Climbing AbsalonTransforming with Light

Master in Lighting DesignSupervisor: Marc Fontoynont

Group 1

Copyright © This report and/or appended material may not be partly or completely published or copied without prior written approval from the authors. Neither may the contents be used for commercial purposes without this written approval.

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Table of Content 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…..1 2. Phase One…………………………………………………………………………...…...1 2.1 Case……………………………………………………………………………...…...1 2.2 Background……………………………………………………………………....…..1 2.3 Outset……………………………………………………………………………...….2 2.4 Analysis Proposal………………………………………………………………...….3 2.5 Survey…………………………………………………………………………...……3 2.6 New Function for Absalon Church…………………………………………...…….4 2.7 EU Standards for Lighting…………………………………………………………..4 2.8 Imaginative Research Question………………………………………………....…4 3. Phase Two.. ………………………………………………….…………………………..5 3.1 Methods.. ……………………………………………………………………….....…5 3.2 Strategy.. ……………………………………………………………………….....…5 3.2.1 Experiment 1 – Guiding with Light………………………………………...….6 3.2.2 Experiment 2 – Measurement and Calculations…………………………….8 3.2.3 Experiment 3 – Model A 3D Climbing Geometry……………………….....12 3.3 Design…………………………………………………….………………………....12 3.3.1 Idea Generation….………………………………………………….………...12 3.3.2 Café Area………………………………………………….…………………...13 3.3.3 Changing Rooms………………………………………………….…………..14 3.3.4 Exercise Zone………………………………………………….……………...14 3.3.5 Materials………………………………………………….………………........14 3.4 Implementation………………………………………………….……………….…15 3.4.1 Light Positions…………………………………………………………...........16 3.4.2 Light Sources………………………………………………………………..…19 3.4.3 Renderings……………………………………………………………….….…22 3.4.4 LED Climbing Wall……………………………………...………………….…23 3.5 Evaluation…………………………………………………………………..…….…24 3.5.1 DIALux……………………………………………………………………….…24 3.5.2 Light Fixture Tests………………………………………………………….…26 3.6 Discussion………………………………………………………………….……..…28 3.7 Re-Design…………………………………………………………………….…..…29 3.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..…29 4. Future Works…………………………………………………………………..….….…30 5. Bibliography………………………………………………….……………………..……32 6.  Appendix…………………………………………………………………………..……..34

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1. Introduction The following report embarks within the context of transforming an existing interior space.   The   initial   question   posed  was   “how   can   light   transform   a   space   to   create  specific new  functions”.  Similar  to  the  structure  of  the  semester,  the  report will cover two phases. Phase One contains the idea generation while Phase Two contains the study, development and tests of the chosen concept.

2. Phase One This phase defines the creative journey of developing an idea generation that led to implementing a survey. This resulted in finding a functional use for the space inside Absalon Church and conclusively, helped to formulate the imaginative research question.

2.1 Case

Prior to generating a concept which could provide solutions to the imaginative research question, the following inquiry had to be considered: “How  can  a  city  church  building  be  transformed  with  light  to  meet  needs  of  the  local  community for new activities?” The motif was to transform a city church building from the traditional religious functions to a more dynamic, contemporary and multi-functional space using light as the main design element. The focus of the semester has been to master the ability of integrating trans-disciplinary knowledge and methods designing with light. Furthermore, this report will attempt to demonstrate how mapping, survey, analysis and studies within the relevant subjects can support the process of designing with light for the community. 2.2 Background The  existing  space  is  located  in  Absalon’s  parish  in  the  municipality  of  Copenhagen,  Sønder Boulevard, Vesterbro, illustrated in Figure 1. The present stone church was designed by Arthur Wittmaack and William Hvalsøe and was ordained on September 2nd 1934 [1. Absalon Kirke]. The church has a history that dates back to 1917 and through time it has been reconstructed from materials like wood to brick and to currently, stone [1. Absalon Kirke]. The wooden church is illustrated on Figure 2.

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Absalon Church is one of the 16 worship sanctuaries that the Church Ministry has decided to close and thus increasing the importance of this semester regarding finding a new function [1. Absalon Kirke]. 2.3 Outset Following the phase chronology, the first step to inaugurate the semester project included visiting the building and the local area. It was important to examine the space in person through means of photography, mobile applications and investigations of the materials. Words that would describe the first interactions with the space where: vast, hollow and radiant.

The tour from the real estate agent together with the original architectural drawings of the church gave an insight to the countless possibilities that can be integrated into the interior context. Furthermore these raised important questions of how new lighting can support these activities for the locals. The architectural drawings are illustrated on Figure 3. Larger versions can be seen in Appendix 1.

