Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Agno River...

08 Fall

Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for

Agno River Basin

Volume II – Main Report (Part 2)

Submitted by College of Forestry and Natural Resources

University of the Philippines Los Baños Funded by River Basin Control Office

Department of Environment and Natural Resources


i CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN

FOR THE AGNO RIVER BASIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................i

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Annexes .................................................................................................................................................. iv

CHAPTER 1 - Development Framework ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Integrated River Basin Management and Development ............................................... 1

1.2 Vision, Mission, and Goals .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Vision ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2.2 Mission ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.3 Thematic Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................... 2

1.3 Key Issues and Challenges ......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 - Water Resources ............................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Challenges ......................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Development Goals, Objectives, and Strategies ................................................................ 5

2.3 Water Supply Development Program ................................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Water Source Development Project ............................................................................. 5

2.3.2 Water Distribution Project............................................................................................... 6

2.3.3 Strategic Irrigation Development Project .................................................................. 7

2.3.4 Groundwater Management and Protection for Agno River Basin ................... 9

2.4 Ecological Waste Management Program .......................................................................... 11

2.4.1 Water Quality Monitoring System ............................................................................. 11

2.4.2 Development of Local Government Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 12

2.4.3 Construction of Material Recovery and Sanitary Landfill Facilities ............ 13

2.4.4 Establishment of Wastewater Treatment Facilities ........................................... 14

2.4.5 Waste-to-Energy Project ................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER 3 - Watershed Management ........................................................................................... 16

3.1 Challenges ...................................................................................................................................... 16

3.2 Development Goals, Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 17

3.3 Watershed Conservation Program ...................................................................................... 17

3.3.1 Forest Landscape Restoration Project ..................................................................... 17

3.3.2 Conservation Forest Villages Project ........................................................................ 19

3.3.3 Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring ................. 21

3.3.4 River Basin Protection and Conservation Project ............................................... 23

CHAPTER 4 - Wetland Management ................................................................................................ 24


ii CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN


4.1 Challenges ...................................................................................................................................... 24


4.3 Wetlands Enhancement Program ........................................................................................ 25

4.3.1 Riparian Area Management and Restoration Project ........................................ 25

4.3.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project ...................................................... 26

4.3.3 Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Project ........... 27

CHAPTER 5 - Disaster Risk Reduction and Management ........................................................ 29

5.1 Challenge ........................................................................................................................................ 29


5.3 Disaster Management Program ............................................................................................ 30

5.3.1 Hazards Forecasting and Warning System Project ............................................. 30

5.3.2 Local Disaster Preparedness Project ........................................................................ 31

5.3.3 Disaster-Prone Communities Relocation Project ................................................ 32

5.4 Climate-Adaptive Hazard Mitigation Infrastructure Program ................................ 33

5.4.1 Flood Control Project ...................................................................................................... 33

5.4.2 Slope Stabilization Project ............................................................................................ 34

5.4.3 Sediment Control Project .............................................................................................. 35

CHAPTER 6 - Economic Development............................................................................................. 37

6.1 Challenges ...................................................................................................................................... 37


6.3 Inclusive Development Support Program ........................................................................ 38

6.3.1 Industry and Enterprise Development Project .................................................... 38

6.3.2 Cooperative Development for Natural Resource-Based Enterprises .......... 39

6.3.3 Livelihood Development for Minority and Marginalized Sectors ................. 40

6.3.4 Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan

(ADSDPP) Development Project ................................................................................. 41

6.4 Sustainable Climate-Resilient Livelihood Program...................................................... 42

6.4.1 Climate-Smart Agriculture Project ............................................................................ 42

6.4.2 Sustainable Fisheries Project ....................................................................................... 43

6.4.3 Community-Based Ecotourism Development Project ....................................... 44

6.4.4 Payment for Ecosystem Services System ................................................................ 45

6.5 Infrastructure Development Program ............................................................................... 46

6.5.1 Construction, Retrofitting, and Rehabilitation of Key Facilities and Transportation Systems ................................................................................................. 46

6.5.2 Renewable Energy Project ............................................................................................ 47

CHAPTER 7 - Institutional Development ....................................................................................... 48

7.1 Challenges ...................................................................................................................................... 48



iii CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN


7.3 Legislative Policy and Institutionalization Program .................................................... 49

7.3.1 Creation and Institutionalization of the Agno River Basin Management Council ................................................................................................................................... 49

7.3.2 Development and Harmonization of Environmental Policies and Land Use Plans ....................................................................................................................................... 52

7.4 Watershed Research and Information Program ........................................................... 54

7.4.1 Research and Development Project .......................................................................... 54

7.4.2 Real-time Watershed Monitoring Systems ............................................................ 55

7.4.3 Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System .......... 56

7.5 Participatory Development Program ................................................................................. 58

7.5.1 Social Mobilization and Development Project ...................................................... 58

7.5.2 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Project ........................................................... 60

7.5.3 Agno River Master Plan Caravan/Roadshow Project ........................................ 62

CHAPTER 8 - Investment Plan ............................................................................................................ 64


iv CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Goals and objectives formulated for each thematic area. ............................................... 2 Table 2. Cost requirements of programs and projects for a climate-responsive integrated master plan for the Agno River Basin ................................................................................................... 67 Table 3. Investment requirements of the climate-responsive Integrated Agno River Basin Master Plan. ...................................................................................................................................................... 68

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The Integrated River Basin Management and Development (IRBMD)

Framework. ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Structural Organization of the River Basin Management Council (RMC). .......... 50

LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1. Logical framework of water resources projects. ........................................................... 73 Annex 2. Logical framework of watershed management projects. ........................................... 75 Annex 3. Logical framework of wetland management projects. ................................................ 76

Annex 4. Logical framework of disaster risk reduction and management projects. ......... 77

Annex 5. Logical framework of economic development projects. ............................................. 79 Annex 6. Logical framework of institutional development projects ........................................ 82 Annex 7. Potential location of projects under water resources management theme ....... 85 Annex 8. Potential location of projects under watershed management theme ................... 89 Annex 9. Potential location of projects under wetland management theme ........................ 91 Annex 10. Potential location of projects under disaster risk reduction and management theme ................................................................................................................................................................ 92 Annex 11. Potential location of projects under economic development theme .................. 95


1 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN


CHAPTER 1 - DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

1.1 Integrated River Basin Management and Development

Formulated by RBCO in 2007, the Integrated River Basin Management and Development (IRBMD) Framework is the basic system for all strategies in the Philippines on sustained river basin ecosystem management. It has four principal frameworks and development strategies: Integrated Water Resources Management, Integrated Watershed Management, Wetland Management, and Flood Mitigation (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The Integrated River Basin Management and Development (IRBMD)

Framework.

1.2 Vision, Mission, and Goals

1.2.1 Vision

Several focus group discussions participated by stakeholders from multiple government agencies, peoples’ organization, academe, regional and local government units were conducted to affirm the previously crafted vision, mission, and goals of the Agno River Basin (ARB). The vision statement for ARB was made in accordance to the context of Integrated River Basin Management Strategy. It was then revised during the inter-agency focus group discussion where the stakeholders agreed on the vision statement:

“The Agno River Basin is envisioned to be a haven for its populace under God’s divine guidance radiating in the diversity and industry of its people, each charting one’s own and sharing for everyone’s well-being towards a pristine, diverse, and disaster resilient environment.”




1.2.2 Mission

In line with the update of the Agno River Basin’s (ARB) vision, the mission statement of ARB was created in accordance to the context of Integrated River Basin Management Strategy, and was revised during the inter-agency focus group discussion. The stakeholders agreed on the following mission statement:

To protect, conserve, sustainably develop, and restore the quality and beneficial uses of water, land, flora and fauna, habitats, and other natural resources for the upliftment of the living conditions of the communities within the Agno River Basin through:

a. the adoption and integration of appropriate local and global best practices;

b. institutionalization of partnership between and among concerned stakeholders;

c. ensuring welfare and rights of the people with purposive regard for the indigenous peoples; and

d. the practice of participatory, accountability, responsibility and transparency principles.

1.2.3 Thematic Goals and Objectives

The stakeholders agreed upon goals and objectives for the five corresponding thematic areas (Table 1). However, these were modified to reflect the problem tree assessment and strategies being adopted.

Table 1. Goals and objectives formulated for each thematic area.

