Climate$Change$Adaptaon$&$ Sustainable$Design$atthe$$ … · 2020. 2. 3. · • IntroducCon$ •...
Transcript of Climate$Change$Adaptaon$&$ Sustainable$Design$atthe$$ … · 2020. 2. 3. · • IntroducCon$ •...
Sara Mills-‐Knapp, LEED AP Emily Bourdeau Greg Falco, LEED AP, EMIT
Climate Change AdaptaCon & Sustainable Design at the
Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Cathy Resler Harold Tovar Stephen Zoegall, Ph.D., LEED AP
Capstone workshop • 6 Sustainability Management MS candidates from Columbia
University • ExperCse in energy efficiency, green building,
communicaCons, insurance, sanitary engineering – limited technical experCse
• 12-‐week research project for PANYNJ Engineering Dept. • Access only to publicly disclosed informaCon on PANYNJ
assets
• IntroducCon • Project goals • Overview of climate change • Research methodology • Selected strategies • Sustainable design guideline matrix • Conclusions
Agenda
Project overview
Goals
Survey exisCng strategies for climate change adaptaCon
Determine overlap/conflict of sustainable design guidelines with climate adaptaCon strategies
Provide insights regarding infrastructure adaptaCons for climate change relevant to PANYNJ
Climate change
CLIMATE CHANGE
Elevated temperature
Storm surge
Sea level rise
Increased precipita=on
Climate change risks
Rising temperatures
Thermal expansion and polar ice melt Inundation
Increased precipitation Storm surges Flooding
Sea level rise
NY/NJ climate change policy acCon Cmeline 2007
– NYC initiates PlaNYC 2030 – NYS Sea Level Task Force Formed – PANYNJ Sustainable Design Project Manual – Buildings
2008 – PANYNJ Sustainability Policy – NYC Panel on Climate Change (NPCC) and NYC Climate Change Adaptation Task Force
Formed 2009
– NPCC Climate Risk Information Report – NY Executive Order No. 24 creates New York Climate Action Council (ClimAID)
2010 – PANYNJ Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines – NYSERDA ClimAID NY State Climate Action Plan Interim Report Released – NYS Sea Level Task Force Report
Climate change impacts: NY/NJ
Source:New York City Panel on Climate Change (2009) Climate Risk Informa1on Report
Sea level rise in NY & NJ "Everybody will sCll have the impact [of sea level rise], and in many places they will get the average rise. But places like New York are going to have a larger contribuCon than the average – 20% more in this case.” Roderik van der Wal, University of Utrecht, presenta1on at the April 2011 European Geosciences Union Annual Mee1ng
Source: Richard Black, BBC News, Apr. 8, 2011
Sea level rise projecCons: NYC/NJ
Source: Lt. Rosenzweig, C. and Solecki, W. (2010), Chapter 1: New York City AdaptaCon in Context. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. NPCC Report Rt: Cooper, M.J.P. et al. (2005) FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE AND THE NEW JERSEY COAST Assessing Poten1al Impacts and Opportuni1es Report. Princeton University
New Jersey esCmated coastal land area suscepCble to episodic flooding applying current 100-‐year flood water
level (2.90 m) and 0.61 m rise in sea level (3.50 m)
PotenCal impacts of sea level rise on transportaCon infrastructure
Source: “PotenCal Impacts of Global Sea level Rise on TransportaCon
Infrastructure Report” 2007 U.S. DOT Climate Change Center
PotenCal impacts on PANYNJ assets
-‐ Opera=on con=nuity issues related to inunda=on
-‐ Decreased clearance -‐ Corrosion -‐ Flooding
-‐ Flooding and rail corrosion
-‐ Erosion -‐ Flooding
Images clockwise: Map of PANYNJ faciliCes, GW Bridge, aerial image of LGA airport, image of PATH train in a staCon, and aerial image of Port Newark and Port Elizabeth container complex
Key terms
Sustainability
Adaptation
Resilience
Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to projected effects of climate change2
Ability of infrastructure and services to absorb and to con=nue func=oning op=mally despite all cumula=ve infrastructural stresses associated with climate change impacts3
To meet present needs without compromising the ability of future genera=ons to meet their needs1
1 Brundtland Commission Report (1983) 2 IPCC AR4 (2007) 3 The NaConal Infrastructure Advisory Council
Mitigation As defined by PANYNJ in reference to sustainable design as “reducing the adverse environmental impacts of the design, construc=on, opera=on, maintenance and occupancy” of their opera=ons through the development of sustainable design guidelines for buildings and infrastructure.”