Figure 2) Wooden Absalon Church in 1926 [1. Absalon Kirke]

Figure 1) Location of Absalon Church [2. Google]

Figure 3) Original Architectural Drawings of Absalon Church

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2.4 Analysis Proposal In order to define the visions for the project and maximize the creative potentials, it was important to approach the problem with a pedagogical mindset. This required an activity of sharing creative ideas within the group in order to boost the full potential of possible functions in the space. The method of selecting several different functions for the space which would be evaluated further with the basic information gathering method of Who, What, When, Where, Why and How is illustrated in Figure 4. Ultimately this information would be featured in the survey used to ask the people in the local community regarding the possible functions for Absalon Church.

2.5 Survey

A questionnaire was developed containing multiple choice questions to evaluate the ideas above and open questions for the people of Vesterbro to make suggestions. The questionnaire can be found in Appendix 2. In total ten participants: six females, four males of different ages were questioned on Sønder Boulevard region on Wednesday 17th September 2014 from 09:30 until 11:30, leading to the results displayed in Figure 5.

Figure 4) Post-It  Notes  and  Spider  Diagram  of  the  6  W’s

Figure 5) Pie charts showing the results of survey carried out in Vesterbro

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2.6 New Function for Absalon Church

Respecting the participants opinions on what is missing in Vesterbro and trying to think of a function that could synthesize with the architectural circumstances provided by the building, the possible functions for the church were narrowed down to only four. These consisted of a workshop for artists, a modern library, an indoor playground and an interactive climbing hall containing a café. The interactive climbing hall was selected as it was favoured among participants and additionally it gave the possibility to implement trans-disciplinary knowledge from the different fields of the study. A poster visualizing this process is shown in Appendix 3.

2.7 EU Standards for Lighting Illuminating a climbing hall is an advanced task due to its geometry. It is categorized as a sports facility and requires fulfilling specific EU standards for indoor wall climbing (EN 12193). The light levels according to the EN 12193 [3. European Committee for Standardization] are 300 lux1 for vertical and horizontal illuminance for class two sport events (with up to 5000 visitors) and a reference illuminance of 500 lux for class one sport events (with 5000 or more visitors). Looking at these standards apart from lux-levels and contrast ratio, the reflectance factors also play an important role when it comes to the selection of materials for the different surfaces of the wall, floor and ceiling. These circumstances influenced the design decisions made later in the process as it is strongly connected to the light levels. It was decided to achieve EU standard class two as it provides a very high level of lighting. The reason why EU standard class one is inefficient for this project is because the church does not have the capacity to withhold more than 500 people. Based on these requirements, it was concluded on formulating an imaginative research question with the set goals.

2.8 Imaginative Research Question The following imaginative research question has been formulated: How do we accommodate the use of daylight and artificial light in a climbing space in order to achieve the requirements for a sport facility without causing glare? In order to answer this imaginative research question, it is necessary to answer the following sub-questions which will lead to a better understanding of the light in the space.

1 SI base unit for illuminance [4. National Institute of Standards and Technology]

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I) Does the use of vertical illumination eliminate obstacles as cast shadows? II) How can we provide an even illumination even though there might be convex or concave geometry in the climbing wall?

3. Phase Two In this phase the strategy chosen in order to answer the imaginative research question exposed in Phase One (see 2.7) is submitted. The multi-disciplinary design illustrates the different experiments applied to each criterion in order to obtain valid data to take into account for the final design. 3.1. Methods The project followed a strategy to reach the aims set out in the imaginative research question by using different type of materials and testing light fixtures to avoid glare, shadows and to fulfil regulations. Furthermore it was of importance that this space should be an attractive and unique place for people to have fun.

3.2 Strategy The strategy was to gather information for the final design by carrying out three different experiments based on each criterion: Architecture, Lighting and Media Technology. Table 1 shows the scheme that connects each criterion with the question to be solved and the experiment that has been performed to obtain the desired information. Following the process model of the experiment, combining knowledge in the creative design process, made the content of each criteria experiments more assertive.

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Table 1) Process model for experiments of criteria

The idea during the development of the strategy was to involve the assignments of each course into the semester project, as it is shown on the process model. All of these experiments were created focusing on solving design challenges to introduce in the project, to solve the imaginative research question. (Courses: Meaning of Light, Lighting Fundamentals, Rendering Light Simulation) The next sections describe the experiments and conclusions that guided the group to adjust the design of the climbing hall.