Thematic Area Thematic Goals Thematic Objectives

Water Resources Well-managed water resources

a. Sustain water sources for the increasing demand

b. Improve water quality in the river basin

Watershed Management

Well-conserved, protected and managed Basin and its natural resources not only to sustain the needs of the growing population, but also to prevent further basin degradation and hazards

a. Restore the basin’s denuded areas

b. Improve habitats and biodiversity

Wetland Management Well-managed inland wetland and coastal ecosystems to sustain aquatic resources

a. Conserve inland wetland and coastal resources

b. Protect aquatic and wetland associated species and habitat

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Improved resiliency and adaptive capacities of communities against natural and anthropogenic disasters, and impacts of

a. Provide dependable hazard mitigation infrastructures

b. Reduce the impacts and risks of hazards on basin communities




Thematic Area Thematic Goals Thematic Objectives

climate change c. Enhance coping capacities of the communities against climate-induced disasters

d. Reduce soil erosion and sedimentation

Economic Development A sustainable, climate-resilient, and inclusive economy with ample opportunities for livelihood and entrepreneurship

a. Develop the river basin's potential for trade and commerce

b. Foster sustainable and climate-resilient economic growth and development

c. Ensure reliable, efficient, and equitable provision of infrastructure services

d. Reduce poverty

Institutional Development

Strengthened river basin

governance mechanism

devoted to the upliftment

of the quality of life of its

people, enhancement of its

ecological/environment

integrity and able to

provide, regulate, ensure

cultural and support

services.

a. Promote Integrative Planning and Development in the ARB

b. Ensure Science-and-Evidence-Based Management of the ARB

c. Heighten the Participation of Stakeholders in River Basin Management

1.3 Key Issues and Challenges

Numerous issues and challenges in sustainable basin management of Agno River Basin (ARB) were identified in the analysis of the river basin profile, vulnerability and risk assessment, and focus group discussions. Moreover, further analysis showed that multiple issues were usually closely interconnected and, thus, difficult to present graphically. Six (6) development issues were identified as core of the abovementioned problems namely Variable water supply, Watershed degradation, Wetland degradation, Flooding and potential increase in associated disaster risk, Poverty, and Inadequate Mechanism for basin-wide development

The analysis of these key issues and challenges also guided the strategies formulation and interventions for the ARB. These core issues were the focus of the strategic planning for the ARB. While problems are usually addressed individually, the optimal response should tackle the underlying causes or root of these problems.




CHAPTER 2 - WATER RESOURCES

2.1 Challenges

Variable water supply is the major issue for water resources in the Agno River Basin (ARB). This is due to the disparity between the spatial and temporal distribution of water supply to its actual demand. With the demand often exceeding supply, local shortages in water supply is experienced during dry months, especially in highly urbanized areas. These shortages are often exacerbated by El Niño-induced droughts and dry spells. The seasonal variation between wet season and dry season causes water supply increase, which causes floods during the rainy season and droughts during the dry season. This is mainly because of the Type I climate of the region and exacerbated shorter El Niño Southern Oscillation Cycles. With corresponding increased temperatures, causes decreased rainfall especially when El Nino occurs during the dry season. On the other hand, there is increased rainfall intensity during the southwest monsoon season, especially during the occurrence of La Nina on the wet season. The problem is that the water demand continues to increase and does not correspond to the seasonal variations in water supply. Therefore, there is a need to store excess water during the wet season, which will be used during time of scarcity.

One of the identified primary causes of this issue is water degradation. Water degradation in the ARB is caused by environmental pollution due to improper waste management, agricultural chemical run-off, siltation and sedimentation due to mining, unsustainable livelihood practices and natural topography of the basin especially in the headwater areas. An example of these is a mass wasting triggered by an earthquake event, which resulted to an increased sediment yield. Although these processes do not affect the quantity of water resources in the ARB, they limit the useable water resources available in the water distribution systems that has basic treatment facilities like chlorination and filtration. In meeting water quality standards, it is more difficult and expensive to process polluted, contaminated, and/or highly turbid water. Thus, there is increasing reliance on groundwater resources, which are less polluted than surface water. However, these are less abundant especially in the mountainous regions of the river basin. At least 40% of the water abstraction in the ARB is from groundwater resources. If illegal wells are accounted for, it can increase as high as 63%. This is alarming because groundwater accounts for only 19% of the ARB’s total water yield.

Furthermore, underdeveloped water resources, irrigation, and distribution facilities entail that the use of available water resources are not maximized. Thus, areas with surplus water supply are not able to divert or deliver excess water to where it is needed, specifically in areas with local water deficit. These factors, coupled with increasing water demand, increasing temperatures, and shorter ENSO cycles are projected to further exacerbate localized water shortages during dry months, droughts, and dry spells in the coming years.




2.2 Development Goals, Objectives, and Strategies

Goal:

Well-managed water resources

Objectives:

a. To sustain water sources for the increasing demand

b. To improve water quality in the river basin

Strategies:

a. Improve water supply of the river basin

b. Proper waste management

2.3 Water Supply Development Program

2.3.1 Water Source Development Project

Rationale:

Water is important in many different areas, such as human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use. Agriculture, in particular, uses water for irrigation. With demand expected to increase in the next half a century, it is important to efficiently utilize the water resources in the Agno River Basin (ARB) to ensure that the supply will be able to meet the anticipated demand. Water supply development will tap into underutilized water resources and increase the number of locations and the methods used to obtain water and increase the water supply in the ARB to reduce water scarcity especially during prolonged droughts.

Location:

For wells: potential high yield areas in the ARB include some parts of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.

For Small Water Impounding Systems (SWIS): parts of Bokod, Buguias, Kabayan, and La Trinidad in Benguet; Tinoc in Ifugao; Kayapa in Nueva Vizcaya; Aguilar, Bugallon, Mangatarem, San Nicolas, and Umingan in Pangasinan; Capas, Mayantoc, Moncada, and Tarlac City in Tarlac.

Objectives:

1. To increase water availability for multiple uses in the ARB; 2. To meet the projected water demand in the ARB; and 3. To provide an effective and sufficient supply of water during droughts.

Project Description:

This project entails the construction of water resource development infrastructures within the river basin including shallow and deep-well systems, small water impounding systems (SWIS), community or household rainwater harvesting, multipurpose reservoirs, and feasibility of new of bulk water projects to ensure a reliable supply of water even during El Niño years in the ARB. This will be done in conjunction with planned water source development like spring development and protection systems




especially in the mountainous provinces, and multipurpose reservoir projects such as the Balog-Balog MPP to satisfy the expected domestic and industrial water demands especially during El Niño-induced drought. In addition to water supply, SWIS established in intermittent streams will not only provide water for use during prolonged absence of rainfall, but will also help minimize the risk of flashfloods and inundation, and help trap sediments. At least a total capacity of 7,300 m3 of SWIS will be constructed.

Expected Results or Impacts:

Adequate water for current and future uses Increased resilience of water supply to drought Reduce the impacts of drought to local communities

Indicative Cost:

Total: PhP 1,650,000,000.00

Possible Sources of Funding:

National Irrigation Administration (multipurpose irrigation projects), Department of Public Works and Highways, Public-Private Partnerships, Internal Revenue Allotment, Millennium Development Fund, Foreign Grants.

Indicative Implementation Schedule:

Years 1-15 (Long-term)

Proposed Lead Agency:

Department of Public Works and Highways, National Irrigation Administration, Local Government Units, Water Service Providers.

2.3.2 Water Distribution Project

Rationale:

Water service providers (WSPs) consist of water districts, Local Government Unit (LGU) utilities, community–based organizations and Private Utilities. Rural areas not covered by the water districts and municipal water systems are served by community-based organizations such as rural water service associations (RWSAs), barangay water service associations (BWSAs) or village-level water systems, and water service cooperatives, and/or not served at all.

Almost all community-based utilities and LGU operated systems, due to their small size, use groundwater sources such as wells and springs. Only large utilities with more than 20,000 connections use surface water specifically rivers and lakes. Based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) water permit grants for 2013, 62% of domestic water in Region I is sourced from groundwater, and only 38% from surface water. In Region III, on the other hand, 78% came from surface water and only 22% from groundwater. There is no data available for Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), however, Baguio City has been identified as among the water-critical urbanized areas. Almost all of the industrial sector water supplies come from surface water sources, especially rom multipurpose reservoirs. The projected domestic and industrial water demands in the ARB are 166 and 3606 MCM yr-1 for 2020, and 228 and 5109 MCM yr-1 for 2050. The water demands for the domestic and industrial sector continue to increase at a rate proportional to that of population growth. These would require more Level II and Level III water systems.