Research methodology
Develop project-‐specific definiCons of key terms
Review case study literature
Conduct expert interviews
IdenCfy applicable strategies/case studies
for PANYNJ
Analyze climate change adaptaCon within context of PANYNJ sustainable design
guidelines
Interviews Interviewee Organiza=on Role
Thomas Abdallah, P.E., LEED AP MTA/NYC Transit Chief Environmental Engineer
Aaron Koch NYC Mayor’s Office for Long-‐Term Planning Policy Analyst
KrisCn Lemaster CDM ConsulCng Environmental Engineer
Arlyn Purcell PANYNJ AviaCon Department
Supervisor of Environmental Programs
Cynthia Rosenzweig, Ph.D. NASA Senior Research ScienCst
ECenne Rouverand ADPI Head of Sustainable Design & Senior Architect
Jacquelyn Wilkins MassPort Sustainability Program Manager
IPCC coastal management framework* Risk to coastal
infrastructure from sea level rise
Structural response Extensive planning and
design; complex implementation; capital-intensive; often involves
development of new infrastructure
Operational response Less complex and expensive;
often associated with vital infrastructure that must be kept in use during upgrade
process
Protect Involves hard (walls and dikes), soft (dunes and
vegetation) and mechanized (pumps) solutions to protect
land from the sea so that existing land uses can
continue
Accommodate Residents and facility-
associated personnel continue to use the land at risk but do
not attempt to prevent the land from being flooded
Retreat Involves no effort to protect the land from the sea. The coastal zone is abandoned
and infrastructure shift landward
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, First Assessment Report on Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies – Chapter 5 Coastal Zone Management, 1990.
Strategy breakdown
Protect Accommodate Retreat
Barriers (permanent)
Barriers (temporary) Enhanced maintenance
Coastal armoring
Coastal sand dunes
Beach nourishment
Pumps, sumps & catchment systems
Wetland protecCon
Structural stormwater storage
Green roofs
FloaCng structures
Natural stormwater management
Waterway deepening/dredging
Managed relocaCon
Elevated Buildings
Case study selecCon criteria Built, under construcCon, or planned and funded Designed to offer long-‐term incremental protecCon from SLR and/or flooding and storm surges InnovaCve planning or execuCon IllustraCve of key synergies between adaptaCon principles and sustainable design techniques Applicable to PANYNJ infrastructure and buildings
Thames Barrier (London)
Flood barrier
• Flooding • Increase in frequency and severity of storm surge events
The City of London constructed an adjustable flood barrier. Sea level rise has forced operators to execute more frequent closures: the gates were closed four Cmes in the 1980s, 35 Cmes in the 1990s, and 80 Cmes from 2000-‐2010.
Strategy
Issues
Overview
Thames Barrier Source: UK Environmental Agency
ConstrucCon began in 1974 & concluded in 1982
St. Paul Airport modular floodwall (St. Paul, MN)
Modular floodwall
• Flooding
Located along the Mississippi River, the St. Paul airport has flooded three Cmes in the last 15 years. Home to a NaConal Guard base that threatened to withdraw from the airport if the frequent flooding issues were not resolved. Local complaints prevented the building of a permanent floodwall as an “eye sore.” This barrier type is excepConally flexible and easily deployed soluCon for flooding prevenCon.
Strategy
Issue
Overview Source: Flood Control America
First implemented in 2009
Tempe Town Lake Inflatable Dams (Tempe, AZ)
Inflatable dam
• Dispersion and drying of lake
The town of Tempe constructed 8 inflatable dams able to contain a lake that was drying as it was running into the desert. The inflatable dams are made and imported from Japan and have been deployed 2,200 Cmes including one in NY’s Hudson River.
Strategy
Issues
Overview
Built by the city in 1999
Source: CBS News. Associated Press July 21, 2010
Brisbane InternaConal Airport (Queensland, Australia)
• ElevaCon • Basins • Modular pumps • Catchment systems
• Flooding • Storm surge • Sea level rise
MulCple conCngencies for sea level rise and flooding were built into the design of this coastal airport. When the area suffered its worst flood in a century in Jan 2011, the airport not only conCnued service but also funcConed as a safe haven for residents.
Strategies
Issues
Overview 2008 Aerial Image of Brisbane Airport Source: Van Oord Newsroom
Built in 1988
The Drain London Project
• Drain mapping • Enhanced maintenance
• Flooding • Increased precipitaCon
The Drain London iniCaCve enforced drainage mapping and a risk assessment program for London. This is an effort to manage the conCnuing operaCons of their extensive network of pumps and drains.
Strategies
Issues
Overview 20 minute long rain that caused the train staCons to be flooded in July 2009
Source: NOCERE
Began in 2010 with expected compleCon by 2015
Rancho Verde’s Green Buildings (Chicago)
• Green roofs
• Increased precipitaCon • Increased temperatures
Rancho Verde, a 12-‐acre eco-‐industrial park built on a brownfield in Chicago, incorporates a green roof which has helped manage the building’s storm water runoff and has reduced the amount of energy required to cool the building. It has also reduced the extent of local heat-‐island effects.