3.2.1 Experiment 1 - Guiding with Light Brief In order to test the possibilities of an interactive wall, it was decided to build a 1:1 mock-up of the climbing wall to test the placement of the light sources, colours and furthermore how the interaction between climbers and the wall takes place. During the Meaning of Light course, studies of specular, semi-specular and diffused material properties were examined. These studies of different materials helped to develop an installation that could be realised with simple materials. A basic climbing wall was made out of cardboard. Climbing grips were symbolized with white polystyrene cups and a single LED (light-emitting diode) behind every cup was lit in different colours. The LEDs are controlled using serial connection between

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a computer and an Arduino Mega micro controller [16. Arduino]. With a set of different pre-set light scenes, consisting of colours, positions and lights either on, off or flashing, a variety of tests were performed with sixteen different subjects. Furthermore a brochure was handed to the subjects to conduct quantitative research and obtain data that would help to improve the implementation of the interactive wall in the final design of the project. Some impressions of the building process are shown on Figure 6. The information   related   to   the   “Guiding  with   Light”  experiment  can be seen in Appendix 4. Before introducing the solutions obtained from the experiment, it is necessary to have an overview of how the climbing grip system will work in Absalon Church. There are different routes placed in the climbing wall created by grips. Behind these grips, the computer software controls the light colour according to the entered climber’s   height,   age,   gender   and   the   wanted level of advancement to make the results of people more compatible.

Obtained Solutions Applied to the Project I) Constant Light It was decided to use constant light due the fact that a number of subjects were intimidated by the flashing light from the cups, making them feel uncomfortable. II) Grips lit towards the climber Multiple subjects liked the visual effect from the cups that were lit towards the wall. However, the majority of subjects preferred the light towards the climber as it was

Figure 6) Collage of Guiding with Light experiment

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more intuitive to perceive the shape of the grip, making it more easier to position their hand and feet while climbing. These findings have led to designing a special grip for the project that combines both solutions into one. This is further explained in Section 3.4.4 and illustrated in Figure 32. III) Dim down the brightness Some subjects experienced glare looking down. To deal with the blinding from the grips underneath the climbers position, the solution was to dim down the brightness of the grips once the climber has passed it. The information needed is provided by implementing a sensor inside each grip.

3.2.2 Experiment 2 - Measurements and Calculations

Brief One of the first tasks in order to do a lighting design project is to study the existing light conditions of the space. To get a general overview of the light situation in Absalon Church, the group visited the site to take daylight measurements. Illustrated on Figure 7 is the visual presentation of the illuminance measurements performed on 8th of October 10:00-12:00. The data is available in Appendix 5.

Figure 7) Illustration of daylight illuminance entering the church

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Obtained Solutions Applied to the Project I) Use of Artificial Light After examining the illuminance and calculating the daylight factor2, it was evident that daylight in the building was not providing enough light. Therefore, a combination of daylight and artificial light is necessary. II) Distribution As the measurements were taken in Autumn forenoon, notice that the highest values were concentrated on the south-west facade while the lowest illuminance values were found on the north-east. Brief For the Lighting Fundamentals course assignment, it was decided to investigate a café and a climbing hall in order to receive relevant information to implement into the project. The café located in Hellerup, Copenhagen known as Books & Company was selected to be studied. While the second location, Nørrebro Klatreklub situated in Nørrebro, Copenhagen. The observations taken from Books & Company dealt with artificial light while the ones from the climbing hall focused on daylight. The complete assignments Books & Company and Nørrebro Klatreklub can be found in Appendix 6 and 7, respectively. 2 Daylight Factor: DF = (E_in / E_out) * 100

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Obtained Solutions Applied to the Project Books & Company After studying the light conditions of the café during night time it was evident what issues were relevant to consider for the semester project. The observation illustrated that none of the surfaces were illuminated brighter than 120 lux with the warm white light sources, giving the cosy atmosphere preferable in a café area. The Correlated Colour Temperature of the light sources is below 3500 Kelvin. On Figure 8 the café is displayed in a high dynamic range image on the left side, together with false colour image representing the luminance levels, on the right side.

Figure 8) HDR / False Colour picture showing luminance levels of Books & Company

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Nørrebro Klatreklub The lighting study at the Nørrebro Klatreklub was carried out at forenoon where the only light in the scene was daylight. It was obvious that the shape of the wall caused implications because of the concave geometry. After examining the measurements and calculations of the study, it was clear that the climbing hall uses the daylight poorly as the illuminance measurements were under 150 lux inside while the outside value was approximately 2000 lux. On Figure 9 the climbing hall is displayed in a high dynamic range image on the left side, together with false colour image representing the luminance levels, on the right side.