Location:

Selected urbanized areas and all rural barangays in ARB. Priority for frequent drought areas and agricultural areas.

Objectives:

1. To install more water supply systems in the Agno River Basin to cover both the existing and future domestic and municipal water demands; and

2. To better utilize surface water resources in order to avoid excessive groundwater extraction.


The first step in designing a Level II or small Level III water system is to determine how much water is needed by the population. Water demands are influenced by the following factors: (a) service levels to be implemented, (b) size of the community, (c) standard of living of the populace, (d) quantity and quality of water available in the area, (e) water tariffs that need to be shouldered by the consumers, (f) climatological conditions, and (g) habits and manners of water usage by the people. The water to be supplied should be sufficient to cover both the existing and future consumers and take into account climate risks due to El Niño-induced droughts. An allowance for non-revenue water (NRW) that may be caused by leakages and other losses should be included in the design of the water systems, and a design period of 5-10 years may be set, taking into account the terms of the financing package and the potential consumers’ capability and willingness to pay the amounts needed to support repayment.


Improved access to safe, reliable, climate resilient, and sustainable water supply in the Agno River Basin (ARB).

Indicative Cost:

Total: PHP 1,500,000,000.00


Water Service Providers, National Irrigation Administration (multipurpose irrigation projects), Department of Public Works and Highways, Public-Private Partnerships, Internal Revenue Allotment, Millennium Development Fund, Foreign Grant.




Local Government Units; Local Water Utilities Administration; Water Service Providers; National Irrigation Administration.

2.3.3 Strategic Irrigation Development for the Agno River Basin

Rationale:

Sustaining or expanding the irrigation base is the key to food security and poverty alleviation. It is important to preserve the safety and functionality of present irrigation infrastructure, but it is also important to develop new irrigated areas. Irrigation projects being undertaken by National Irrigation Authority (NIA), including rehabilitation and




new area development, should be continued to completion. While majority of the irrigation development by the NIA are with slopes not exceeding 3%, majority of the irrigated areas in Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet have slopes exceeding 18% and used for a variety of crops including rice, corn, vegetables and high-value crops. Thus, irrigated areas within the administrative boundaries of Agno River Basin (ARB) exceed the irrigable area estimates. Only irrigable areas in Nueva Ecija still have to be developed. The key to expanding the irrigation base is through small-scale irrigation systems. Incorporating site-specific, small-scale irrigation, and retrofitting of current irrigation systems into comprehensive rural development programs will increase the chance of success and sustainability, and climate-change resiliency in the ARB.

Location:

Selected sites in the ARB and its sub-basins.

Objectives:

1. To pursue the irrigation development of new areas and rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure;

2. To identify areas with irrigation potential, other than the National Irrigation Administration defined irrigable areas of more than 100 ha with less than 3% slope, in order to increase cultivated land under irrigation;

3. To assess the suitability of groundwater resources in identified specific sites for tube-well irrigation;

4. To identify specific sites and assess the suitability of small water impoundment systems for irrigation;

5. To establish small-scale irrigation systems appropriate for identified sites; and 6. To enhance farmer capacity for irrigated agriculture and to develop the self-

management capability of beneficiaries and their organizations.


NIA irrigation development and rehabilitation projects within the ARB should be pursued. These include the Balog-Balog MPP Phase II, Casecnan MPIPP-IC Phase II and Balbalungao SRIP. The project should also involve the development of small-scale irrigation in the ARB, particularly smallholder farmers and groups not generally belonging to the service areas of NIA. Applicable emphasis shall be on spring development systems especially in the mountainous provinces, shallow tube-well systems, and small water impoundment systems that would be appropriate to present farmlands and in alienable and disposable lands that are presently unproductive. The rational selection of sites, the provision of site-specific designs, training in irrigation techniques and irrigation water management, modern crop production techniques and cropping systems, and the participatory approach enabling the prospective beneficiaries to contribute to the development, management and operation of a project and thereby generating a sense of ownership and involvement, are all essential for long-term sustainability.


At least an additional 18,000 hectares firmed-up irrigated areas in 15 years Rational increase in total extent of cultivation lands Improvement in farming practices in project areas Production of high value crops Higher yields per unit of water and land, higher cropping intensities, and

efficient water use Increased farm profitability




Contribute to poverty alleviation by targeting small holder farmers for irrigation development

Indicative Cost:

Site identification and assessment: PhP 6,000,000 Design and construction/rehabilitation of irrigation projects: PhP 3,600,000,000 Stakeholders trainings/workshops: PhP 50,000,000

Total: PhP 3,656,000,000


Department of Budget and Management through General Appropriations, Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soil and Water Management, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Non-Government Organizations; Public-Private Partnerships, National Power Corporation


Site identification and assessment: Years 0-4 Design and construction of small irrigation projects: Years 2-15 Appropriate irrigation technologies for small holder farmers: Years 2-15 Stakeholders trainings/workshops: Years 2-15


Local Government Units; National Irrigation Administration; Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soil and Water Management; Farmer and Beneficiary Groups

2.3.4 Groundwater Conservation and Protection for Agno River Basin

Rationale

Groundwater is critical to drought and climate resilience as it provides a sustainable water buffer during periods of low surface water availability. Although groundwater is a renewable resource, the signs and signals of a potential groundwater crisis are becoming more visible in term of declining groundwater levels and polluted aquifers. There are areas where current withdrawal exceeds recharge due to increased competing demands, inefficient water use, and unregulated well installations. Salt-water intrusion and groundwater contamination due to improper wastes disposal and excessive of use agricultural chemicals also threaten groundwater resources. Groundwater pollution is more complex to deal with than other forms of pollution because it is not readily detectable and difficult and expensive to monitor and clean up. Despite these realities, groundwater is still seen as a potential source of water. Based on the 2013 Nation Water Resource Board (NWRB) permitted water rights for Region 1, only 7.7% of water used is sourced from groundwater while 92.5% from surface water. Only the domestic water demand was sourced mainly from groundwater at 62% and only 38% from surface water. Hence, the challenge is to assess the groundwater development potential, identify critical recharge areas, assess vulnerable groundwater aquifers and determine sustainable level of abstractions. Fundamental to respond to this challenge is the availability of reliable, accessible, and easily understandable groundwater information database (GWID) at the basin level and enabling policy to address it.




Objectives

In general, the project intends to develop a groundwater management and protection scheme for its sustainable use and enhance socio-economic and environmental benefits.

Specifically, its objectives are to:

1. Develop an updated groundwater potential map for the river basin including hydrologic and lithological properties, current level of groundwater utilization, and potential areas for spring development;

2. Identify critical groundwater recharge areas to be recommended for declaration by the LGUs or RB council as Protection Watershed Area;

3. Conduct Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and identify areas vulnerable to land subsidence, saltwater intrusion or groundwater pollution/contamination; and

4. Vulnerable areas should be prioritized for engineering interventions and affected areas be prioritized for declaration as Restricted or Controlled land use zones by LGUs or RB council.

Location: Groundwater potential zones, GW recharge areas


The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) together with the Mines and Geoscience Bureau (MGB) and with the help and data from other concerned agencies such as the National Irrigation Authority (NIA), Department of Agriculture (DA), Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Local Government Units (LGUs) and selected State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) should collate and analyze all groundwater information database and develop updated groundwater potential map of the river basin. Groundwater modeling and geo-resistivity surveys should also support this project. Based from these two maps, groundwater recharge areas and vulnerable areas should be identified and critical areas be recommended for declaration as protected areas or restricted and controlled zones.

Expected benefits/impacts:

Updated groundwater potential map Increased groundwater recharge Improved groundwater quality; reduced contamination or pollution Increased use of groundwater for domestic, industrial and agriculture use Improved well design and construction

Indicative cost:

Total: PhP 15,000,000 *5 – 7 M for geo-resistivity probe

Possible source of funding:

NWRB, MGB


5 years

Proposed Implementing Agency:

NWRB, MGB, LGUs




2.4 Ecological Waste Management Program

2.4.1 Water Quality Monitoring System

Rationale:

Water quality monitoring is an integral part of an overall environmental monitoring system. Poor water quality affects not only human health and aquatic life but also the surrounding ecosystem as well. Water quality monitoring can help researchers predict and understand the natural processes in the environment including the impacts on human activities to the ecosystem. These monitoring efforts are very essential to ensure that environmental standards are being met. An essential part of any water quality monitoring or measurement project is the equipment used. However, monitoring equipment should be chosen based on budget and accuracy requirement, and whether or not remote monitoring is required.

