. 103 (2010) 3:427-455
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CO2
Depth
(km
)
Density of CO 2 (kg/m3)
©CO2CRC2.5
op
tima
l
de
pth
for s
tora
ge
0 200 400 600 800 1’000
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Volume = 100%
10%
2%
1.1%
0.32%
0.28%
0.27%
0.27%
CO2
(gaseous state)
CO2
(supercritical)
Earth’s surface
Density of CO2 with depth Geothermal gradient
Density, 𝜌(𝒙, 𝑇, 𝑃)
Sources:
• simplified, artistic representation: CO2CRC
• scientific representation: Diamond et al, Swiss J Geosci. 103 (2010) 3:427-455
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The CO2 capture and storage value chain
CCS value chain
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CO2 point source distribution
Source: Asefi-Najafabady et al. J Geophys Res-Atmos 119 (2014)17:10,213-10,231
CCS value chain
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Energy consumption and prosperity
CCS value chain
Clear correlation
between energy
consumption and
prosperity/economic
development in the
past
~80% of primary
energy supply through
fossil fuels
Source: IPCC, renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation
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Applicability of CCS to CO2 emitters
CCS value chain
Allo
ca
tio
no
fe
lectr
icity
an
dh
ea
tto
en
d-u
se
se
cto
rs.
* Other includes commercial/ public services, agriculture/ forestry, fishing,
energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other
emissions not specified elsewhere.
Disclaimer:
See introductory
lecture by Prof.
Mazzotti.
Different base
year, and hence,
slightly different
numbers, but
same message.
IPCC, AR5, WG3, Introductory chapter
>50% of global CO2 emissions stem
from large, stationary sources
(«CO2 point sources»)
Power sector
Industry
IEA Emissions from Fuel Combustion – Highlights, 2013
IEA Energy Technology Perspectives, 2010
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Post-combustion captureCO2 is separated from N2 after burning the fuel using air.
Particleremoval
Boiler
Heat
Steamcondenser
Steamturbine
Coolingwater
Electricity
Air
Fuel
Bottom ash
Cooler
Lowtemperature
heat
Lowtemperature
heat
CleanMechanical
energy
Fly ash Gypsum
Sulphurremoval
CO2
COcompressor
2
COstripper
2
CO -leanabsorbent
2
CO -richabsorbent
2
COabsorber
2
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
Tech Center
Mongstadt, NO
www.tcmda.com
Mature technology, industrially applied,
can be retrofitted to existing plants.
CCS value chain
(The pictures represent a solid-fuel-fired
power plant as an example.)
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Oxy-combustion capture
Less mature (piloting phase) and so far
only applied to coal, not to natural gas.
Particle
removal
Boiler
Steam
condenser
Steam turbine
Cooling water
Electricity
AirOxygen
Fuel
Bottom ash
Recycled
(CO and water vapour)
Fly ash
Gypsum
Sulphur
removal
Mechani calenergy
Water
Cooler and
condenser
Air separation
Nitrogen
Mechani cal
energy
2
CO2
CO
compressor2
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
Schwarze Pumpe, DE, Vattenfall
The fuel is burnt in oxygen, the flue gas is CO2 and H2O.
CCS value chain
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Pre-combustion captureCO2 is separated from the fuel before the combustion.
Least mature technology, can only be applied to new plants. Enables
highly efficient combined cycle for coal or biomass combustion (IGCC).
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
ElectricityElectricity
Air
Air
Fuel
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Air
separation
Gasi
Steam
Steam
Particle
remover
Sulphur
removal
Fly ash
Heat
Shift
reactor
Bottom ash
Heat
recovery
steam
generator
Gasturbine
Water
vapour
(and
excess air)
Mechanical
energy
Mechanical
energy
Cooling
water
Steam
condenser
CO2
CO
desorber2
CO
absorber2
Gypsum
(HRSG)
CCS value chain
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CO2 capture architectures: Overview
Illu
str
atio
n: a
da
pte
d fro
m P
. R
ad
ge
n, U
niS
tutt
ga
rt
Further details on CO2 capture technologies will follow in a dedicated capture
lecture next week.