Figure 9) HDR / False Colour picture showing luminance levels of Nørrebro Klatreklub

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3.2.3 Experiment 3 - Model A 3D Climbing Geometry

Brief The final experiment in the process diagram consisted of designing a 3D Model to put together and visualize the solutions found in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. In order to have an overview of the geometry of the climbing wall and the café, a 3D model was designed using Autodesk 3ds Max [5. Autodesk]. The 3D model was later imported to DIAL DIALux to determine the type and position of the light sources [6. DIALux]. Using both these software, 3ds Max and DIALux, gave the possibility to have a visual impression of the space and a physical overview based on calculations. Obtained Solutions Applied to the Project Visualization This experiment was extremely effective to visualise an overview of the climbing hall. Different scenes of the 3d model were processed to generate renderings to illustrate a realistic digital image of the space. It was essential to have a virtual model to analyse the dimensions of the space, create the interior design and shape of the climbing hall. Later in the process, this tool helped on the decisions taken for the types of light sources that would be implemented in the project.

3.3 Design

The design section covers information from idea generation until selection of materials used in this project. It goes through the explanation of why the group decided to install an artificial ice-wall and describes the different areas in the climbing hall.

3.3.1 Idea Generation The group members of this project struggled to find a special and unique climbing club in Copenhagen that could be easily recognized. Therefore it was in the design intention to create a space that would be attractive, fun and memorable. In order to attract a larger target group, the climbing hall is designed to entertain people of all ages, beginners and experienced. With this goal in mind, a brainstorm was conducted which introduced a Nordic theme to the climbing hall. This inspiration came from the education and the geographical position of the church. Furthermore, placing a semi-transparent, ice-like climbing wall in front of the windows allowed the possibility of using the daylight in the space to a larger amount than in a traditional climbing hall. This ice wall will support the Nordic theme and endorse the cool colours in the space that the group had set to achieve.

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3.3.2 Café Area

The current space in Absalon Church features an organ instrument located on the first floor. During the visits to the different climbing halls in Copenhagen, it was apparent that a café area was always featured along with the climbing walls. It was therefore significant for the group to highlight such an area in Absalon Church, preferably using the area where the organ instrument used to be and leading the users to the centre of the climbing hall, which is highlighted in Figure 10.

The 3D model was a useful tool in making decisions as to where the café area should be placed and how it should be oriented. Moreover, it gives an insight into the interaction between the user and the space. A rendering illustrating the view from the café is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 10) Focusing on the center of the climbing hall, where the café will be

positioned

Figure 11) Rendering made in 3ds Max, illustrating the view from the café

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3.3.3 Changing Rooms The rooms situated on both sides of the former organ instrument are being used as changing rooms for the climbers.

3.3.4 Exercise Zone

The area where the former altar was placed is planned to be used as an exercise area. This provides a space for the climbers to warm up and to do some stretching exercises.

3.3.5 Materials During the different phases in the course of the semester, the specifications of each document were updated according to the EU standards. Below the materials used in the project are presented: Floor System: European Hardwood The floor system is enhanced by placing wide European oak planks. The colour and texture of the wood boosts the quality and brightness of the space (Figure 12). Climbing Wall System: Plywood The core climbing wall system is cladded with plywood and a coating in order for the climbing shoes not to scratch the wall. The wall material is durable, provides a good grip for the climbing shoes and serves as the main feature of the climbing space (Figure 13).

Figure 12) Highlighting the floor

Figure 13) Highlighting the climbing wall

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Ceiling System: White Coated Hardwood The existing construction of the ceiling is very favourable which is why, it was decided to maintain the original material and apply white wood stain that would obtain the timber structure but make it much brighter and more reflective. (Figure 14) Climbing Wall System: Ice-Wall The ice-wall is placed on the south-west facade, in front of the windows in order to use the daylight to illuminate it from behind. Artificial light is included behind the ice wall when the daylight is not sufficient. It was a difficult task to find a material for the ice-wall that renders like ice with similar transparency properties and at the same time should be appropriate for climbing. However after researching and testing the transparency in 3ds Max it was decided to use the following material: PLEXIGLAS® Satinice (Crystal Ice) [7. Evonik Industries]. 3.4 Implementation This section will explain how the design choices have been implemented using various methods, to create an overview of the project design. It will highlight the different methods that have been used, in order to visualize the design choices set in Section 3.3. Figure 15-16 shows two renderings made in 3ds Max, to give an overview of the final implementation. People are added to the renderings in post-production using Adobe Photoshop [8. Adobe]. The following subsections will explain the various steps made, in order to reach the final renderings.

