CO 2 from capture to storage Gérard FRIES Executive Vice-President
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COCO22 from capture to storage from capture to storage
Gérard FRIES Executive Vice-President
Institut Français du PétroleInstitut Français du Pétrole
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Evolution of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
Source : IPCC
PP
M
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Scenarios of Carbon Emission Evolution
Source : IPCC
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Repartition of CO2 emissions
Power production
39%
Other Industries
22%
Transport
23%
Agriculture
2%Residential
10%
Tertiary
4%
Source : ENERDATA
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Solutions
• Improving energy efficiency
• Switch from low to high hydrogen content fossil fuels (from coal to natural gas)
• Substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and/or nuclear energy
• Capture, transport and storage of CO2
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FuelCombustion
CO2
Extraction
CO2
Fluegases
Air
N2/H2O
CO2 capture from industrial plants
• Existing plants
• Large volume of gases with diluted CO2
Post-combustion capture
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Combustion
Fuel
Cryogenicdistillation
Air O2
H2O
CondensationH2O
CO2CO2/H2O
Oxyfuel combustion
CO2 capture from industrial plants
• New plants
• Lower volume of gases with concentrated CO2
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Air
H2 N2/H2O
CO2
Steam reformingATRPOx
Shiftreactor Extraction
CO2 CombustionFuel
CO2 capture from industrial plants
• New plants
• The way to hydrogen
Pre-combustion capture
ATR : autothermal reforming
POx : partial oxidation
02/H20
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Electricity
generation Electricity
Shift-conversion
Water
ProductionSynthesis gasNatural gas
Heavy oilCoalBiomass
Oxygen
Water
Liquid hydrocarbons
Fischer-Tropschsynthesis
separation Hydrogen
CO2 storage
H2 / CO2
Hydrogen and power generation with CO2 capture and storage
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Transport of CO2
no specific regulation
transport under supercritical phase
risks of corrosion
USA: several thousand of km of pipes delivering CO2 to EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) operations
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CO2 geological storage
500 - 10 000 Gt
1 000 Gt
40 Gt
Unmineable coal
Saline aquifer
Depleted oil & gas reservoirsSalt dome
Pour la Science
CO2 plant
CO2 well
CO2 pipe
CO2 platform
CO2
droplets
CO2 lake
CO2 ship
solid CO2
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CO2 geological storage
Hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil and gas) proven to be tight (to non reactive gas) geological traps well-known objects possible benefit through Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (EOR / EGR)
Saline Aquifers huge porous volume: the biggest place for storage no drinkable water largely distributed generally poorly investigated
Coals seams strong adsorption of CO2
possible benefit through E Coal Bed Methane (ECBM) low permeability and porous volume
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Geological storage: technical challenges
Verification of the confinement
Control of the storage and surroundings
Storage optimisation
Numerical modelling:
regional scale, long time(1000 years)
reservoir scale, shorttime (20-40 years)
Monitoring
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An example of industrial operation: Sleipner
Sleipner A
Sleipner T
CO2Utsira aquifer
Sleipner West
Heimdal formation: gas reservoir
CO2 Injection - Well A16
Sleipner WestProduction wells
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An example of industrial operation: SleipnerSleipner CO2 injection seismic monitoring--Preliminary comparison of 1994 and 1999 data
Injection point
Top Utsira Formation~
250 m
500 m
1994 October 1999After injecting ~ 2 mill. tons CO2 since 1996
No change above this level
The CO2-"plume"
Sleipner CO2 injection seismic monitoring Preliminary comparison of 1994 and 1999 data
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Main opportunities
IEA-GHG
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Some future initiatives for CO2 capture & storage in Europe & mediterranean basin
CASTOR EU project:- Spain: offshore oil reservoir (Casablanca)- Norway: offshore aquifer (Snohvit)- Austria: offshore gas field (Lindach)- Netherlands: gas fields
CO2SINK EU project:- Germany: onshore aquifer (Berlin)
IN-SALAH (Algeria)
RECOPOL EU project:- Poland: coal seams (Katowice)Possible new project:- Tarnow: EOR
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Capture & sorage of CO2: economic issuesFlue gases
Separation transport
Geological storage
30 - 50 $/t
8 - 10 $/t
0.7 - 4 $/t per 100
km2 - 8
$/t
Compression
Injection
Total capacity
Storage optionsGt CO2
% of 2050cumulativeemissions
Deep saline aquifers 500 – 10 000 20 - 500Depleted oil & gasreservoirs
1 000 45
Coal seams 40 2
Cost reduction
Evaluation of capacity
20 $/t ?
Total : 40 $/t to 70 $/t CO2
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• Cost reduction
• Optimisation of storage capacity
• Security of the storage
• Acceptance of the concept
R&D efforts• Improve the knowledge on physical and chemical processes
for CO2 storage
• Real-site validation / demonstration• Development of new cost effective separation techniques
The targets
CO2 capture & storage: the future
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Future prospects and opportunities
• Eliminate gas flaring
• Produce hydrogen, power and clean fuels
without CO2 emissions
• Use CO2 for EOR applications: specially the North Sea
• Benefits from emissions credits for CO2 reinjection