Cloud Covered Southeast Asia: Next SAR Sensors Generation; Value, Application and Opportunity.
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Transcript of Cloud Covered Southeast Asia: Next SAR Sensors Generation; Value, Application and Opportunity.
Cloud Covered Southeast Asia: Next SAR Sensors Generation; Value, Application and Opportunity.
Shahrizal Ide b. MoslinSpace Application and Technology Development Division
Agensi Angkasa Negara (ANGKASA)
Passive and active sensor basics
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SAR data observation basics
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Worldwide Radar MissionRadar Mission•Synthetic Apature Radar: SEASAT, ERSI 1&2, ALMAZ, JERS1, SIRC/X-SAR, RADARSAT, MAGELLAN, ASAR, ENVISAT, ALOS, TERRASAR,COSMO, SARLupe, Sentinel 1..
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• Scattterometers: SEASAT, ERS1, NSCAT, ASCAT, QUICKSAT
• Altimeters: SEASAT, GEOSAT, ERS1&2, TOPEX, POSEIDON, Jason 1 – 3, SIRAL, Cyrosat, SRAL
• Rain Radar: TRMM• Cloud Radar: CloudSat
Sample images
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Sample images
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Sample images
Motivation behind SAR missionCivilian user point of view- Day and night capability - All weather capability- Penetration of EM waves - High resolution
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Clouds ?
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Clouds ?
RazakSat image statistics
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Total Image Downloaded to date 25 March
2010(Scenes)
CatalogImage *(Scenes)
Image Over
Malaysia (Scenes)
Image Outside Malaysia (Scenes)
1300 (All over the world)
824 300 South East Asia = 424Africa = 53S. America = 47 Total = 524Total = 524
• Scene size : 20km X 20km• Analysis based on image scene received by GRS in Temerloh• Catalogue image is less than downloaded image is due to IRPS system is not operational to generate catalogue from 26 Oct until 30 Nov 2009. Total image is expected to be within 824 ~ 1300.
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• Obervations on Malaysia = 300 Scene
No. Details Observations on Malaysia
1. Number of images, cloud cover LESS THAN 75%
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2. Number of images, cloud cover LESS THAN 75% and time of observation within 10 am – 2 pm
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RazakSat image statistics
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RazakSat image
Optical vs. SAR
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Characteristics Optical SARWavelength (λ) Order of μm Order of cmAvailability Limited by the atmospheric
conditions (mostly by cloud)Functional in all weather conditions
Passive/active Passive system Active systemOrbit characteristics
Mostly sun-synchronous orbits (midday and midnight)
Mostly sun-synchronous (dawn and dusk)
Image characteristics
- Panchromatic/coloured images
- Shows sun shadows on image
- Maximum elevation angle: less than 60 degrees
- Data are processed to be a coloured image
- No real shadows. Shadows on image are the absence of data (no echo sensed by payload)
- Not sensitive to antenna/satellite attitude
Ground penetration
Unable to penetrate Depending on the humidity and moisture of ground
High resolution payload
Payload need to have large optical lens or focal length
Payload need more power from the spacecraft
What the people needs from EO
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Requirement Description
Coverage How much of the globe the
EO system must cover
Persistence How often images of a
particular location are
updated
Resolution How large the smallest
detected object must be
Image Type The type of images required
for the application
Command /
Operations
All images are updated
continuously or only on
command
Problems of using EO data in Malaysia
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Problem Type
Government sector
Private sector
University
Total Percentage
High data cost
37 8 13 57 61.1 %
Unable to process EO data
39 4 11 54 56.8 %
Cloud cover
31 8 11 50 52.6 %
Outdated image
27 9 4 40 42.1 %
Costly HW and SW
26 1 11 38 40.0 %
Low spatial resolution
21 4 10 35 36.8 %Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia
Preference of satellite data of Malaysians
17Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia
Application trend for EO users in Malaysia
18Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia
The Next Space-based SAR Sensors GenerationL-band SAR JAXA : ALOS-2, L-band SAR sensor allowing to get a resolution of 1 m using Spotlight mode INPE (Brazilian National Institute for Space and Research) is proposing an L-band SAR on the SSR-2 Mission with 3 m resolution and 20 km swath. The Argentinian National Space Activities Commission (CONAE) is developing the SAOCOMX-band SAR ASI (Italy) : COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation using X-band SAR (resolution <1m)Spain : SAR satellite called Paz. The Paz SAR instrument; less than 1 m resolution. The Russian : Advance SAR. The Advance SAR instrument will be embarked on board of the Meteor-MP-N1 Mission of ROSKOSMOS (the Russian Federal Space Agency). The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI): KOMPSAT-5 Mission (1 meter) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) is proposing a C/X SAR instrument on DMSAR Mission. C-band SAR ESA: the Sentinel-1 programme (5 meter resolution)Canada is developing the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) composed of 3 satellites using a SAR instrument operating in C-band
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Global EO Market• Northern Sky Research (NSR) forecasts, the Global
EO market will grow at an average rate of 6.9% a year, and is expected to nearly double from a $3.4B industry in 2009 to a $6.2B industry in 2018
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Global EO Market
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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Value-Added Services Revenues
Data Revenues
Sat Manufacturing Revenues
Market drivers for EO• Availability of EO Data: The number of EO (passive and
active)satellites over the past decade has increased significantly.