Figure 14) Highlighting the ceiling

Figure 15) Rendering from below the climbing wall Figure 16) Rendering from the top of the ice-wall

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3.4.1 Light Positions

The first step in the process of placing light source was to determine the required light fixtures. It was decided within the group to focus on the positioning of light sources, before looking at actual existing luminaires. The reason behind this was to keep all options open and not to restrict our imagination with the boundaries of specific luminaires. As the climbing hall will be a space with a variety of different uses, it is important to keep this in mind when positioning the light sources. For example, fixtures in the café area need to be carefully selected, as this area requires a warmer and dimmed light, compared to the climbing walls. Furthermore it is important that the area for climbing is evenly illuminated, in order to create the best possible environment for climbers. Based on this requirement, it is necessary to keep in mind, that the light sources should be evenly distributed, unless there are specific needs in certain areas. One of these areas is found below the café, where additional lights might be required to light the wall sufficiently. Moreover, areas of the climbing wall with concave structures might require extra lights to make sure that the whole wall has an even illumination. Another important aspect to keep in mind is to make sure that the climber is not causing self-shading  as  this  might  disturb  the  user’s  orientation  or  make  the  colours  of the grips less distinguishable. To reduce the risks of self-shading, several light sources will be placed in low height diagonally directed towards the climbing hall to reach the area in front of the climber. To visualise the placement of the light sources, along with their contribution to the lighting, drawings were made using Autodesk Revit Architecture [9. Autodesk] and Adobe Illustrator [10. Adobe]. The drawings are based on the 3D model of Absalon Church with the climbing walls included. The North and East sections are illustrated on Figure 17-18, while the South and West sections are illustrated on Figure 19-20. The architectural drawings can be found in Appendix 8. The drawings show the placement of the light sources, and how each individual light fixture is contributing to the overall lighting of the space.

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Figure 17) Architectural drawing, North Section 2.

Figure 18) Architectural drawing, East Section

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Figure 19) Architectural drawing, South Section

Figure 20) Architectural drawing, West Section

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3.4.2 Light Sources

Once the placements of the light sources and desired light distributions were established and visualized in drawings, this section will try to accommodate these requirements and find specific light sources that will fulfil these necessities. Researching light distributions of different light sources was completed using luminaire search engines such as LUMsearch [11. LUMseach] . During this process, each individual light source had some specific parameters to take into account. Properties such as light distribution, luminous flux, correlated colour temperature and colour rendering was of great importance. Each time a light source was found, it was tested using the light calculation software DIALux, to make sure it fulfils the criteria. To test the light sources inside DIALux, a 3D model of Absalon Church with the climbing wall was exported from 3ds Max and imported into DIALux. This made it possible to test different light sources in a simulation of the actual location without having to build a model of the climbing wall and purchasing the luminaires. The tests resulted in a solution of using seven

Table 2) Specification of each light fixture including; Illustration, Name and Feature, Specifications, Light Distribution and Placement/Function

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different light sources. The specifications and purpose of each of the light fixtures are described in Table 2. A more detailed list of the light sources is available in Appendix 9. To visualise the feature, distribution and intensity of each type of light source, renderings were made using the V-Ray renderer inside 3ds Max [12. Visual Dynamics]. The illustrations of each light source are shown on Figure 21 - 29.

Figure 21) Night time - 10 pm, June Figure 22) Highlighting the columns. - Spots, ERCO Opton

Figure 23) Providing lit ceiling makes the room appear higher

- Ceiling washers, Meyer Lighting Night vision

Figure 24) General lighting for maintenance and cleaning. - Downlights, OMS Grafias

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Figure 25) Fixtures behind ice wall, if there is not enough daylight.

- Ux-Plast

Figure 26) Diffusing foil covering fixtures and windows. - Rentex

Figure 27) Ice wall, 70% transparent - Plexiglas Satinice

Figure 28) Café light, Pendant lamps - Warm white, LG retrofit LED Lightbulb

Figure 29) Lighting concave parts of climbing wall in low angles

- From columns, ERCO Stella

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3.4.3 Renderings

After having selected and positioned light sources, the next step was to create better visualisations of the space. This process took place inside 3ds Max. A 3D model of an empty Absalon Church has been created by Anders Lumbye [13. Aalborg Universitet]. Inside this space, the climbing wall along with a café has been modelled using Rhino and 3ds Max [14. Rhinoceros]. To make this model look realistic, effort has been put into creating materials and bump maps. Especially focusing on making the ice wall look realistic, to give viewers the feeling of how it will be experienced in a real life scenario. The light distributions were inserted from the manufactures websites, while the 3D models of the light sources have either been inserted from the manufacturer's websites or modelled inside 3ds Max. Coupling this with a daylight function made it possible to visualize how the climbing wall will be experienced throughout the day, and even through the year with the seasonal light changes. Rendering examples of the climbing hall are shown below in Figure 30-31.

