Cloning ( G.A.B )
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Transcript of Cloning ( G.A.B )
Scientific debate
Cloning
104/07/23
WHAT EXACTLY IS CLONING?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that
every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
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How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo
twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
How do these processes differ?
HOW IS REPRODUCTIVE CLONING DONE?
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Artificial Embryo Twinning
Artificial embryo twinning is the relatively low-tech version of cloning. As the name
suggests, this technology mimics the natural process of creating identical twins.
Artificial Process Video404/07/23
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Somatic cell nuclear transfer, (SCNT) uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact clone, or genetic copy, of an individual. This was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep.
Somatic Process Video504/07/23
The types of cloning
DNA cloningor
Gene cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning
604/07/23
DNA cloning or Gene cloning
A clone has been made from this technique.
DNA fragment is transferred to self-replicating element
Used to generate multiple copies of the same gene
Human Genome Project Study
Bacterial Plasmid704/07/23
DNA cloning or Gene cloning
804/07/23
Therapeutic Cloning
Creates embryos for research
The purpose of therapeutic cloning is to extract the stem cells from the embryos.
Produce whole organs from cloned stem cells.
Produce healthy cells for transplantation.
Test drugs, understand diseases.
Stem cells can be used to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and various other diseases.
Risks:Killing embryos in the process. 904/07/23
Therapeutic Cloning
1004/07/23
Reproductive Cloning|Adult DNA cloning
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or
previously existing animal.
Human cloning also falls into this category.
e.g. identical twins
Risks: Highly inefficient: Die mysteriously
High costs.
Morally wrong to experiment with animals. 1104/07/23
Reproductive Cloning|Adult dna cloning
1204/07/23
Current and potential embryonic stem cell problems:
Few successes in animal models
Difficulty in obtaining pure cultures in the dish
Difficult to establish and maintain
Problem of immune rejection
Potential for tumor formation and tissue destruction
Genomic instability
1304/07/23
Current Clinical Uses of Adult Stem Cells
CancersAutoimmune diseases
AnemiasBone deformities
StrokeSkin
1404/07/23
History of cloning in mammalsHerd
of mice
Herd mice
Cat (CC
)
Dolly the
sheep
MiceandCow
Ppl( pig )
RateAnd
Horse
Cat (CC)
Humanembryo
1996 1998 2000
200120022003
Dog Human
?2005
1504/07/23
Dolly the sheep
1604/07/23
DEGREE OF AGING
One risk of cloning is that the cells of the clone can aging faster than the normal persons
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AdVantages and Disadvantages
1804/07/23
Advantages
1904/07/23
1/Potential benefits to modern medicine
2/Helping infertile couples
3/Reverse the aging process
4/Protecting Endangered Species
Disadvantages
2004/07/23
1/The Element of Uncertainty
2/Inheriting diseases
3/The Potential for Abuse
http://www.scientificamerican.com/search/?q=human+cloning
www.humancloning.org
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/health_stem_cell_guide/html/5.stm
http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/153623002753632057
Google and Others
Bibliography
2104/07/23
By
supervisor : Dr.Gaza F. Salih
By :
Gailan Ali Bapir
2204/07/23