• Affordability of EO data: The cost of remote sensing satellites has dramatically decreased in the past few years
• Government Demand for EO data: Government demands for societal applications of Earth Observation products and services are best met through satellite imagery.
• Commercial Demand for location based information services: the synergy that has been achieved through the combination of satellite imagery, mobile telecommunications, navigation information and software processing. Virtual globes (ie Google Earth, Microsoft Live Earth, etc.)
• Political and Social Factors: Strong political will and bold decisions have been taken by policy makers to relax the regulatory environment for EO data images. 21
EO trends in the future• Technology: With the emergence of smaller and less expensive satellites.• Value Added Service: The growing trend of seamless integration of EO
imagery with GIS, navigation and other telecommunication technology has enhanced the ubiquity of imagery data.
• Availability: Wide availability of free data, products and services provided by government satellites and enterprises such as Google, has increased the use of EO data by the general public.
• Regulation: Export control issues (ITAR) have had a negative impact on the market, but they have also helped to expand the market place.
• Market Players: As the number of players in the EO industry grows, it is expected that competitiveness will result in the emergence of many new applications.
• Evolving Investment Strategies: Governments are moving away from the business model of investing directly in EO data collection assets, and instead, are now providing incentives to encourage commercial enterprises to invest in the EO infrastructure.
• Commercialisation of the EO Industry: Government agencies, the primary investors and operators of EO satellite systems, are increasingly turning to commercial companies to develop and operate EO data systems
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Key driving requirements for EO applications
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Requirement Description Range
Coverage How much of the globe the
EO system must cover
Entire globe to
specific regions
Persistence How often images of a
particular location are
updated
Real time to once a
week
Resolution How large the smallest
detected object must be
1m – 20 m
Image Type The type of images required
for the application
3D or 2D
Command /
Operations
All images are updated
continuously or only on
command
Continuous to On
Command
Guideline for “future mission”(if it is decided to build a combined sensor )
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Area Guidelines
Power Large solar panel and batteries, simultaneous operation of bothsensors not recommended
Size/mass Large, complex satellite is unavoidable, mainly driven by SAR
Data volume Due to the large amount of data generated on-board
Thermal control
Complex, mainly to compensate for huge temperature gradients due to midday/midnight SSO and due to heat generated by the SAR payload
Attitude control
One pass in each mode is recommended
Orbits Up to the intended target (SSO or NEqO)
Operation Complex operational procedures and scheduling is unavoidableAutomation of procedures is critical for the success of the solution
Funding Optic –(Rapid Eye – 160M Eu), World View-2 –(297M Eu) (GeoEye – 360M Eu)SAR – (Tandem-X – 135M Eu), (SAR Lupe-500M Eu, 5 spacecraft) (Cosmo-Skymed- 1.24B Eu, 4 Spacecraft)
Concluding Remarks1. By looking at the optical applications and emerging SAR
applications, it becomes clear that both technologies are complementary, and there an interest for end users have access to the imagery products generated by both instruments.
2. Some applications such as disaster management, flooded areas, bare soil, droughts, ocean and ice surface, detection of changes in infrastructure and vegetation can be brilliantly satisfied using SAR data and they have to be promoted in such a way to be easily understood by a large user community.
3. Integration of the images is the best answer for the society to have an updated EO images for their applications. Integration done either during processing the image on ground or integration of sensor on the spacecraft.
Shahrizal Ide b. MoslinSpace Application and Technology Development Division
Agensi Angkasa Negara (ANGKASA)
Thank You !