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Walnut Rootstocks for Blackline Infected Areas
Janet CaprileFarm Advisor
UC Cooperative ExtensionContra Costa & Alameda
Counties
Tri County Walnut Institute March 8, 2007
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Walnut BlacklineDisease
Cherry leafroll virus Infected pollen Infects female bloom Virus enters tree English is tolerant
No symptoms
Black/Paradox are hypersensitive Virus kills cells at union
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Walnut Blackline Disease
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Seedling Rootstocks
LLHBlack Line Tolerance
MHMLArmillaria Tolerance
MLLPhytophthora Tolerance
MLLNematode Tolerance
LHMLCrown Gall Tolerance
MHLSalt Tolerance
HHMGraftability
HMMGrowth/Vigor
PARADOXBLACKENGLISHCHARACTERISTICS
L = Low M = Moderate H = High
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Chandler on Seedling EnglishSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)
Tree Growth
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
T
r
u
n
k
c
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
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n
a
l
a
r
e
a
,
c
m
2 SpanishEurekaManregianRonde de MontignacCorne
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Chandler on Seedling EnglishSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)
YIELDS
0
5
10
15
20
25
Eureka Manregian Spanish R d Mont. Corne
T
o
n
s
p
e
r
a
c
r
e
'93 '95 '97 Total
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Seedling English vs. Seedling ParadoxSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)
TREE GROWTH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
T
r
u
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k
c
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o
s
s
s
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c
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i
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a
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a
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a
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c
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2
ParadoxCarpathianWaterlooSunlandEurekaRussianChandler
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Seedling English vs. Seedling ParadoxSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)
CHANDLER YIELDS
0
5
10
15
20
25
Paradox Carpathian Russian Waterloo Sunland Eureka Chandler
T
o
n
s
p
e
r
a
c
r
e
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
a
b b b b bc
c
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New Rootstock Options
Walnut Improvement ProgramUniversity of California, Davis
Breeder: Dr. Gale McGranahan
Improved rootstock breeding and selection program Paradox selections from the diversity study Blackline tolerant rootstocks
Backcrosses: [Black x English] x English Own rooted English varieties (no rootstock/graft union)
All Require clonal propagation difficult on walnut! Rooted cuttings Tissue culture (AKA Micro-propagation)
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Micropropagation of clonal rootstock
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New Rootstock OptionsWalnut Improvement Program, UCD
Breeder: Dr. Gale McGranahan
Blackline tolerant rootstocks Backcrosses: [Black x English] x English
1st available for testing from UCD in 1995 Commercially available in 2008????
Own rooted English varieties 1st available for testing from UCD in 1991 Commercially available in 1999
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Sutter-Yuba Co. Rootstock Trial1991 - ongoing
Farm Advisor: Janine Hasey Chandler
Own root tissue culture no graft Paradox seedling graft union
Sandy loam soil
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TREE GROWTH
0102030405060708090
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
T
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u
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k
C
i
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c
u
m
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
c
m
)
Own Rooted Paradox
Sutter-Yuba Co. Rootstock Trial1991 - ongoing
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Yield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
T
o
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/
a
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Own Rooted Paradox
Sutter-Yuba Co. Rootstock Trial1991 - ongoing
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Nematode damage
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01000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
J
U
L
Y
1
9
9
9
O
C
T
O
B
E
R
1
9
9
9
M
A
R
C
H
2
0
0
0
J
U
L
Y
2
0
0
0
N
O
V
E
M
B
E
R
2
0
0
0
A
P
R
I
L
2
0
0
1
N
O
V
E
M
B
E
R
2
0
0
1
M
A
Y
2
0
0
2
OWNROOTED
PARADOX
ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR
0.05 0.05
0.05
0.050.05
0.05
0.05
Lesion Nematode per Liter of Soil
Own Rooted vs. Seedling ParadoxSutter-Yuba County (Janine Hasey)
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Own Root vs. Seedling ParadoxSutter-Yuba County (Janine Hasey)
Summary Own Rooted Chandler
has potential to outperform Paradox more susceptible to nematodes than Paradox
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University of California Cooperative Extension Agriculture & Natural Resources Central Valley Region
Joe Connell, Farm Advisor, Butte Co.Bill Olson, Ex- Farm Advisor, Butte Co.