Figure 30) Rendering of Café and Ice wall at 10:00 in June

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3.4.4 LED Climbing Wall The LED grips that have been described earlier in Section 3.2.1 are not included in the renderings or light calculations. They are excluded because the LEDs inside will be turning on and off in different colours, making it difficult to include them in the light measurements, as it will change over time, depending on which grips are being illuminated. Technical drawing the grips with integrated LEDs are shown on Figure 32.

Figure 31) Rendering of Climbing wall and Ice wall at 10:00 in June.

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3.5 Evaluation This section explains the method used to test the lighting design created in 3ds Max by importing and testing luminaires in connection with materials in DIALux. The software is used in the field of professional lighting to test design and observation of the interaction between light and materials.

3.5.1 DIALux During the import process from 3ds Max to DIALux, all materials' properties had to be configured to match both software. For instance, the diffused material behind the Ice Wall had to be created in DIALux to provide an even illumination when daylight is not sufficient.

Figure 32) Technical drawing of interactive climbing hold with LED and touch sensor

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The luminaires had to be inserted manually using eulumdat3 files containing lamp shape, light distribution, power, correlated colour temperature and luminous flux. The DIALux calculations provide specific results depending on the position of the luminaries and the reflectivity of the materials. For this project, calculations were made in three scenarios:

- Day (light fixtures turned off) - Twilight (light fixtures turned on) - Night (light fixtures turned on)

The results from DIALux were compared to the regulations found in EN 12193 Class II. It was clear that certain sections of the climbing wall had similar light values however in other sections, the requirements were not met. The Ice Wall seen in Figure 33 shows illuminance values around 200 lux and thus the lighting levels meet the requirements of the European standards. Another result showing the Climbing Wall indicates that the light level in some parts is higher than Class II standard value and is illustrated on Figure 34.

3 eulumdat - a data file format used for specification of photometric data especially intensity distributions from light sources such as lamps and luminaries [15. Helios32].

Figure 33) False Colour Image of the Ice Wall inside Absalon Church

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3.5.2 Light Fixture Tests

After making a preliminary selection of luminaires that were useful in the climbing hall, tests began in DIALux to investigate the interaction between light and materials. Downlights When investigating ceiling luminaires, two different products were tested: Norka München LED and OMS Grafias Surfaced LED. It was decided to use the OMS Grafias luminaires because it has a narrow beam and continues to provide good lighting on the floor when installed at a height of ten meters (Figure 35).

Figure 34) False color image of the Climbing Wall inside Absalon Church

Figure 35) OMS Grafias

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Ice Wall Luminaires The luminaires tested behind the ice wall were the OMS Ux-Plast and Siteco LJ 160. The final selection in this case was the fluorescent lamp from OMS because it is an efficient alternative. Using the Siteco LJ 160, the light was concentrated in one position while the OMS Ux-Plast with a single T5 Fluorescent tube spread in four positions over a distance of ten meters gave the possibility to distribute the amount of light needed (Figure 36). Flood Lights to highlight Columns The luminaires first tested to highlight the columns were ERCO Cantax Spot with a 15 degree narrow beam that would not entirely illuminate the column therefore they were replaced to these ERCO Cantax floodlight with a 29 degree medium wide distribution (Figure 37).

Ceiling Washers After testing a number of LED based ceiling washer solutions, the decision to go for a more powerful metal halide driven fixture was made. A suitable solution was the Nightvision ceiling washer from Willy Meyer + Sohn GmbH (Figure 38). Flexible Luminaire During the research period of stage lighting-like luminaires that would be easily adjustable, the group came across this ERCO product. Initially the luminaire featured no cap which caused a wide light distribution however the shielded version of the product narrowed down the area from where glare could be experienced. Another advantage is that the angle from where the light can be seen is being reduced and therefore the risk of glare is minimized (Figure 39).

Figure 36) OMS Ux-Plast

Figure 37) ERCO Cantax

Figure 38) Willy Meyer + Sohn GmbH Nightvision

Figure 39) ERCO Stella

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Changing Rooms and Exercise Zone For the changing rooms and the exercise area, the following luminaires were tested: Zumtobel Aero Two 95W and OMS El-Quark 164W. The Zumtobel luminaire was chosen as it provided direct/indirect light distribution with LED making it very efficient in terms of power consumption (Figure 40).

