Clinical, Radiologic, and Clinical, Radiologic, and Diagnostic ProceduresDiagnostic Procedures

MEDL 2350MEDL 2350

1.1. The combining form that means The combining form that means hardeninghardening

A.A. Choroid/oChoroid/o

B.B. scler/oscler/o

C.C. Retin/oRetin/o

D.D. Hard/oHard/o

2.2. A keratotome is used toA keratotome is used to

A.A. Incise the middle earIncise the middle ear

B.B. Cut into the corneaCut into the cornea

C.C. Examine the eyeExamine the eye

D.D. Correct visionCorrect vision

3.3. Blepharitis is inflammation of theBlepharitis is inflammation of the

A.A. eyeballeyeball

B.B. EyelidEyelid

C.C. CorneaCornea

D.D. retinaretina

4.4. If someone is myopic, then they areIf someone is myopic, then they are

A.A. FarsighetedFarsigheted

B.B. NearsightedNearsighted

C.C. HyperopicHyperopic

D.D. blindblind

5.5. The blood vessels of the eye are The blood vessels of the eye are found in which layer?found in which layer?

A.A. RetinaRetina

B.B. ChoroidChoroid

C.C. ScleraSclera

D.D. corneacornea

6.6. A salpingoscope is used to examine A salpingoscope is used to examine thethe

A.A. Eustachian tubeEustachian tube

B.B. SphinxSphinx

C.C. Semicircular canalsSemicircular canals

D.D. cochleacochlea

7.7. The malleus, incus, and stapes are The malleus, incus, and stapes are found in the found in the

A.A. Middle earMiddle ear

B.B. External earExternal ear

C.C. Ear drumEar drum

D.D. Inner earInner ear

8.8. Of the following structures, which is Of the following structures, which is for audition?for audition?

A.A. Tympanic membraneTympanic membrane

B.B. Semicircular canalsSemicircular canals

C.C. ChoroidChoroid

D.D. Rods and conesRods and cones

9.9. VertigoVertigo

A.A. DizzinessDizziness

B.B. A bad movieA bad movie

C.C. Ringing in the earsRinging in the ears

D.D. Complete hearing lossComplete hearing loss

10.10. A progressive form of deafness due A progressive form of deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.of the inner ear.

A.A. PresbycusisPresbycusis

B.B. Meniere’s DiseaseMeniere’s Disease

C.C. OtosclerosisOtosclerosis

D.D. anacusisanacusis

ArthroscopyArthroscopy

Direct Joint VisualizationDirect Joint VisualizationInstrument is ArthroscopeInstrument is ArthroscopeDone by an orthopedic surgeonDone by an orthopedic surgeonKnee, shoulder, and ankle are most Knee, shoulder, and ankle are most

common. Toe joints are also scoped with common. Toe joints are also scoped with increasing frequency.increasing frequency.

Can be a diagnostic tool or a treatment tool Can be a diagnostic tool or a treatment tool by removing tissue that is “dead”by removing tissue that is “dead”

AspirationAspiration

Withdrawal of fluid from a jointWithdrawal of fluid from a joint Can be done by any doctor in an Can be done by any doctor in an

office setting.office setting. A large bore needle is inserted into A large bore needle is inserted into

the joint to remove the synovial fluid.the joint to remove the synovial fluid. Fluid can be examined under a Fluid can be examined under a

microscope for crystals (gout) or microscope for crystals (gout) or cultured for bacteria (infection).cultured for bacteria (infection).

BiopsyBiopsy

Remove of skin or other tissue for Remove of skin or other tissue for examination.examination.

Microscopic examination can reveal Microscopic examination can reveal “changed” cells. Ie: cancer“changed” cells. Ie: cancer

Breast, bone, muscle, and skinBreast, bone, muscle, and skin Usually done to make a diagnosis.Usually done to make a diagnosis. When skin cancer is suspected, a When skin cancer is suspected, a

biopsy is also used to remove tissue.biopsy is also used to remove tissue.

BronchoscopyBronchoscopy

Used to visually examine the Used to visually examine the bronchial tubes.bronchial tubes.

A “bronchoscope” is a flexible A “bronchoscope” is a flexible camera that shows what the bronchi camera that shows what the bronchi look like.look like.

The scope also serves as a suction The scope also serves as a suction machine enabling the surgeon to machine enabling the surgeon to remove tissue to biopsy, examine remove tissue to biopsy, examine sputum, or foreign bodies.sputum, or foreign bodies.

ColonoscopyColonoscopy

A visual examination of the colon.A visual examination of the colon. A colonoscope is used to biopsy or A colonoscope is used to biopsy or

excise tissue.excise tissue. Done by a gastroenterologist.Done by a gastroenterologist.

ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram

A visual record of the electrical A visual record of the electrical activity of the heart.activity of the heart.