Cooperators:Samuel Metcalf, Joe Limberg, CSUC Farm, and Diamond Foods
Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
TREATMENTS:
1. Chandler own rooted via tissue culture.
2. Chandler grafted on own rooted Chandler.
3. Chandler grafted on english Waterloo.
4. Chandler grafted on common paradox.
5. Chandler grafted on Trinta paradox.
6. Chandler grafted on Px1 clonal paradox.
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Mean Trunk Cross Sectional Area (cm 2)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
'Chandler'own rooted
'Chandler'grafted
English'Waterloo'
CommonParadox
'Trinta'Paradox
'Px1'Paradox
Rootstock
C
m
2
2004 2005 2006
a
a
a
cc
c
bb
bb
b b
bc
bcbc
bc
bbc
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
6th to 8th Leaf Mean Yield per Tree
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
'Chandler'own
rooted
'Chandler'grafted
English'Waterloo'
CommonParadox
'Trinta'Paradox
'Px1'Paradox
Rootstock
P
o
u
n
d
s
I
n
s
h
e
l
l
2004 2005 2006
aaa
b
a
ns
ns
a
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Walnut Quality: % Edible Kernel
30
35
40
45
50
55
'Chandler'own rooted
'Chandler'grafted
English'Waterloo'
CommonParadox
'Trinta'Paradox
'Px1'Paradox
Rootstock
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
2004 2006
cd d
abc
NS
ab ab
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Walnut Quality: % Extra Light Kernels
0
5
10
15
20
25
'Chandler'own rooted
'Chandler'grafted
English'Waterloo'
CommonParadox
'Trinta'Paradox
'Px1'Paradox
Rootstock
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
2004 2006
a
ab
b b
ab
b
aa
a
b b
ab
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Walnut Quality: Relative Value
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
'Chandler'own rooted
'Chandler'grafted
English'Waterloo'
CommonParadox
'Trinta'Paradox
'Px1'Paradox
Rootstock
V
a
l
u
e
$
/
L
b
.
2004 2006
a
bb
b
ab ab
aab
bc
cd
d
bc
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Own rooted trees (vs. all grafted trees) Size: Bigger Yields: same once orchard filled Catkins: the catkins Leafing: Delayed about 5 days
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Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
English vs. Paradox Size: grafted English ~ all Paradox Yields: same once orchard filled % Ex Light: all English > all Paradox $/Lb: all English > all Paradox
8th leaf & 3rd harvest
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Stanislaus Co. Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
Farm Advisor: Kathy Kelley Anderson Location: Modesto Jr College Soil: Hanford/Dinuba sandy loam Treatments: Vina on:
Paradox (Vlach) clonal Paradox (84-121) clonal Paradox seedling OR Vina clonal not grafted OR Vina grafted clonal OR Chandler clonal English (Waterloo) seedling
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Stanislaus Co. Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
2006 Tree Growth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Paradox(Vlach)
Paradox(84121)
Paradox(Seedling)
OR Vina OR Vina(Grafted)
OR Chandler English(Seedling)
T
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a a ab abc
cd bcdd
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Stanislaus Co. Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing
2006 Green Harvest Weight
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Paradox(Vlach)
Paradox(84121)
Paradox(Seedling)
OR Vina OR Vina(Grafted)
OR Chandler English(Seedling)
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a ababc bc
cbc bc
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Rootstock Trial SummarySacramento Valley Own Rooted Chandlers1. Bigger trees & higher yields than seedling
Paradox until the nematodes hit!
2. Bigger but same yields as seedling or clonalParadox or seedling English
All English had improved color & value over all Paradox
No. San Joaquin Valley Own Rooted Vinas Slightly smaller than Paradox & slightly larger than
grafted English - NS Yields similar to other English & Paradox but < Vlach
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More UC Rootstock Trials 2002: San Joaquin Co (Joe Grant)
OR Chandler 2002: Sutter-Yuba Co (Janine Hasey)
OR Chandler, OR Vina 2003: UC Davis
OR Phytophthora screening trial 2003: UC Kearney Ag Center, Parlier
OR nematode screening trial 2005: Contra Costa Co. (Janet Caprile)
Blackline tolerant WIP backcrosses
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Janet Caprile, Farm AdvisorUC Cooperative Extension, Contra Costa County