CMP 101 Set 4 Computer

8/4/2019 CMP 101 Set 4 Computer

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CMP 101 Fundamentals of

Computer and programming in C

Professor Pervez Ahmed

Ph. D. Computer Science (1986)Concordia University, Montreal, Canada


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Revision: You must remember and

comprehend the following terms

Compute:- Calculate (Perform arithmetic and

logical operations)

Computer:-A device that computes and

stores, processes, and retrieves data. Here

process data means produces information

from data. Hence, it is referred to as data

processor.

Computing:- Use computers to perform a task.


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Revision: You must remember and

comprehend the following terms

Data processing Task means capturing input

data, organizing captured data, processing the

organized data to produce information, and

displaying the information and related data in

a human defined suitable format.


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What characteristics computers have?

Automatic: It is automaticbecauseacomputer works by itself without muchhuman intervention.

Speed :As compared to human, a computerworks at a very high speed. Speed is measuredin millisecond(10-3) but in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds (10-9),picoseconds (10-12). Acomputer can perform several billions (109)operations like +, -, / per second.


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Accuracy : Computers are very accurate but

accuracy depends on their hardware and

software design, and the correctness of the

input data. Remember! Garbage in garbage

out.

Diligence: Computers work diligently meaning

they perform their task , from start to end,with uniform accuracy and speed.


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Versatility: Computers are versatile becausethey can perform different types of tasks.

Power of remembering: Computers can store

and recall (retrieve) a large number of dataand extract information from them.

No I.Q. (intelligence quotient): Computers do

not have intelligence yet. No Feeling or emotions: Computers do not

have feeling or emotions yet.


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Computers EvolutionYear Machine Inventor

1642 Mechanical adding machine Pascal B. (France)

1671 First calculator for multiplication Leibniz B. G. W. (Germany)

1880 Keyboard machines USA.

1880-

1970

Punch card Hollerith H. , USA

1882 Difference Engine to produce table. Charles Babbage

1937-

44

Mark I Computer: Automatic Sequence Controlled

Calculator. It was an electromechanical device.

Size: 5 long and 8 high

Switches: 3000 switches to control its operations.Operations: + (0.3 Sec.) , -, (4.5 Sec.), and table

reference.

Max number size: 23 digit long numbers.

Howard A. Aiken

1939-

42

Atanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC) :

Vacuumtubes: 45 for internal logic

Capacitors : for Storage.

Dr. John Atanasoff


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Computers Evolution

Year Computer Inventor

1943-

46

ENIAC: The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.

Type: Electronic

Vacuum Tube: 18,000

Speed: + (200 microsecond) and (2000 microsecond)

Programming: Hardwired (analog)

A Team lead by J.

Presper Eckert and

John Machuly

1946-

52

EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.

Similarities: Hardware was almost similar to ENIAC computer.

Differences: Programming was using stored program in which

data and instructions were stored in binary (0 or 1).

Dr. John Von

Neuman

introduced the

idea ofstored

program. (USA)

1947-49

EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic CalculatorSpeed: + (1500 microsecond) and (400 0 microsecond)

Prof. MauriceWilkes, Cambridge

University, UK

1951 UNIVAC I: Universal Automatic Computer.

The fist digital computer. It operated for 10 days continuously.

The first business use.

USA


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Computers Evolution

Year Computer Inventor1953 IBM 650

Sold over 1000 computers

IBM


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Computer Generations

Generation

A leap into hardware

and software

development.Vacuum tube

Core

TransistorsIntegrated Circuit


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First Generation (1942-55)

They were the fastest calculating devices of their time.

They were too Bulky.

They used thousands of vacuum tubes. They generated a lot of heat.

They consumed a lot of power.

Their hardware failed frequently because the vacuum tube filamentfailure.

They required frequent maintenance due to low-mean timebetween failure.

Their commercial production was difficult .

Hardwiredprogramming was used to program them.


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Second Generation (1955-1964)

In these computers transistors replaced the vacuum tube.

Transistors made them ten times faster than Ist generationcomputers.

They should be kept air-conditioned room. They consumed power less than 1st generation computers.

They were realizable and less prone to failure.

They had larger and faster primary & secondary memories.

They were easier to program using programming language

(FORTRAN, COBOL, RPG, ALGOL, SNOBOL, ) Commercial production was difficult.

They used batch operating systems.

They had increased commercial use.


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Third Generation (1964-75)

They performed more than amillion instructions per second.

They were of smaller size.

They needed air-conditionedrooms.

The consumes less power.

They were very reliable andneeded less maintenance.

They had larger and faster

primary and secondarymemories.

They were general purposecomputers (scientific andcommercial use).

Their commercial production waseasier and cheaper.

There software were portable.

They used timesharing operating

systems. They supported Interactive usage.

They supported on-linecomputing.

Timesharing improved the

programmers productivity. Supported unbundling of

hardware and software.

Minicomputers were introduced.


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Fourth Generation (1975-89)

Personal computers (PC) weresmaller.

Mainframe were more powerful.

No AC for PC.

Much less power consumption.

Extremely reliable.