The instrument used is an The instrument used is an electrocardiograph.electrocardiograph.

Done by placing a series of Done by placing a series of electrodes on the thorax to measure electrodes on the thorax to measure electrical activity.electrical activity.

Can be done by a physician, Can be done by a physician, technician, or nurse.technician, or nurse.

Holter MonitoringHolter Monitoring

A device worn on the belt of a patient A device worn on the belt of a patient with abnormal cardiac rhythm.with abnormal cardiac rhythm.

This is done when a regular EKG shows This is done when a regular EKG shows no abnormality but when symptoms no abnormality but when symptoms still persist.still persist.

The device records all activity over a The device records all activity over a 24 hour period.24 hour period.

A cardiologist interprets the results.A cardiologist interprets the results.

LaparoscopyLaparoscopy

Visual examination of the abdominal Visual examination of the abdominal cavity by the use of a laparoscope.cavity by the use of a laparoscope.

A small incision in the abdomen A small incision in the abdomen allows a small camera to be inserted.allows a small camera to be inserted.

Used for gynecological procedures.Used for gynecological procedures. Also can be called a Peritoneoscopy.Also can be called a Peritoneoscopy.

OphthalmoscopyOphthalmoscopy

Visual examination of the eye.Visual examination of the eye. Use of an ophthalmoscopeUse of an ophthalmoscope Is diagnostic for detection of eye Is diagnostic for detection of eye

disordersdisorders Done by an optometrist or Done by an optometrist or

ophthalmologist.ophthalmologist.

OtoscopyOtoscopy

Visual examination of the ear and Visual examination of the ear and eardrum (tympanic membrane)eardrum (tympanic membrane)

Instrument is an otoscope.Instrument is an otoscope.

PalpationPalpation

Physical touchPhysical touch Examination of size, texture, Examination of size, texture,

hardness, fluid, contentshardness, fluid, contents Can be done by anyoneCan be done by anyone

Pulmonary Function TestsPulmonary Function Tests

Determines the capacity of the lungs Determines the capacity of the lungs by a series of tests of inspiration and by a series of tests of inspiration and expiration.expiration.

Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide use.use.

Instrument is a spirometer.Instrument is a spirometer.

RetinoscopyRetinoscopy

Tests to check “refractive index” of Tests to check “refractive index” of eye.eye.

Light is shone into eye and the Light is shone into eye and the examiner sees how the light bends examiner sees how the light bends (refraction).(refraction).

Also to check the integrity of the Also to check the integrity of the back of the eye.back of the eye.

TonometryTonometry

Measures tension and pressure in the Measures tension and pressure in the eye.eye.

A tonometer is the instrument used A tonometer is the instrument used to check for glaucoma.to check for glaucoma.

AngiographyAngiography

Radiographic study of the circulatory Radiographic study of the circulatory system.system.

A radiopaque substance is used to detect A radiopaque substance is used to detect vascular abnormalities including tumors, vascular abnormalities including tumors, aneurysms, and clots (occulsions).aneurysms, and clots (occulsions).

Different studies for body areas:Different studies for body areas:

cerebral (head), coronary (heart), cerebral (head), coronary (heart), peripheral (extremities), and pulmonary peripheral (extremities), and pulmonary (lungs)(lungs)

ArthrographyArthrography Radiographic procedure to check for the Radiographic procedure to check for the

integrity of a joint.integrity of a joint. Air (pneumoarthrograhy) or contrast dye is Air (pneumoarthrograhy) or contrast dye is

injected.injected. Xrays taken under stress to check for Xrays taken under stress to check for

excess seepage into places where dye excess seepage into places where dye shouldn’t be.shouldn’t be.

Done under local ansethesia by a Done under local ansethesia by a radiologist or orthopedic surgeon.radiologist or orthopedic surgeon.

Podiatrists do arthrography to the foot and Podiatrists do arthrography to the foot and ankle.ankle.

Bone Scan (scintography)Bone Scan (scintography)

Radioactive isotopeRadioactive isotope Bone absorbs the isotope at places Bone absorbs the isotope at places

where there is increased “blastic” where there is increased “blastic” activity. Osteoblasts are cells that activity. Osteoblasts are cells that lay down new bone.lay down new bone.

Normal scans show no uptake.Normal scans show no uptake. Positive scans do not explain the Positive scans do not explain the

reason for the result. Very sensitive reason for the result. Very sensitive but specific.but specific.

Cardiac CatheterizationCardiac Catheterization

Procedure to check the integrity of Procedure to check the integrity of the coronary blood vessels.the coronary blood vessels.

A catheter is placed in a large vessel A catheter is placed in a large vessel in the groin. The catheter is passed in the groin. The catheter is passed to the heart vessels.to the heart vessels.

Xrays are taken to diagnose Xrays are taken to diagnose occulsions of vessels.occulsions of vessels.