Location:

At least one for every sub-basin

Objectives:

1. To establish water quality monitoring stations at every sub-basin; 2. To provide quality assurance service for the water quality monitoring station; 3. To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in place; 4. To conduct community-based monitoring at remote sub-basins; and 5. To provide researchers sufficient data to evaluate water quality trend over time.


Establishment of Water Quality Monitoring Stations in every sub-basin.


It will help understand the nature and extent of pollution control needed at various sub-basin locations

It will support current knowledge in the behavior, transport, degradation, residence time and the effects of different pollutants in the environment

It will aid in the assessment of water suitability for different uses

Indicative Cost:

Total: PHP 40,000,000 Possible Sources of Funding:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Science and Technology; Local Water Districts, National Water Quality Management Fund, Area Water Quality Management Fund, Waster Water Charge Indicative Implementation Schedule:






Department of Environment and Natural Resources and National Water Resources Board in collaboration with local Water Service Providers, Environmental Management Bureau

2.4.2 Development of Local Government Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan

Rationale:

Under Section 16 Chapter III of RA 9003 it states that all provinces, cities, and municipalities shall prepare through its local solid waste management boards a 10-year Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan that is consistent with the national solid waste management framework, subject to the approval of the National Solid Waste Management Commission. The waste management plan shall be so designed to provide measures and to safeguard against pollution and for the preservation of the natural ecosystem.

Location: All Cities and Municipalities within the Agno River Basins

Objectives:

1. To ensure the protection of public health and environment; 2. To minimize the cost of waste disposal; and 3. To utilize environmentally sound methods and waste minimization measures.


This project involves the preparation of a 10-year Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans of all LGUs within the river basins. In accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles, it shall integrate waste reduction technologies such as composting, recycling, reuse, recovery, and green charcoal processing; efficient waste collection systems; and environmentally sound waste treatment, disposal, and management facilities.


Improved waste management in river basin LGU’s

Indicative Cost:

Per city or municipality: PhP 1,400,000.00

Total: PhP 102,000,000.00


Millennium Development Fund; Internal Revenue Allotment


Years 1-3 (Short-term)


Local Government Units




2.4.3 Construction of Material Recovery and Sanitary Landfill Facilities

Rationale:

The total volume of solid waste generated is directly related to population. Thus, the increasing population of the Agno River Basin (ARB) will inevitably result to an increase in waste collection and transportation costs. To address this problem, efforts have been made by the government to establish Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) and Sanitary Landfill Facilities (SLF). This is in line with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which prohibits the use of open dumpsites for solid waste disposal.

Location: All cities and or municipalities within the Agno River Basin

Objectives:

1. To provide a conducive and safe place for the sorting of recyclable and recoverable solid waste materials; and

2. To provide adequate and ecologically sound mean of waste disposal in the Agno River Basin.


The project shall involve the construction of material recovery with composting facilities and sanitary landfill facilities, with the requisite property acquisition and access road improvement activities.


Reduced maintenance costs associated with the declogging of drainage and river systems

Decrease in pollution caused by solid wastes Improved waste disposal of ARB households

Indicative Cost:

MRF’s (40 units): PHP 120,000,000.00 SLF’s (14 units): PHP 336,000,000.00 Road improvement costs: PHP 34,000,000.00

Total: PHP 490,000,000.00


Millennium Development Fund; Public-Private Partnership




Local Government Units




2.4.4 Establishment of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Rationale:

One of the findings under the comprehensive assessment report and as per feedback from different stakeholders is the lack of treatment of domestic wastewater especially in the highly populated areas. Untreated domestic waste contributes to water quality degradation in the river basin. This leads to surface water becoming unfit for domestic and other uses thus, limiting the use of available water in the river basin. The treatment of domestic effluents is pursuant to the mandates of RA 9275 or the Clean Water Act of 2004 to abate and control pollution.

Location: Basin-wide

Objectives:

1. To enhance water quality in the ARB; and 2. To protect aquatic ecosystems in the river basin.


The project aims to establish wastewater treatment plants (WTP) that are effective and financially feasible. The establishment of WTP’s shall be prioritized in high density areas like cities and urbanized municipalities. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWTS) will be implemented as an alternative wastewater management approach in areas where WTP’s are deemed economically unfeasible.

The project shall be implemented in three stages:

Phase 1 – Feasibility assessment of wastewater treatment systems in ARB cities and municipalities.

Phase 2 – Complete design and construction of each feasible wastewater treatment system.

Phase 3 – Maintenance and operation of installed systems. Expected Results or Impacts:

Improved water quality Protected aquatic ecosystems Reduced incidence of waterborne diseases

Indicative Cost:

WTP (6 units): PHP 120,000,000.00 DWTS (20 units): PHP 40,000,000.00

Total: PHP 160,000,000.00

Possible Sources of funding:

Official Development Assistance, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Health, National Water Quality Management Fund

Indicative Implementation Schedule: Years 1-15 (Long-term)


Local Government Units, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Health, National Water Resources Board




2.4.5 Waste-to-Energy Project

Rationale:

Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, calls for the responsible disposal and management of solid wastes. This law mandates the creation of materials recovery facility and sanitary landfills. In some instances, these wastes can be used for energy generation.

The Agno River Basin (ARB) has several cities and municipalities, which generate solid wastes that has the potential to be converted to energy. However, this option has yet to be explored. Studying its potential to generate energy in the region can help two ways: a) it will greatly reduce waste in the river basin through proper disposal, and b) it can provide additional energy in light of the growing demand due to increasing population in the river basin.

Location: Selected cities and municipalities

Objective:

To establish an economically viable and environmentally sound waste disposal facility that can efficiently generate useable energy for communities in the Agno River Basin. Project Description:

The project shall be a pilot project in the ARB. It will establish a waste-to-energy plant in areas proximate to high waste generating cities and municipalities in the ARB. Further, it shall collect data on the efficiency and effectivity of waste-to-energy facilities as a waste disposal method, its ecological impacts, economic viability, and sustainability. Using this information, further improvements and recommendations could be made for future waste-to energy facilities in the river basin.


Reduced landfill area requirement Better knowledge on the performance of waste-to-energy facilities

Indicative Cost:

Total: PHP 700,000,000.00

Possible Source of Funding:

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), Department of Energy, Private Funding Institutions.


Years 4-6 (Medium-term)


Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), Department of Energy,; Private Energy Companies




CHAPTER 3 - WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

3.1 Challenges

Watershed degradation is the overarching issue that needs to be addressed in watershed management. Unabated, this may lead to the decrease in soil productivity, decrease in ecosystem resilience, the reduction of ecosystem services, and the increased in basin vulnerability to climate variability and extremes which may lead to low agricultural productivity, damage to infrastructure, and a general reduction of human health.

Immediate causes of watershed degradation in the Agno River Basin (ARB) include environmental pollution caused by improper waste management of both solid and domestic wastes. Not enough of the wastes produced by local communities are adequately or properly disposed or treated. Only a third of the river basin households have their wastes collected by local trash collection systems, and most are yet to be connected to a suitable wastewater treatment facility in order to treat domestic effluents.

Flooding and landslides are immediate effects of watershed degradation in the ARB. Often, this leads to loss of biodiversity, damage to properties, and even loss of lives. The causes of flooding and landslides in the ARB are mostly hydro-meteorological. The projected increase in average annual rainfall and the increase in daily rainfall greater than 100mm may result in increasing incidences and consequences of these risk events. However, watershed degradation may also further contribute to the same result since the loss of habitat and biodiversity can cause a decrease in the supply of ecosystem services like soil retention and infiltration.

Deforestation caused by unsustainable livelihood practices, mining, and quarrying operations are primary causes of watershed degradation in the ARB. The increasing rainfall intensity and increasing incidences of floods and landslides may exacerbate erosion resulting from these activities. Urban sprawl and land conversion fueled by inadequate land use zoning due to inadequate basin planning can also enhance soil erosion and deforestation rates but can also be a direct cause of watershed degradation.

Illegal resource extraction activities like treasure hunting, timber poaching, and agricultural intrusion into protected areas also contribute to watershed degradation in the area. This is driven by the lax implementation of environmental laws and upland migration due to increasing population and inadequate livelihood opportunities. Grass fires due to excessively dry conditions are also a major cause of habitat loss during droughts.