CCS value chain
CO, H2, H2O
Boiler,
Steam Turbine
Flue Gas
Cleaning
Gasification,
Gas Cleaning
Water-gas Shift
CO2 Capture
Gas Turbine,
HRSG,
Steam Turbine
Flue Gas
Cleaning
Condensation
ASU
AirAir
O2
CO2
Water
WaterWater
Power
Output
Fuel Fuel
Power
Output
Power
Output
Air
ASU
Fuel
N2 N2
N2H2 Air
N2
Post-Combustion Pre-CombustionOxy-Combustion
CO2, N2, H2O
O2
CO2 Capture
N2, CO2, H2O,
SO2, NOx
Boiler,
Steam Turbine
CO2, H2O,
SO2, NOx
CO2, H2O
CO2, H2
CO2
CO2
CO2
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Cement manufacturing (basics)
Second-largest industrial emitter worldwide,
7% of global CO2 emissions
2050: global cement demand +12%
Lack of competitive substitutes
Roughly 1/3 of CO2 originates from fuel,
2/3 from raw material
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 | Δ𝑟𝐻0 = 178 kJ/mol
Advantage:
High CO2 concentration (20–30%)
Steady operation
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CO2 capture architectures applied to cement
CCS value chain
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Reference
cement plant
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Cement plant with post-combustion capture
Chilled ammonia process for post-combustion CO2 capture
Characteristics:
Industrial process remains unchanged
Retrofit possible
Minimal downtime for CCS addition
Cement product quality unchanged (by
definition)
Energy demand mostly in the form of
heat
Heat integration w/ cement plant possible
(covering the heat demand to some extent)
Gardarsdottir et al.
Energies 2019, 12, 542
CCS value chain
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Reference
cement plant
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Cement plant with oxy-combustion capture
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
Characteristics:
High level of integration w/ cement
process
Retrofit difficult to impossible
Cement product quality maintained
according to test results
Energy demand mostly in the form of
electricity
Power generation from excess heat
possible
Gardarsdottir et al.
Energies 2019, 12, 542
CCS value chain
Abbreviations
ASU: air separation unit
CPU: CO2 purification unit
ORC: Organic Rankine cycle
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CO2 transport
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CO2CRC, R&D project, Otway, AUS
preferably by pipeline (mature technology) …
… or by ship when a storage site is too far
from the capture plant (also mature tech.)
GCCSI, 2012. The global status of CCS 2012.
Existing CO2 pipline
network in the USA (> 5000 km),
for Enhanced Oil Recovery
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CCS value chain
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Typical operating conditions
74 – 240 bar
20 – 45°C
Challenges
Corrosion
negligible for dry CO2 (rel. humidity
below 60%), significant if free water
is present
strict CO2 purity specifications for
corrosion-relevant components, e.g.
H2O < 300 ppmwt,
SO2 < 100 ppmwt,
NOx < 100 ppmwt,
Network development: single
source-to-sink lines vs. optimized
networks
CO2 transport in pipelines – Basics
2115-Mar-21CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected]
Source: Morbee et al., 2010, EUR 24565 EN - 2010CEMCAP framework for comparative techno-economic analysis
of CO2 capture from cement plants, EU H2020, Grant 641185
CCS value chain
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CO2 transport in pipelines – Design and siting
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Geographic parameters
Topography, Hydrography
Geology
Climate
Population
Societal parameters
Legislation
Safety
Right of Way
Public acceptance
(NIMBY/BANANA)
Technical parameters
Size
Compressors, valves
Materials
Seals
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m C
. C
rem
er,
En
BW
CCS value chain
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CO2 compression
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Compression adds significantly to the
overall CCS energy requirements
(10-20%)
Typically complex staged compression
sections with intercooling
Botero et al., 2009 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo
CCS value chain
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CO2 compression (2): Intercooling
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Fundamentals (ideal) Intercooling (real world)
Moran & Shapiro, Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics,
5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
CCS value chain
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CO2 compression (3): staged sections
Real example (GE CO2 compressor research)
Botero et al., 2009 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo
Pre
ssure
(bar
)
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
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CCS value chain
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CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers
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CCS value chain
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CO2 storage at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway
More on the physico-chemical working principles behind safe and permanent
CO2 storage in the lectures of Ph. Ringrose and M. Repmann.