Much faster and bigger primaryand secondary memory.

Totally general purpose.

Much easier production

Portable software.

Used Graphical Interface (GUI),

Office and home

computing.

They were networked soallowed distributed

computing.

Allowed ad-on hardware

and software. Their affordability allowed

individual ownership.


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Fifth Generation (1989- Present)

Portable PC (Notebook andlaptops)

Desktop and workstation PC.

More faster mainframecomputers.

PCs and laptops operate at roomtemperature.

They consume optimal power.

Extremely reliable and very fast. Hot-pluggable feature (replace

parts without shutting down)

Truly general purpose,

They are automaticallyproduction.

Portable software.

More user-friendly.

Very versatile as they can be usedalmost in every walk of the life.

Internet-based computing.

Unbundled software and ad on

hardware. True user friendly as they are

being used by a variety of usersranging from a child to a scientist.


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Gens.Period Key Hardware Technologies

Key SoftwareTechnologies

Key Characteristics representativeSystems

First

1937-55

Vacuum tube;

Electromagnetic relay

memory; Punch card

secondary storage.

Hardwired, Machine

and assembly Language

Programming. Scientific

and commercial

applications.

Bulky, unreliable,

limited commercial use,

difficult to

manufacture, costly,

and difficult to use.

ENIAC, EDVAC,

EDSAC, UNIVAC I,

IBM 650, 701

Second

1955-64

Magneticcore (main)

memory, Magnetic tape and

disk secondary storage.

Batch operating system

(OS); High level

programming language;

Scientific and

commercial

applications.

Faster, smaller, reliable,

easier to program,

difficult to

manufacture, costly,

and difficult to use.

Honeywell 400,

IBM 7030, CDC

1604, UNIVAC

LARC

Third1964-75 ICs with SSI (Small ScaleIntegration), MSI (Medium

scale Integration)

technologies. Larger Mgc.

Core memory. Larger

capacity disk and tape

secondary storage.

Time Sharing OS.Standardization of high

level languages,

unbundling (separation)

of software from

hardware.

Faster, smaller, reliable,easier and cheaper to

produce. Easier to

program and upgrade.

Scientific, commercial

and interactive on-line

applications.

IBM 360/370,PDP-8, PDP-11,

CDC 6600



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Computer GenerationsGens.

Period Key Hardware Technologies

Key Software

Technologies

Key Characteristics representative

Systems

Fourth

1975-89

ICs with VLSI technologies;

Microprocessor;

Semiconductor memory;

Larger capacity hard disks as

in-built secondary storage;

magnetic tape and floppy

disk as portable media; CRTmonitor; personal

computers; computer

networks.

PC Os; GUI; Multiple

windows on a single

monitor screen; UNIX

operating System; C

programming language;

PC based and Network

based applications.

Small, affordable,

reliable and affordable

PCs; more powerful and

reliable mainframe

systems; totally general

purpose machines;

easier to producecommercially.

IBM PC and irs

colons; APPLE II;

TRS 80; VAX

9000,CRAY-I, II

and CRAY X/MP.

Fifth

1989-

Present

ICs with ULSI Tec; Larger

capacity main memory;

larger capacity hard disks,

Optical disks as read andwrite portable media; Laptop

and notebook computers;

powerful desktops and

workstations; Very powerful

mainframes; Internet;

Network computing.

Word Wide Web

(WWW); Multimedia

and Internet based

applications.

Portable computers;

more powerful, reliable

and easy to use

desktop machines; varypowerful mainframes;

very high uptime;

totally general purpose

computers; easier to

produce commercially.

IBM notebooks;

Pentium PC; SUN

Workstations;

IBM SP/2, SGI(Silicon graphics

Industries) Origin

2000, PARAM

10000

Next ? ? ? ?


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Questions

What is computer?

Why is it also called as data processor?

What is data processing?

What is data?

What is information?

What are some characteristics of acomputer?

What is the meaning of garbagein-garbage-out?

What is stored program concept?

What is millisecond?

What is nanosecond?

What is batch processing?

What is on-line processing?

What is vacuum tube? What is unbundling of software?

What is computer versatility?

What is meant by generations of acomputer?

What is vacuum tube?

What is transistor?

What is VLSI?

What is IC?

What is SSI?

What is MSI? What LSI?

What is ULSI?

What is microprocessor?

What is microsecond?

What is picoseconds?

What is assembly language?

What is hardwired programming? What is core memory?

What is diligence in computers?


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Questions

What would be the characteristics of the

future generation computers ?

What lessons did you learn by studying the

topic on computer generations?


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Resources

Computer Dictionary ar http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/

Integrated circuit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw

Core memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory

Vacuum tube is a glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electricalcontacts are put on the ends, then current flows though thevacuum. It's purpose was to act like an amplifierand a switch.

A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamentalcomponent in almost all electronic devices. A transistor acts as a

switch which can open and close many times per second.transistors are typically made ofsilicon and so they are very cheapto produce and purchase.

A capacitor is an electronic component which is used in a widevariety of circuit applications due to its ability to store charge.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/


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CMP 101 Set 4 Computer

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