Café Pendants For the café, the group decided to go for a more classical look using pendants with retrofit light bulbs. The LG Omni LED E27 was chosen, as this product provides a warm white light and cosy atmosphere, similar to Books and Company Café (Figure 41).

3.6 Discussion Looking at the evaluation in Section 3.5, the group is certain that parts of the climbing wall have insufficient illumination according to the EN 12193 Standard. The most critical areas are the concave regions where the general lighting fixtures do not provide sufficient amount of light. By adding the ERCO Stella fixtures, the group was able to eliminate these dark areas on the wall and provide an acceptable amount of light. To avoid glaring the climbers, light sources have been placed in positions that will not be directly visible. The ERCO Stella fixtures are placed behind the climbers, at a height of three meters, directed in an angle so they do not cast shadows in front of them. The first goal is obtained, by the fact that the entire climbing wall is being illuminated. There are still some areas where the difference between two points has big illuminance variations, but in general, the larger areas have an evenly illuminated surface. The criteria of an evenly illuminated surface with an illuminance value around 300 lux are accomplished in some areas. To completely fulfil this criterion, it is required to get a more even illumination throughout the entire climbing hall. Looking at the societal scale, the climbing hall brings multiple new possibilities for the community living in Vesterbro. It brings a new alternative way of exercising, an interesting place to drink a cup of coffee and a great chance of doing something social in the neighbourhood. The climbing hall has been designed to accommodate the uses of a wide target group. It has a training area for children, challenging concave geometry for advanced users and a café where the grandparents can sit and enjoy the Nordic theme while watching their grandchildren climbing.

Figure 40) Zumtobel Auro Two

Figure 41) LG Omni LED E27

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A quality that was added to the climbing hall that cannot be found in other parts of Copenhagen are the interactive grips. Their implementation broadens the potentials of  hosting  special  attractions  for  more  users  where  events,   like  “Disco  Climbing”  or  “Climbing  by Night”  can  take  place.

3.7 Re-Design Based on the current work done for this project, the group decided to highlight a few possible aspects that need to be re-designed. The first aspect is improving the light uniformity, in order to have an evenly illuminated wall that matches the requirements from the EN 12193 Standard. This can be realized by adjusting the light sources positions in order to cover all sections of the climbing walls. The OMS Grafias downlights are providing an intense amount of light and thus they should be turned off or dimmed. In this way, the risk of over illumination is reduced as well as the glare affecting the climbers. The LED pendant bulbs in the café currently produce a higher intensity of light which contradicts with the cosy feeling the group wants to achieve. It is therefore necessary that the retrofit bulbs should be dimmed to create that feeling. The ERCO Stella wall-washers are useful for the concave parts of the climbing wall but its light distribution is not wide enough. In this sense, a similar product with a wider light distribution might be useful to uniformly lit those sections. The windows on the South West facade including the Exercise Zone, that are not placed behind the Ice Wall should benefit from a shading device to reduce the amount of daylight entering the climbing hall, lowering the risk of overheating and glare. Changes to these aspects will improve the light conditions in the space, bringing it closer to the standard requirements and benefiting the climbing experience.

3.8 Conclusion How do we accommodate the use of daylight and artificial light in a climbing space in order to achieve the requirements for a sport facility without causing glare? When the group formulated the imaginative research question after the idea generation, it was certainly a challenge but an informative journey in using the cross-disciplinary process model, facilitating the procedure to gain knowledge in all three criteria. The sub questions established to the imaginative research question were a guide through the different steps in the semester. Using pedagogical approaches

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and the poster from Phase One, the group was able to be precise on defining the goals to be achieved in the project and how to be accurate on designing with light. The decision to combine the individual criteria assignments with the semester project helped to eliminate the restrictions of the group's potential in the project design. For instance, the experiment with the mock-up 1:1 scale for Meaning of Light, served as a resourceful tool in accomplishing the interactive lighting grips that the group set out to achieve. In addition, the assignment for Lighting Fundamentals, analysing and calculating the lighting measurements of the café in Hellerup and the climbing hall in Nørrebro, brought the group closer to defining the specific lighting conditions needed for Climbing Absalon. While the material studied during the course of Rendered Light Simulation provided the starting point for designing a 3D model of the climbing hall while using the applicable software. Looking back at this semester, the main focus has been to transform, while integrating the trans-disciplinary knowledge and methods of designing with light. When  designing  “Climbing  Absalon”,  the  context  of  providing  a  dynamic  and  exciting  function for the people of Vesterbro had to be kept in mind. The potentials of combining the climbing hall and the café provides a larger target group that Sønder Boulevard is requiring according to the survey accomplished earlier in the semester. In conclusion, accommodating the use of daylight and artificial light in a climbing space has been both challenging and exciting for the group. The creative journey of idea  generation,  designing,  evaluating  and  communicating  have  broaden  the  group’s  skills of understanding how to synthesize the fundamental principles in the different fields of architecture, lighting and media technology.   The   results   from   “Climbing  Absalon”   have   been   evaluated   very   positively   for   the   group   and   opened   further  possibilities of contributing to future works.

