CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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Transcript of CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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Sir Berkeley Moynihan Ann Surg 1925
• “Acute Pancreatitis is the most terrible of all the calamities that occur in connection with the abdominal viscera.”
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ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- Dr. Arkaprava
SinhaIntern
Malda medical college& Hospital
Clinical Features &
Diagnosis
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Diagnosis
Clinical
Symptoms Signs
Investigation
For confirmation of diagnosis
For assessment of severity
For diagnosis of
complications
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SymptomsPain • Onset : Acute• Site : Epigastrium or upper
abdomen ( mostly left)
• Character: Agonizing, burning,continuous, refractory
• Degree : excruciating
• Aggravating factor : Supine position
• Relieving factor : Sitting and leaning forward
• Radiation : Towards the back, chest, Lower abdomen
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Other abdominal symptoms
• Severe nausea,vomiting & retching
• Abdominal distension• Haematemesis & malena
Symptoms of complications• Dyspnoea• Sudden blindness• Skin rashes• Decreased urine output
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SignsGeneral features• Agonized look• Dehydration• Features of shock
TachycardiaHypotensionCold clammy extremitiesAltered mental status
• Hyperpyrexia• Jaundice• Skin changes
(Pancreatic panniculitis )
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• Distension of abdomen• Features of peritonitis
Abdominal Tenderness
Rebound tendernessMuscle guard &
rigidity• Palpable pseudocyst• Ascites
Abdominal signs
Systemic signs
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Cullen’s sign : Bluish discolouration around the umbilicusGrey Turner’s sign : Greenish brown discolouration of the flanks Fox’s sign : Bruising seen over the inguinal region
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Other systems involvement
Respiratory system• ALI : Cyanosis
Widespread crepts
• Pleural Effusion : dullness
Decreased breathe
sounds• Basal
Atelectasis : Basal crepts
CVS
• Features of pericadialeffusion
Eye• Exudates and haemorrhages in
the region of optic disc & macula
CNS• Altered mental status
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Recapitulation of Clinical Features
• P :• A :• N : • C : • R : • E : • A : • S :
Pain, PyrexiaAlimentary tract featuresNausea , Nervous system featuresCirculatory features , CVS featuresRespiratory featuresEye featuresAbdominal examination findingsSkin features
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INVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATIONS
For confirmationn of diagnosis
For assessment of severity
For diagnosis of complications
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For confirmation of diagnosis
Serum amylase ( 23 – 140 U/L )Non specific elevation
Relation of amylase level with severityRelation with hyperlipidemiaUrinary amylase level
Serum lipase ( 0 – 160 U/L )More specific and sensitive ( 90% )
Pancreatic enzyme markers
Day0 Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4 Day50
1
2
3
4
5
6
AmylaseLipase
Folds of increase
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• Serum ALT ( 7 – 56 U/L )• Serum AST ( 10 – 40 U/L)• Serum LDH (140 – 280 U/L)• Bilirubin level
LFT
Other Diagnostic marker• Trypsinogen activation peptide
For confirmation of diagnosis
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• USG Abdomen• Shows increase in the size of pancreas• Any intra-abdominal fluid collection
For confirmation of diagnosisIMAGING
• Merits• GB stone ( 95% sensitivity)• Easily available• Cost effective• Portable• Pancr Enz + LFT + USG
= 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity
• Demerits• Obstruction of view• Choledocholithiasis
(50% sensitivity)
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For confirmation of diagnosisIMAGING
– Rule out hollow viscus perforation
– Multiple air fluid levels– Colonic cut off sign
• X- Ray abdomen
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• CT Scan Abdomen
For confirmation of diagnosisIMAGING
Normal abdomen Acute pancreatitis
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– Acute interstitial oedematous pancreatitis
– Acute necrotising pancreatitis(CECT)
– Acute emphysematous pancreatitis
For confirmation of diagnosisIMAGING
Merits• 100% sensitivity after 4th day• Better delineation of inflammation,
fluid collection, viability• Wide availability• Ct guided FNAC
Demerits• Less sensitive before 24 hours• Contrast enhanced CT is
contraindicated in renal failure
• CT Scan Abdomen
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• MRCP Indication:unexplained or recurrent pancreatitis
For confirmation of diagnosisIMAGING
• Merits :1. Can be used in patient with renal failure2. 90% sensitive and 95% specific for choledocholithiasis
• Demerits1. Can’t be used in patient with
pacemakersFerromagnetic aneurysm
clipsMetallic spinal fusion rods
• ERCP • EUS
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For assessment of severity
• Scoring on pathophysiological basis
1. Ranson’s scoring
2. Modified Glassgow
scoring
Modified glasgow score• P - PaO2 < 8kPa (60 mm hg)
• A - Age > 55 years
• N - Neutrophils : WBC> 15x 10^9/L
• C – Calcium < 2 mmol/L
• R – Renal function(Urea > 16mmol/L
• E – Enzymes : (AST/ALT > 200 IU/ LLDH > 600 IU/ L )
• A – Albumin < 32 g/L
• S – Sugar ( Glucose > 10mmol/L)
• Phospholipase A• Trypsin• Trypsinogen activation peptide• IL-6 , IL - 8• Pancreatitis associated protein• CRP• Procalcitonin• Plasma Dimer
Markers of severity
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For diagnosis of complications• CT scan abdomen
– Pancreatic pseudocyst– Pancreatic abscess– Pancreatic necrosis– Pancreatic phlegmon– Pancreatic ascites
• X- ray chest ( PA view)• Pleural effusion• Pericardial effusion
• ECG• Investigations for DIC • GI endoscopy• Serum Urea/Creatinine• Blood:
Sugar, calcium, albumin
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Summarisation of investigations• Pancreas
:• Liver :• Show
:• Rapid
:
• Contrast:
• Material:
• Enhancement :in
• CT:
• Scan :
• Pancreatitis enzymes• Liver function tests• Sonography abdomen• Radiologic evidence( X-ray abdomen
and chest• CT scan abdomen• MRCP• EUS, ERCP
• For Dx of COMPLICATIONS• To assess SEVERITY
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THANK YOU