Goal:

Well-conserved, protected and managed basin and its natural resources not only to sustain the needs of the growing population, but also to prevent further basin degradation and hazards.

Objectives:

a. To restore the basin’s denuded areas

b. To improve habitats and biodiversity

Strategy:

Watershed restoration

3.3 Watershed Conservation Program

3.3.1 Forest Landscape Restoration Project

Rationale:

The area of forests in the river basin have been declining over time. From 2003 to 2010 alone, about 5,000 hectares of forests has been converted to other land uses at an average rate of about 700 hectares per year. Various reforestation and conservation efforts have helped decrease the rate of forest loss compared to decades. A landscape approach to forest restoration would augment and improve current forest management efforts in the Agno River Basin (ARB). Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is defined as an “active process that brings people together to identify, negotiate, and implement practices that restore an agreed optimal balance of the ecological, social, and economic benefits of forests and trees within a broader pattern of land uses” (GPFLR n.d.). It is meant to seek a balance between restoring ecosystem services and supporting the productive functions of land for agriculture and other related land uses (McGuire, 2014). This holistic perception of forest and landscape restoration considers both productive functions, and the protective and other ameliorative uses of the forests.

Location:

All sites identified with a soil erosion index of greater than five (5) will be subjected to FLR, but with varying site-specific interventions.

Objectives:

In general, FLR aims to increase and sustain production of ecosystems good and services while insuring the protection conservation of the natural resources within the ARB.

Specifically, the project will seek to:

1. Promote regulated streamflow and improve groundwater recharge; 2. Minimize surface soil erosion and siltation; 3. Enhance biodiversity; and 4. Contribute to climate change mitigation and reforestation initiatives in the ARB.


Activities of the project shall include the following:




Assessment of land degradation and restoration opportunities including identification of drivers of land degradation, the degraded lands and the successful restoration efforts.

Creating the enabling environment specifically institutionalizing policies/laws to facilitate FLR

Development of the institutional setting through identification of land-use stakeholders, support to all planning process that are underway (e.g. climate-change national strategy, national biodiversity action plan, NGP, etc.)

Addressing governance issues by assessing land tenure issues and resolve tenure security, identify & resolve barriers to people’s participation, analyze decision-making process, facilitate engagement of all relevant stakeholder groups

Providing the suitable technologies and approaches through stocktaking of successful and available technologies and approaches suitable for sustainable land-use (e.g. reforestation, assisted natural regeneration, mixed plantings, agroforestry, high-density planting, site-species matching, etc.)

Capacity development and extension through identifying capacity-development needs, developing capacity-building programs, developing network/knowledge platforms to disseminate good practices

Resource mobilization through identification of available regional, national budget where FLR may fit, integrate FLR in regional and national budget, and seek innovative budget source.

Private sector investment by increasing engagement of private sector funding for FLR

Information dissemination and research needs by facilitating access to information and updates by varied audiences, identifying knowledge gaps that could be addressed by research institutions, robust M & E system with reliable indictors of FLR success.


Restore degraded lands in the ARB, secure and protect remaining forests in the uplands to encourage water recharge areas, reduction of runoff and erosion that contaminate water sources; increased livelihood opportunities, harmonize conflicting land-uses.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 13,463,800,000


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture, Private Sector (e.g. multi-national companies, power companies, water service providers)


Years 1-3 (Short-term): Assessment of land degradation and restoration opportunities; Creating the enabling environment; Development of the institutional setting; Addressing governance issues; Capacity development and extension.

Years 4-7 (Medium-term): Providing the suitable technologies and approaches; Private sector investment; Capacity development and extension; Information dissemination and research needs.

Years 8-15 (Long-term): Providing the suitable technologies and approaches; Private sector investment; Capacity development and extension; Information dissemination and research needs.





Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture, Local Government Units, Private Sector (e.g. multi-national companies, power companies, water service providers), Department of the Interior and Local Government, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

3.3.2 Conservation Forest Villages Project

Rationale:

Unsustainable farming practices, especially in upland areas, have been identified as one of the causes of watershed degradation in the Agno River Basin (ARB). Since such practices result to high erosion rates, siltation in river systems, and loss of soil productivity, the widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices is an integral component of forest landscape restoration in the ARB. Furthermore, promoting sustainable farming will also help divert upland households from other unsustainable livelihood practices like timber poaching and charcoal making. Among sustainable sloping farming practices, agroforestry has proven to be a potent tool in increasing the productivity of farms in sloping areas as well as insuring the integrity of the ecology of the same, particularly the soil and water resources thereat. There are numerous agroforestry technologies that can very well be applied given the conditions in the sloping areas of the river basin that have been subjected to non-sustainable farming practices. The practice of agroforestry in the upland areas of the river basin will not only promote sustainable farming practices but will also provide numerous benefits to the farming communities in the said areas.


Objectives:

1. To sustain the protection, management, and development of forest lands within Agno River Basin to address the key issue on denudation and degradation of forest environment;

2. To enhance farmers’ adoption of Sloping Land Management technologies; 3. To capacitate key groups & stakeholders in the community to better manage

fragile upland resources; 4. To conduct multi-stakeholder consultations to ensure upland community

development is on sustainable basis; and 5. To establish linkages for capacity building and provision of support systems for

conservation farming.


1. The Barangay Sagip Saka Program approach shall be adopted. The Conservation Forest Villages (CFV) is a modality for enhancing transfer of conservation farming technologies and practices to upland farming communities and is being promoted by the UP Los Baños over the previous years. It seeks to create a model village where majority, if not all, of the farmers’ practice sustainable farming and other sloping agricultural land technologies. It empowers farmers to become vanguards of sloping land resources, taps active leadership of LGUs and other stakeholders, and provides technical assistance through the state universities or colleges. The goal of CFV is to implement conservation farming practices that will sustain and improve human lives through better livelihood agricultural productivity and environmental security of communities living in the marginal sloping lands.




2. Following the CFV approach, a comprehensive assessment of local farming practices in the river basin causing environmental degradation shall be carried out. From actual experiences, these farming practices would likely be mono cropping with heavy usage of inorganic fertilizers and chemical substances to combat against pests and diseases.

3. There will also be the likelihood of farms and farmers doing sustainable farming activities on sloping lands. These farmers are those who have gone through training and cross-farm visits courtesy of previous upland development programs carried out by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Agriculture (DA), other government agencies, as well as non-government organizations before. Simultaneous with the conduct of no. 1, there will also be the identification and location of such farms in the river basin.

4. Capitalizing on the existence of farmer POs in the river basin, model farmers (farmer volunteers) shall be identified and their farms designated as model farms, which shall be transformed into science, and technology based farms showcasing the different conservation farming technologies applicable in the area. Suitable criteria for the selection of farmers and their farms shall be developed. Participatory approaches shall be adopted all throughout the project duration.

5. A capacity building activity on sustainable farming techniques (agroforestry) will be undertaken following a training needs assessment exercise. Priority participants during the different capability building exercises shall be the farmer volunteers as well as the field extension agents from the municipalities covered by the watershed (MAOs and MENROs) and other change agents.

6. The science and technology based model farms will then be built. Subsequent capacity building exercises for other farmers and change agents shall then be conducted on these model farms with the model farmers as trainers. Appropriate agroforestry systems and practices, soil and water conservation measures, and other upland farming technologies shall be adopted and packaged.

7. A support system for the marketing of agroforestry farm products shall then be developed by and among the farmers themselves with institutional backing up of the local government units concerned.

8. The farmers and their farmers’ organizations shall also be linked to other development agencies, donor organizations and other sources of funds for the further development of the communities. The key role of the local government units is recognized in this particular undertaking. Other support activities designed to make the endeavor sustainable shall be pursued.

9. IEC materials suitable for the watershed shall be developed.

Expected Benefits/Impacts:

Reduced soil erosion Reduced siltation in water bodies Substantial increase in forest cover Provision of livelihood to watershed communities Commercialization of research and development technologies and products Improved enabling environment for sustainable forest management in the ARB Basin-wide participation and accountability for all watershed stakeholders

Indicative Cost:

PHP 919,570,000





Official Development Assistance, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Private-Public Partnership, Internal Revenue Allotment




Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Local Government Units, Non-Government Organizations, Peoples’ Organizations

3.3.3 River Basin Protection and Conservation Project

Rationale:

Unsustainable human activities degrade the ecosystems and the services provided by the Agno River Basin (ARB). To ensure the preservation of the remaining forest cover in the ARB, it is important to minimize if not totally stop the occurrence of destructive activities in the area. This can be done through the implementation of proactive and preemptive forest protection activities, which are designed to prevent potential forest violators from committing illegal acts in the first place. Furthermore, this is necessary to effectively enforce policies and programs towards stricter monitoring and protection of the river basin.