Computer Axial Tomography (CAT)Computer Axial Tomography (CAT)

Radiographic sectioning of the body.Radiographic sectioning of the body. X-rays are taken at a specified thickness. X-rays are taken at a specified thickness.

When completed the individual slices are When completed the individual slices are put together by a computer (computer put together by a computer (computer generation).generation).

The scanner and detector and parts of the The scanner and detector and parts of the tube that encircle the body and record..tube that encircle the body and record..

Can be used to examine the abdomen, Can be used to examine the abdomen, brain, chest, and extremities.brain, chest, and extremities.

Done by specially trained technicians and Done by specially trained technicians and interpreted by radiologists.interpreted by radiologists.

Doppler UltrasoundDoppler Ultrasound

A test used to measure blood flow into a A test used to measure blood flow into a body part.body part.

Uses sound waves that are forced through Uses sound waves that are forced through the skin and bounce back to a recording the skin and bounce back to a recording probe. The result makes a sound that is probe. The result makes a sound that is used to diagnose circulation problems.used to diagnose circulation problems.

Usually done on the large vessels of the Usually done on the large vessels of the extremities. A specialized version is used extremities. A specialized version is used for the small vessels of the toes and penis.for the small vessels of the toes and penis.

EchocardiographyEchocardiography

Uses sound waves (ultrasound) to Uses sound waves (ultrasound) to visualize the internal cardiac visualize the internal cardiac structures (valves).structures (valves).

Used to examine the integrity of Used to examine the integrity of heart valves.heart valves.

Has taken the place of Has taken the place of catheterization for certain catheterization for certain procedures.procedures.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)(MRI)

No radiationNo radiation Uses magnetic fields to produce an Uses magnetic fields to produce an

image.image. Useful for soft tissue structures Useful for soft tissue structures

(muscle, tendon, ligament) whereas (muscle, tendon, ligament) whereas CAT scans are useful for bones.CAT scans are useful for bones.

XeroradiographyXeroradiography

Technique that produces an image Technique that produces an image using electrical means instead of using electrical means instead of chemical means.chemical means.

Permits lower exposure timesPermits lower exposure times Useful for breast tumor diagnosis.Useful for breast tumor diagnosis.

Arterial Blood GasArterial Blood Gas

Percutaneous puncture to assess the Percutaneous puncture to assess the exchange of oxygen and carbon exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.dioxide.

Blood is taken from an artery.Blood is taken from an artery. More painful than an intravenous More painful than an intravenous

sample.sample.

Bleeding TimeBleeding Time

Used to assess how long it takes to Used to assess how long it takes to form a clot of a small cut or wound.form a clot of a small cut or wound.

Used to determine platelet function.Used to determine platelet function. Increased bleeding times is found in Increased bleeding times is found in

patients with low platelet counts and patients with low platelet counts and deficiencies of fibrinogen.deficiencies of fibrinogen.

Cardiac EnzymesCardiac Enzymes

Increases in these enzymes indicate Increases in these enzymes indicate myocardial infarction (heart attack).myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Complete Blood Count (CBC)Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Used to measure the components of Used to measure the components of blood.blood.

RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin, and Hematocritand Hematocrit

Differential separates the different Differential separates the different types of WBC’stypes of WBC’s

Medical SpecialtiesMedical Specialties

SpecialistSpecialist SpecialtySpecialty DescriptionDescription

AllergistAllergist AllergyAllergy Diagnosis and Diagnosis and treatment of allergy treatment of allergy or hypersensitivityor hypersensitivity

CardiologistCardiologist CardiologyCardiology Heart and blood Heart and blood vesselsvessels

DermatologistDermatologist DermatologyDermatology SkinSkin

HematologistHematologist HematologyHematology Blood and blood-Blood and blood-forming tissuesforming tissues

NeonatologistNeonatologist NeonatologyNeonatology Newborn infantsNewborn infants

NeurologistNeurologist

NeurosurgeonNeurosurgeonNeurologyNeurology Nervous systemNervous system

OncologistOncologist OncologyOncology CancerCancer

OphthalmologistOphthalmologist ophthalmologyophthalmology EyesEyes

OrthopedistOrthopedist Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Surgery Bones, joints, musclesBones, joints, muscles

OtolaryngologistOtolaryngologist otolaryngologyotolaryngology Ears, nose, throatEars, nose, throat

PathologistPathologist PathologyPathology tissue, death, find tissue, death, find cause of deathcause of death

pediatricianpediatrician pediatricspediatrics Children and teensChildren and teens

Plastic surgeonPlastic surgeon Plastic surgeryPlastic surgery Restores, repairs, or Restores, repairs, or reconstructs body reconstructs body structures.structures.

PhysiatristPhysiatrist PhysiatricsPhysiatrics Treatment of disease Treatment of disease using natural methods using natural methods and physical therapyand physical therapy