Cns 3
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Transcript of Cns 3
Sensory Receptors
Perceptions of the world are created by the brain (CNS) from info derived from the sensory receptors (neurons or epithelial cells) of the PNS.
Receptors transduce (change) different forms of sensation into nerve impulses.
Specialized cell or cell process that monitors specific conditions
Sensory receptor
Sensory Receptors
Structures specialized to respond to stimuli
Activation of sensory receptors results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to the CNS
The realization of these stimuli, sensation and perception, occur in the brain
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Two main categories of sensory receptors Special nerve endings of sensory neurons
Monitor general sensory information Independent receptor cells – specialized
epithelial cells or small neurons Monitor most types of special sensory information
Sensory Receptors
General senses Pain Temperature Physical distortion Chemical detection
Receptors for general senses scattered throughout the body
Special senses Located in specific sense organs Structurally complex
Senses
Sensory Receptors
Sensory receptors also classified according to: Location Type of stimulus detected Structure
Receptor Class by Location: ExteroceptorsRespond to stimuli arising outside the
bodyFound near the body surfaceSensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and
temperatureInclude the special sense organs
Receptor Class by Location: InteroceptorsRespond to stimuli arising within the bodyFound in internal viscera and blood
vesselsSensitive to chemical changes, stretch,
and temperature changes
Receptor Class by Location: ProprioceptorsRespond to degree of stretch of the
organs they occupyFound in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints,
ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Constantly “advise” the brain of one’s movements
Receptor Classification by Stimulus TypeMechanoreceptors – respond to touch,
pressure, vibration, stretch, and itchThermoreceptors – sensitive to changes in
temperaturePhotoreceptors – respond to light energy
(e.g., retina)Chemoreceptors – respond to chemicals (e.g.,
smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)Nociceptors – sensitive to pain-causing stimuli
Classification by Structure
Widely distributed Nerve endings of sensory neurons monitor:
Touch, pressure, vibration, stretch Pain, temperature, proprioception
Divided into two groups I Simple receptors Free nerve endings Encapsulated nerve endings
II Complex receptors are special sense organs
Simple Receptors: Free Nerve Endings
Abundant in epithelia and underlying connective tissue
Respond to pain and temperatureMonitor affective sensesTwo specialized types of free nerve endings
Merkel discs – lie in the epidermis Slowly adapting receptors for light touch
Hair follicle receptors – wrap around hair follicles Rapidly adapting receptors
Unencapsulated Nerve Endings
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles) Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated
corpuscles)Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and
Ruffini’s corpusclesJoint kinesthetic receptors
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.2
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.3
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.4
From Sensation to Perception
Survival depends upon sensation and perception
Sensation is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment
Perception is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli
20
Transduction of Sensory signal to Nerve Impulses
Regardless of the type of stimulus, the effect on all receptors is the same: a change in the electrical potential of the receptor: the receptor potential.
Heat, cold, electromagnetic radiation, mechanical deformation, O2 content of the blood – all produce a change in electrical potential in the appropriate receptor type.
Depolarization
Receptor potential or Generator Potentials
In response to stimulus, sensory nerve endings produce a local graded change in membrane potential.
Potential changes are called receptor or generator potential. Analogous to EPSPs.
a
a
Deformation of the nerve ending results in opening of Na+ channels.
Pressure
Pacinian Corpuscle
If depolarization above Threshold = AP
Properties of Receptors
1. Specificity of response or Law of adequate stimulus
The receptors respond maximally only when an appropriate specific stimulus is applied. It responds to lowest threshold of stimulus.
Properties of Receptors
2. Adequate stimulus 3. Muller’s Doctrine of specific nerve energies Sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is
that produced by its normal or adequate stimulus. Adequate stimulus:
Requires least amount of energy to activate a receptor. Regardless of how a sensory neuron is stimulated,
only one sensory modality will be perceived. Allows brain to perceive the stimulus accurately under
normal conditions.
Properties of Receptors
4. Law of projection Phantom limb: A person whose limb is
amputated often complains of pain in the limb which is not present.
5. Adaptation When a stimulus of constant strength is applied
to the receptor, the frequency of action potential in its sensory nerves decreases over a period of time.
Response
Phasic response: Generator potential increases with increased stimulus, then as stimulus continues, generator potential size diminishes.
Tonic response: Generator potential proportional to intensity of stimulus.
Sensory Adaptation
Tonic receptors: Produce constant
rate of firing as long as stimulus is applied.
Pain. Phasic receptors:
Burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate (adapt) if stimulus maintained.
Sensory adaptation: Cease to pay
attention to constant stimuli.
Properties of Receptors
6.Localization: This is due to stimulation of specific receptors present in the area. It is achieved by lateral inhibition
Sensory Modality
Lateral inhibition
Properties
7. Law of intensiity discrimation Receptor potential amplitude and action
potential frequency are proportional to stimulus intensity
Weber – Fechner law: The magnitude of sensation is proportional to the log of intensity of the stimulus.
Power function: Sensation felt = KSn