Location:

Protected Areas, Key Biodiversity Areas, and Forest areas of the Agno River Basin

Objectives:

To minimize the degradation of river basin due to illegal activities by creating and institutionalizing a Multisectoral Law Enforcement Team (MLET) under the supervision of the River Basin Council.


Activities shall include:

1. Formation and organization of multi-sectoral law enforcement team (MLET)

The River Basin Council will spearhead the formation of MLET. Since the bulk of the task will be monitoring and enforcement of environmental policies, the task force shall be comprised mainly of representatives from Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) field offices (CENRO and PENRO) for monitoring and field visits; Philippine National Police (PNP) for the law enforcement and apprehension of violators; LGU representatives particularly from MAO and MENRO for more efficient local coordination and field visits; and volunteers from local communities particularly those who are members of People’s Organizations, Civil Service Organizations, and other relevant stakeholders for reporting of illegal activities through forest patrol. Training on monitoring and law enforcement will be done to equip the task force in performing its duties. To ensure the legal mandate of the Task Force, the River Basin Management Office shall take the initiative to institutionalize it through a memorandum of agreement with concerned LGUs, PNP and DENR.

2. Establishment and operations of checkpoints

Checkpoints will be located at chokepoints where illegally harvested forest products will most likely pass through. The MLET will facilitate the operating and monitoring of




these checkpoints in identified hotspot areas. The team will be responsible for the conduct of ground surveillance and forest patrols to catch illegal forestry activities within the watershed/basin. The team will be equipped/provided with communication radios, cameras, firearms and intelligence funds.

3. Ground operation

This involves the deployment of protection officers to where actual violations are being committed. The deployed officers are expected to document and gather evidence for subsequent apprehension and prosecution of offenders. The MLET will also be responsible for the apprehension and litigation of violators, and must be supported by concerned legal agencies and institutions in the filing of cases.

4. Forest monitoring

The MLET will regularly contribute updated information on the status of resources and the events that happen in the watershed on a regular basis in the Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System (IMIDSS) of the ARB.

5. Public information campaign in support of law enforcement

Information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign will be made an integral part of the project and will not be a mere supplementary activity. Various IEC materials will be developed and the conduct of intensive IEC campaign will be undertaken. There will be coordination with media groups to ensure better dissemination of information and that proper procedures are followed. It is also intended to enhance support of local communities in the implementation of protection activities.


The successful protection of the watershed and its resources from destructive activities, thereby ensuring the continual supply of ecosystem services from the ARB forests.

Indicative Cost:

Year 1: PHP 7,000,000 Year 2: PHP 4,000,000 Years 3-15: PHP 3,000,000

Total: PHP 50,000,000


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, LGU’s, Energy Companies




The proposed River Basin Management Office, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Local Government Unit; Local Communities

3.3.4 Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring

Rationale:

Natural resources within the Agno River Basin (ARB) are currently degrading without it having been fully assessed. The impacts, therefore, of various activities to these




resources are difficult to quantify and examine. It is high time that a comprehensive natural assessment and monitoring system be established for the whole river basin to gain a better understanding of these changes. Knowing such will guide policy-makers craft relevant and important policies that will help protect and conserve these resources. Similarly, decision-makers will also be guided by this information.

Location:

In different natural ecosystems across the altitudinal gradient of the river basin.

Objectives:

1. To account all natural resources in the river basin; 2. To monitor impacts of external and internal factors on the river basin’s natural

resources; and 3. To aid the watershed management council in its decision-making.


A basin-wide assessment of all natural resources and setup of permanent biodiversity monitoring plots.


Accounting of the river basin’s natural resources Knowledge of current biodiversity level of the watershed Temporal changes in the river basin’s natural resources

Indicative Cost:

PHP 30,000,000.00


Private institutions (e.g. mining companies, power companies), Department of Science and Technology, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture (i.e. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Bureau of Soil and Water Management)


Years 1-3: Natural Resources Assessment Years 2-15: Long term Monitoring


Department of Science and Technology, Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Department of Agriculture (i.e. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Bureau of Soil and Water Management), State Universities and Colleges.




CHAPTER 4 - WETLAND MANAGEMENT

4.1 Challenges

Similar to basin management, the core problem of wetlands in the Agno River Basin (ARB) is wetland degradation. Two main drivers (water degradation and land conversion) and one institutional factor (lack of institutional arrangement for wetland management) were identified as the primary causes of wetland degradation in the ARB.

Water degradation is probably the biggest problem for wetlands in the ARB. One of its major causes is environmental pollution due to improper waste management of both solid and domestic wastes. Most local wastes are inadequately disposed or treated. As indicated in the previous sections, only a third of the river basin households have their wastes collected by local trash collection systems, and most are yet to be connected to a suitable wastewater treatment facility in order to treat domestic effluents. Sedimentation due to erosion and deforestation is also another major cause of water degradation. Unsustainable livelihood practices, mining, and quarrying operations are also attributed as primary causes of wetland degradation in the ARB, coupled with increasing rainfall intensity. Furthermore, the lack of general awareness on the importance of wetlands also contributes to water degradation.

Additionally, land conversion has decreased the area of natural wetlands especially along riparian and coastal areas. The conversion of riparian areas to agricultural land is driven by the high agricultural productivity of these areas due to the rich upland soil regularly deposited along riverbanks when inundated during the rainy season, and the availability of water for irrigation. In coastal areas, wetland conversion is driven by the increasing demand for aquaculture. Mangrove areas were converted to fishponds to fuel aquaculture production. In fact, the volume of aquaculture production increased 12-fold from about 8,000 tons in 1980 to 110,000 tons in 2012.

Finally, wetland degradation is also a product of the indefinite institutional arrangements related to wetland management. Most local government units do not integrate wetland management into local plans partly because of several factors. Among which are: 1) comprehensive wetland management is not mandatory in the formulation of local plans, 2) lack of knowledge and capability in wetland management, 3) unchecked human activities has resulted to wetland conversion thereby the effective area for wetland management, and 4) overlapping agency jurisdictions resulting to unnecessary complications.


Goal:

Well-managed wetland and coastal ecosystems to sustain aquatic resources.

Objectives:

a. To conserve inland wetland and coastal wetland resources

b. To protect aquatic and wetland associated species and habitat

Strategy:

Wetland rehabilitation and conservation




4.3 Wetlands Enhancement Program

4.3.1 Riparian Area Management and Restoration Project

Rationale:

Managing riparian areas pose a great challenge especially to developing countries as multiple infrastructures and development activities are situated along the water bodies. The delineation in river easements is defined in Article 51 of the Water Code of the Philippines which states:

“The banks of rivers and streams and the shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire length and within a zone of three (3) meters in urban areas, twenty (20) meters in agricultural areas and forty (40) meters in forest areas, along their margins are subject to the easement of public use in the interest of recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing and salvage. No person shall be allowed to stay in this zone longer than what is necessary for recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing or salvage or to build structures of any kind.”

Given the regulations, it is clear that developments are limited up to a certain extent. However, poor enforcement leads to deterioration of the riparian zones, wetlands, biodiversity, water quality and economic benefits from these ecosystems.

Location:

All river systems within the Agno River Basin

Objectives:

To restore and rehabilitate riparian zones and connected wetlands through proper management and strict enforcement of existing laws and regulations.


1. Easement Clearing Project on the basis of Article 51 of P.D. No. 1067 Water Code (resettlements, localized dredging on strategic sites, clean-up drives, removal of trees and vegetation that encroaches the easement)

2. “Bantay Ilog” Project applying collaborative management of rivers and riparian zones

3. Natural soil and water conservation measures for riverbank stabilization 4. Capacity-building for stakeholders (trainings and workshops for tools such as

GIS, modeling, management courses) 5. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns on importance of

riparian areas in connection with wetlands


Improved regulation of sediments from the watersheds Reduction of flooding in riparian areas and flood plains Reduction of siltation in water bodies (streams and rivers) Improvement in water quality Enhanced biodiversity in wetlands Reduction in soil and water pollution Increase in productivity of wetlands goods and services Increased public awareness and sense of ownership




Indicative Cost:

PHP 105,000,000.00


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Internal Revenue Allotment, Asian Development Bank, Global Environment Facility, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Public-Private Partnerships




Department of Environment and Natural Resources, National Irrigation Administration, Department of Public Works and Highways, Local Government Units, State Universities and Colleges, Non-Government Organizations; Peoples’ Organizations.