Strategy
Issues
Overview
Constructed in 2009
Source Christy Webber Landscapes. (2009). Regional Green Building Case Study. Retrieved from Illinois Chapter USGBC
Netherlands’ FloaCng Buildings
• Amphibious structures
• Flooding • Increased precipitaCon • Sea level rise
Frequent flooding of the Netherlands resulted in the design of amphibious homes and floaCng greenhouses. Also, in many areas with low-‐lying land next to bodies of water, the land is used as a sports field that doubles as a flood plain.
Strategy
Issues
Overview
Constructed in 2005
FloaCng greenhouse atop a water storage area in the Netherlands Source: Adap1ng to Climate Change: Lessons for London. (2006) Greater London Authority, London.
Maryland’s Building Performance Standards
• Elevate infrastructure • UClize resilient materials
• Flooding • Sea level rise
Maryland has a proacCve state climate change plan as they are vulnerable to sea level rise as a coastal state with several low-‐lying areas. As part of the plan, building performance standards include codes designed to resist sea level rise and storm surge from increased precipitaCon. The state plan also includes managed retreat as needed.
Strategy
Issues
Overview Source:Maryland Commission on Climate Change AdaptaCon and Response Working Group (2008) Climate
Change Chapter 5: Comprehensive Strategy for Reducing Maryland’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.
Standards released in July 2008
Port of Los Angeles
• OperaConal analyses • Reinforced and raised seawalls • Raised, reconfigured and resized storm drainage systems
• Sea level rise • Storm surges • ErraCc weather • Increased precipitaCon
While the proposed intervenCons at the Port of LA have not been implemented, this analysis of urban port vulnerability and proposed soluCons is a comprehensive look at the adaptaCon strategies that are applicable to dense, urban port infrastructure similar to that of PANYNJ.
Strategies
Issues
Overview Source: University of Southern California August 25, 2008
In Progress
New Jersey Coast
• Coastal sand dunes
• Erosion • Storm surge • Sea level rise
Almost every segment of the New Jersey coast has been maintained or protected by a local or state funded beach nourishment project since 1962. Newly placed sand and stabilizing vegetaCon protects infrastructure from high waves, inundaCon, and areas of increased vulnerability.
Strategy
Issues
Overview Managed Dunes and beach Source: City-‐Data. Atlan1c City, NJ : Beach and Dunes
NJ beach nourishment projects began in 1962
Port Canaveral Port Authority (FL)
• Sediment trap • Dunes & nourishment • Seafloor dredging
• Storm surges • Hurricanes • Sediment accumulaCon
Auer several hurricanes in 2004, Port Canaveral had to be dredged to enable ships to reach the port. A sediment trap was created to prevent the buildup of sand barriers during storm events. The sediment trap has withstood two hurricane events including in 2009 when it held back 100,000 cubic yards of sediment. This sediment was then used for beach nourishment projects.
Strategies
Issues
Overview Aerial view of Port Canaveral Source: Port Canaveral Port Authority
South Jevy DeposiCon Basin constructed in 2007
The Marmaray Project (Istanbul, Turkey)
• Sumps & pumps • Raised entrances • Barriers • Flood gates • Drainage systems
• Storm surge • Sea level rise
Built on a major fault line underneath the Bosphorous Strait, the Marmaray Tunnel an underwater rail tunnel-‐was necessarily designed with many precauCons in mind. Its recent construcCon enabled the design to be leveraged from other tunnels that have been successful in similar circumstances.
Strategy
Issues
Overview
Project in progress, iniCally discussed in 1860
Workers in the underwater rail tunnel under construcCon Source: European Investment Bank
Sustainable design guideline matrix Climate change adaptaCon and sustainable design are not synonymous
There are many observable overlaps between sustainable design and climate change adaptaCon which yield both synergies and conflicts
Matrix is offered to help visualize these relaConships
AdaptaCon vs. miCgaCon
Conclusions • Climate change to impose mulCple stresses on
PANYNJ assets; disproporConate sea level rise impacts for the NY/NJ region
• Globally, sea level rise adaptaCon is in its infancy; however, ciCes historically prone to storm surges/flooding have undertaken some intervenCons applicable to PANYNJ assets
• Strategies to miCgate damage from sea level rise and enhance infrastructure resilience can work synergisCcally with or conflict with PANYNJ sustainability guidelines
“Because changes in the amount of future sea level rise and other
climate variables are uncertain, an effecCve
response requires 'flexible adaptaCon
pathways' that can be adjusted periodically in
light of new informaCon.”
C. Rosenzweig et al., "More
Floods Ahead: Adap1ng to Sea Level Rise in New York City,"
NASA GISS Science Brief ProacCve long-‐term planning and flexibility are key to the design of an effecCve infrastructure-‐focused climate change adaptaCon strategy