Natural gas with ~9% CO2
CO2 injection in the
Utsira formation
~ 2500 m
~ 1000 mCO2 separation from gas
~ 3000 m
Gas
CO2
Source: StatoilHydro
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CCS value chain
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Large Scale Integrated Projects (2019)
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected] 2815-Mar-21
There are now 43 commercial large-scale CCS
facilities worldwide:
- 18 in operation – capturing up to 40 Mt CO2 pa
- 5 in construction and
- 20 in various stages of development
A further 28 pilot&demo facilities are in operation or
under construction (capturing another 3 Mt CO2 pa)Global CCS Institute, CO2RE Database
https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/co2re/
CCS project overview
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Large Scale Integrated Projects (2019)
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected] 2915-Mar-21
Source: GCCSI 2018 – Global Status of CCS Report 2018
CCS project overview
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Large Scale Integrated Projects (2019)
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected] 3015-Mar-21
Source: GCCSI 2018 – Global Status of CCS Report 2018
CCS project overview
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Latest developments, key projects
Boundary Dam, SaskPower, CAN
Operational since Oct. 2014
Coal-fired power plant, 1 block, ~100 MW
Retrofitted amine-based capture process,
1 Mt/y capacity
Most CO2 used for EOR in Weyburn
(66 km pipeline), «excess CO2» will go to
«Aquistore» project into Winnipeg/
Deadwood formation (2 km pipeline)
Quest, Shell, CAN
Operational since Nov. 2015
Capture from H2 production unit (for
upgrading bitumen into synth. crude oil)
Retrofitted amine-based capture process,
1 Mt/y capacity, 64 km pipeline transport
N-America’s first storing exclusively in
saline aquifer, Basal Cambrian Sands,
sandstone, 2 km deep
First CCS project for oil sand operation
www.saskpowerccs.com
www.iea.org
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CCS project overview
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Latest developments, key projects
Uthmaniyah, Saudi Arabia
Operational since July 2015
Retrofitted amine-based capture process
for natural gas sweetening (same as in
Sleipner, Norway!)
0.8 Mt/y capacity
Middle East‘s first CCS project!
CO2 used for EOR in Uthmaniyah
formation (1.8–2.1 km deep)
85 km pipeline transport
Gorgon, North-West AUS
Operation started in 2019
Amine scrubber for natural gas sweetening
4 Mt/y capacity, world’s largest non-EOR!
On shore storage from Barrow island into
Dupuy formation, sandstone, 2.3 km deep
Barrow island is a natural reserve; CCS
was requirement for operating permits.
Role model for other projects regarding
environmental integrity planning/executionwww.smh.com.au
www.saudiaramco.com
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CCS project overview
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Gorgon project, Australia
CCS project overview
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Gorgon project, Australia
On-shore storage
9 CO2 injection wells
4+2 pressure management wells to
ensure CO2 injection rates
CO2 plume movement monitored by
seismic surveys
Monitoring past site closure
CCS project overview
15-Mar-21CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected]
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Latest developments, key projects
Petra Nova, near Houston, TX
Operational since Jan. 2017
Coal-fired power plant, 40% slip stream
from 1 block
Retrofitted amine-based capture process,
1.4 Mt/y capacity
CO2 used for EOR nearby,
pipeline transport
World’s largest post-combustion CO2
capture system build to date (equivalent
to 240 MWel generation capacity)
Operation suspended in early 2020 for
economical reasons related to the low
capacity factor of the power plant
www.saudiaramco.com
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CCS project overview
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Petra Nova, TX, USA
CCS project overview
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Petra Nova, TX, USA
CCS project overview
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Petra Nova, TX, USA
CCS project overview
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See supporting material
(www.ipe.ethz.ch/laboratories/spl/education/index)
Or check out: www.iea.org
www.ipcc.ch
www.globalccsinstitute.com
www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu
www.ieaghg.org
15-Mar-21CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021 – [email protected] 39
For further reading
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