4.3.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

Rationale:

The coastal and marine resources of the Philippines are of national and global importance because of their rich biodiversity and valuable contribution to the economy, however these resources are declining and are under threats due to human activities. Coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and other important coastal habitats are under severe stress with consequential decrease in the production of coastal fisheries. The resource depletion has affected the livelihood of fisher folks, an overwhelming majority of whom lives in poverty.

In order to promote the sustainable use of coastal zones, Executive Order No. 533 s. 2006 mandates the adoption of Integrated Coastal Management approach for all coastal and marine areas taking into account the interconnectedness of watersheds, wetlands, and coastal areas. This national strategy aims to achieve food security, sustainable livelihood, poverty alleviation, reduction of vulnerability to natural hazards and preserving ecological integrity.

Location:

Across all coastal zones in the Agno River Basin.

Objectives:

1. To promote sustainable management of coastal resources; and 2. To sustain reliable income for coastal communities.


To construct and implement Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans in accordance with the development activities in CLUPs


Biodiversity enhancement in coastal areas and nearby wetlands Improved coastal habitats through restoration and rehabilitation efforts Substantial increase in fisheries production Reduced soil and water pollution Regulate activities in watershed which may affect the coastal zones




Balanced resource allocation and timely implementation of the plans and activities in coastal zones

Indicative Cost:

PHP 84,000,000.00


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Local Government Units, Internal Revenue Allotment, Asian Development Bank, Global Environment Facility


Years 1-2: Integrated Coastal Zone Management Planning Years 4-15: Plan Implementation


Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; Philippine Coast Guard; Local Government Units; State Universities and Colleges; Peoples’ Organizations.

4.3.3 Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Project

Rationale:

The excessive exploitation of the natural resources in Philippine wetlands greatly affect the direct and indirect benefits we obtain from it such as fisheries, wood and non-wood products, natural filter, erosion and flood control mechanisms. The degradation of wetlands is primarily due to poor decision-making with regards to its management taking into account its unique features. The protection and conservation of wetlands and its biodiversity are given low or no importance undermining its true value. The conversion of wetlands to more profitable land use alters the connectivity of ecosystems. The deterioration of wetland goods and services strongly affect the poorest of the communities as they rely on these for subsistence.

Location:

Wetland Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring Stations will be established in consonance with the Water Quality Monitoring Stations at every sub-basin.

Objectives:

To enhance the biodiversity and productivity in the wetlands of the Agno River Basin.


Activities:

1. Biodiversity Assessment and Mapping in Wetlands

In biodiversity assessment, possible parameters would include the following: mangroves, mangroves associates, sea grasses, corals, fishes, plankton (phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton), macrobenthic invertebrates, aquatic insects, marine and freshwater wildlife, and others. Distribution, richness, and diversity, together with its conservation status (threatened and endangered) will be reported and mapped.




2. Wetland Biodiversity Monitoring

Monitoring of the abovementioned parameter shall be carried out at least once in dry season and wet season. Emergency monitoring activities shall be done in “worst case scenarios” such as major fish kills, significant water pollution cases and the like.

3. Integration of Wetlands Information in the Integrated Management Information and Decision-Support System of the Agno River Basin

The information system will be managed by the MIS arm of the RBMO in cooperation with LGU’s and partner universities. The information will be made readily available to stakeholders.


Biodiversity enhancement in coastal areas and nearby wetlands Enhanced income from wetlands goods and services Easy access to biodiversity information leading to improved management plans

and decisions

Indicative Cost:

PHP 20,000,000.00


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Internal Revenue Allotment, Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund for Nature, Department of Budget and Management through General Appropriations, Asian Development Bank, Global Environment Facility, Public-Private Partnerships


Years 1-2: Wetland resources assessment and mapping Years 3-15: Wetland resources monitoring


Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Local Government Units, State Universities and Colleges




CHAPTER 5 - DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

5.1 Challenge

Flooding is the core issue for disaster and risk reduction and management in the Agno River Basin (ARB). The central valley of the ARB is especially susceptible to floods during the rainy season. This is due to streamflow from the northern and southern headwaters of the river basin converging into the relatively level terrain with the natural floodplains of the Agno River and its tributaries extending across the valley. These flood events often result to negative impacts in the ARB communities. Unmitigated and aggravated by the projected increase in total annual rainfall and rainfall intensity, this may lead to further loss of life, property, and livelihood; damage to infrastructure; and increased incidence of waterborne diseases. Furthermore, agriculture is also one of the sectors more vulnerable to floods. Crop and livestock loss would result to a decrease in agricultural productivity, low farm income, and low food supply, which leads to a short-term increase in food prices.

However, the current array of flood control structures is not capable of reducing flood-associated disaster risk to levels deemed acceptable by local communities and institutions. The high up-front capital requirements of infrastructure development, design, and construction coupled with the fiscal constraints of local, regional, and national institutions limit the number and extent of new flood control structures leading to the prioritization of repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Sedimentation and siltation of waterways also exacerbates the flooding problem since it decreases the channeling capacity of river systems in the ARB, resulting to more frequent flooding. The root cause of siltation in the river basin are mining, quarrying, unsustainable livelihood practices, and improper land use zoning, which create conditions of more rapid soil erosion (i.e. deforestation and vegetation loss, conversion of land to uses not conforming to the land capability). More intense rainfall patterns projected for 2050 could also potentially increase sedimentation in the ARB.


Goal: Improved resiliency and adaptive capacities of communities against natural and anthropogenic disasters, and impacts of climate change.

Objectives:

a. Enhance Coping Capacities of Communities Against Climate-induced disasters b. Reduce impacts and risks of hazards on basin communities c. Provide dependable hazard mitigation infrastructures d. Reduce soil erosion and sedimentation

Strategies:

a. Enhance the resiliency of basin communities to adverse climate impacts b. Mitigate disaster risk in disaster prone areas

Revised Integrated River Basin Management Development Strategy

30 DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN FOR THE AGNO RIVER BASIN

5.3 Disaster Risk Management Program

5.3.1 Hazards Forecasting and Warning System Project

Rationale:

The Implementing Rule and Regulations of Republic Act 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2011, emphasized the development and improvement of early warning systems as an essential mechanism in order to generate and disseminate timely, efficient, and meaningful warning information to Local Government Units (LGUs). Such systems enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard, to prepare and act appropriately in a timely manner in order to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.

Location:

Middle Reach of Major Rivers in the ARB

Objectives:

1. To establish a reliable multi-hazard early warning system; 2. To enhance knowledge and data on local hazard risks; 3. To improve the timeliness and accuracy of local hazard forecasting; 4. To effectively facilitate and disseminate messages and warnings ensuring

constant local disaster preparedness; 5. To reduce the risk disasters caused by natural hazards through timely and

appropriate response; and 6. To support hazard and risk related planning and decision-making.


The project will primarily involve the development of a multi-hazard early warning system. This will also include the capacity building of local communities on the use, operation, analysis, and maintenance of the early warning system. The early warning system shall be people-centered and shall be comprised of four (4) key elements:

1. Risk Awareness and Knowledge; 2. Monitoring, Analysis and Forecasting of Hazards; 3. Communication and Dissemination of Alerts and Warnings; and 4. Local Response Capability.


Provide the affected communities ample time to prepare and respond accordingly when threatened with disasters

Empower local governments to make informed decisions when needed and under conditions when higher level guidance or advisory is not available

Indicative Cost:

PHP 40,000,000.00




Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF), National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund, Office of Civil Defense




National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices, Local government units, MIS Unit of the proposed River Basin Management Office

5.3.2 Local Disaster Preparedness Project

Rationale:

Republic Act 10121, otherwise known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, establishes the need to strengthen the country’s disaster management. This is in light of the fact that the country lies in the typhoon path and is prone to other natural hazards. The Agno River Basin (ARB) experiences the same events where flooding and landslide occur during storm passage. The same problems were raised during a consultative meeting with various stakeholders. Thus, the need to further develop the local communities’ capacity to reduce risk and manage their jurisdiction in times of disaster.