4 Future Works

To be as specific as possible while elaborating on the future possibilities of lighting design   on   “Climbing   Absalon”,   the   following   suggestions   come   to   the   group’s attention. Investigating the materials for the ice-wall is an important step. During the process of deciding what materials to use, the group ordered a number of samples from Evonik Industries, in order to test their durability, flexibility, transparency and interaction with light. Unfortunately the ice-wall materials never arrived to experiment with but the group sees potential in receiving them one day and research what is most appropriate. As mentioned, the mock-up experiment of 1:1 scale provided an enormous insight of combing LED light with the climbers. The software that will guide the users of

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Absalon needs to be developed at a professional scale. It will include features like, “dimming”   when   the   climber   has   passed   their   previous   position   in   order   not   to  distract their field of view and minimizing glare. Furthermore, this software will allow to incorporate interactive games which can be designed based on the climbers level of experience, height, age or difficulty. The overall power consumption of the light installation in the church needs to be calculated as this serves for further possibilities in energy savings and resulting payback time which can be achieved by using DIALux EVO. To add to this, the model that was imported in DIALux is incapable of analyzing glare as it is configured as an exterior scene. The solution to that would be remodelling both Absalon Church building and the climbing walls in DIALux in order for the software to understand the interior scene.

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5 Bibliography 1. Absalons Kirke. (2014) Kirkens Historie. [Online] Avaliable from: http://www.absalons.dk/historie (Accessed: 1st January 2015) 2. Google. (2015) Maps. [Online] Avaliable from: https://www.google.dk/maps/place/Absalons+Church/ (Accessed: 1st January 2015) 3. European Committee for Standardization. (2007) Light and Lighting - Sports Lighting. [Online] Available from www.sesko.fi/attachments/sk169/en_12193_e_stf.pdf (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2015) International System of Units (SI). [Online] Available from: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 5. Autodesk. (2015) 3ds Max. [Online] Available from: http://www.autodesk.com/products/3ds-max/overview (Accessed: 4th January 2015) 6. DIALux. (2015) DIALux made by DIAL. [Online] Available from: http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux/download.html (Accessed: 4th January 2015)

7. Evonik Industries. (2015) PLEXIGLAS Satinice (Crystal Ice), sheet, Coconut WM570 SC. [Online] Available from: http://www.plexiglas-shop.com/GB/en/matte-one-sided-d3k0ydk22v3/plexiglas-satinice-crystal-ice-coconut-wm570-sc-1lbur8rnnk2~p.html (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 8. Adobe. (2015) Adobe Photoshop CC. [Online] Available from: http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html (Accessed: 4th January 2015) 9. Autodesk. (2015) Revit. [Online] Available from: http://www.autodesk.com/products/revit-family/features/architectural-design/all/list-view (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 10. Adobe. (2015) Adobe Illustrator CC. [Online] Available from: http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html (Accessed: 4th January 2015) 11. LUMsearch. (2015) Search luminaire. [Online] Available from: http://lumsearch.com/en#0 (Accessed: 4th January 2015) 12. Visual Dynamics (2015) V-Ray 3D Rendering Software [Online] Available from: http://www.vray.com/ (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 13. Aalborg Universitet. (2015) AAU personprofil. [Online] Available from: http://personprofil.aau.dk/121443 (Accessed: 4th January 2015)

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14. Rhinoceros. (2015) Rhino 5. [Online] Available from: https://www.rhino3d.com/ (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 15. Helios32. (2014) EULUMDAT File Format Specifications. [Online] Available from: http://www.helios32.com/Eulumdat.htm (Accessed: 7th January 2015) 16. Arduino. (2015) Arduino Mega. [Online] Available from: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardMega (Accessed 8th January 2015)

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6. Appendix

1. Original Architectural Drawings – Absalon Church 2. Survey Questionnaire 3. Poster - Phase One 4. Guiding with Light 5. Illuminance Map – Absalon Church 6. Measurement and Calculations - Books & Company Café 7. Measurement and Calculations - Nørrebro Klatreklub 8. Architectural Drawings of Light Positions 9. Light Source Specifications from DIALux