Location:

All cities and municipalities in the ARB

Objectives:

1. To capacitate the local community in disaster preparedness; 2. To establish protocols to follow during disasters; and 3. To minimize casualties and damages during disasters.


Construction of climate-resilient evacuation areas and provision of life saving devices. Education and capacity building of local government units (LGUs) and the public to form disaster preparedness plans in each municipality and the creation of emergency and rescue team.


Reduced casualties and damage from disasters. Quicker response time and proper planning will lead to a decrease in disaster victims, reduction in loss and damage to property, and more coordinated disaster responses in the municipality.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 365,000,000.00




Internal Revenue Allotment, Department of Budget and Management through General Appropriations, Private Institutions, Official Development Assistance, Local Government Units




Local Government Units, Department of Interior and Local Governance, Office of Civil Defense, Mines and Geosciences Bureau

5.3.3 Disaster-Prone Communities Relocation Project

Rationale:

Some areas in the river basin, poses a high enough risk that relocation is the best method to avoid disasters in the future. Relocating high disaster risk communities must take in to account the area to be relocated to, and the relative safety compared to the previous location. Other factors such as population size, livelihood, and willingness of the relocated population must also be taken to account.

Location:

Low-lying and high-risk areas within the Agno River Basin.

Objectives:

1. To identify available and safe relocations areas; 2. To relocate high disaster risk communities to safer areas; 3. To generate livelihood opportunities for the relocated community, family or

individuals; and 4. To develop a relocation plan for the affected communities.


Activities of the project shall include identifying potential relocation beneficiaries like people who need to be relocated from areas prone to sudden-onset natural hazards, whose livelihoods are threatened by slow-onset effects of climate change, and who need to find permanent home. It shall also include identifying potential relocation sites, planning and developing relocation sites relocation of beneficiaries, and and delivery of public services to relocation sites.


Reduced loss of lives during extreme events Increased control over high disaster risk locations, allowing for appropriate

management of area

Indicative Cost:

PHP 1,260,000,000.00




Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Department of Social Welfare and Development, Department of Budget and Management




Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Department of Social Welfare and Development, Local Government Unit.

5.4 Climate-Adaptive Hazard Mitigation Infrastructure Program

Climate change is a growing threat to the country; therefore, development of hazard mitigation infrastructure design and standards is essential in reducing damage to property and lives due to extreme events. By spreading the knowledge among the population, the locals will be more prepared to handle climate related hazards thus, increasing the overall resilience of the river basin.

5.4.1 Flood Control Project

Rationale:

Flooding is a major problem within the river basin. Actually, it is the most common natural hazard in the Agno River Basin (ARB). Perennial flooding has caused tremendous impacts on local communities, especially along the floodplains, causing the loss of lives, property, and livelihood. Because of the extent and frequency of the flooding, about 121,588 hectares of the river basin are highly susceptible to floods and 109,868 hectares have moderate to low susceptibility. A flood control program customized for the flood problems of the Agno River Basin would be most effective in mitigating floods in the area.

Location:

Low-lying, flood prone areas in Pangasinan at inlet floodway to Carmen, Lingayen, Labrador, San Carlos City, Urbiztondo, Bayambang, Malasiqui, Villasis, Urdaneta, and Santa Maria. Also parts of Tarlac Moncada, Paniqui and Gerona and junction to inlet floodway, areas near rivers and other bodies of waters

Objectives:

1. To effectively reduce flood-associated disaster risks; 2. To ensure the proper maintenance of flood control structures; 3. To educate communities on the contributions of unsustainable human activities

to flooding; and 4. To conduct further studies in identifying appropriate flood control approaches

and strategies for the Agno River Basin.


This aims to reduce flooding in the ARB by constructing diversion and floodway structures, dikes and other flood control infrastructures along Agno River, its major tributaries including Viray-Dipalo River, Ambayaoan River, Banila River, Tarlac River



and Camiling River. Communities will be reminded of their practices that contribute to flooding events like improper disposal of garbage, clogging drainage and waterways. Capacity building to increase flood control knowledge among the local government units (LGUs) and the local population will be reinforced.


Reduction of flooding in flood prone areas, reduced damage to property, decrease in loss of life due to floods, and enhance local capacity to plan and implement flood control measures.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 6,600,000,000.00


Official Development Assistance, Department of Budget and Management through General Appropriations




Department of Public Works and Highways, National Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation Council, Local Government Units

5.4.2 Slope Stabilization Project

Rationale:

Slope stabilization is especially important in mountainous regions to reduce the occurrence of landslides. By stabilizing the slopes, roads will be kept clear of debris, avoiding traffic jams due to buried roads, and major landslides are less likely to occur, saving human lives and property.

Location:

Landslide and erosion susceptible areas of Bokod, Badaya, Nbalicon, Adaoay, Gusaran, Labey, Badayan, Ambayoan, Quiray, Cagubay, Bayaoas, Subol, Baracbac, Ambayoan, and Banila in Benguet; parts of Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya; parts of Aguilar, Bugallon, Mangatarem, Natividad, San Nicolas, San Quintin, and Umingan in Pangasinan; and parts Camiling, Gerona, Moncada, and Tarlac City in Tarlac.

Objectives:

1. To identify areas susceptible to landslide or soil erosion; 2. To minimize shallow landslides through slope stabilization; and 3. To reduce disaster risks related to soil movement.


Construction or upgrading of slope protection structures, and the application of appropriate slope stabilization technologies and soil erosion control measures within the ARB. Engineering measures are recommended for heavily eroded areas and steep slopes but revegetation of critical slopes should also be part of the long-term solution. The selection of appropriate technology will depend on the following factors: 1) location of the susceptible area; 2) extent and degree of erosion; and 3) cost effectiveness. Thus,



slope stabilization measures may be utilized individually or in combination and may include the following:

Engineering measures – i.e. terracing, ponds, diversion canals, check dams, ripraps, gabions, retaining walls, shotcrete.

Vegetative measures – i.e. mulching, sodding, brush matting, fascines, strip cropping, cocomats.

Vengineering measures – i.e. bamboo checkdam, riprap with cuttings

Vegetative measures such as the planting of non-invasive trees (e.g. Gliricidia sepium, Broussonetia papyrifera, Leucaena leucocephala), shrubs (e.g. Cecropia peltata, Nauclea orientalis, Tithonia diversifolia), vines (e.g. Centrosema sp., Pueraria sp., Collopogonium sp.), and grasses (Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao, Thysonolaena latifolia) will be allocated for approximately 156,000 lineal meters of rolling terrain in the river basin. Gabions will also be constructed along the rivers to stabilize the banks against erosion, serve as floodwalls, filter silt from runoff, and to direct the force of a flow of floodwater around a vulnerable structure.


Reduced damage to roads resulting to less transport delays due to road blockage Reduction of landslide damage to lives and property Reduction of siltation and soil erosion rates

Indicative Cost:

PHP 550,000,000.00


Official Development Assistance, Department of Budget and Management, Department of Public Works and Highways




Department of Public Works and Highways, National Irrigation Administration, Local Government Units

5.4.3 Sediment Control Project

Rationale:

Due to the high sedimentation in the river basin, much particles have already settled and clogged river systems, making reduction of the existing sediments as important as reduction of the sediment inflow. Dredging would clear the rivers of sediment, increasing the river capacity and allowing use of the waterways for transportation if necessary. Dredging may also be done at dams to increase their service life. The dams in the Agno River Basin (ARB) have been reported to have high sediment yield, decreasing their service life. The river basin has had problems with high siltation in its bodies of water, which leads to stream choking and clogging of dams and reservoirs. Construction of sediment containment systems can be used to trap silt and suspended particles, reducing the amount of sediments that can reach downstream, thus, reducing their harmful effects. To ensure the successful performance of erosion and sediment control



measures, it is essential to monitor the control measures and to adjust, modify, and install additional controls to address evolving conditions.

Location:

Sediment Containment Systems: middle reach of major rivers within the river basin

Dredging: Lower reach of major rivers within the river basin, at major dams and reservoirs. Part of Pangasinan at inlet floodway to Carmen, Lingayen, Labrador, San Carlos City, Urbiztondo, Bayambang, Malasiqui, Villasis, Urdaneta, and Santa Maria; also part of Tarlac Moncada, Paniqui and Gerona and junction to inlet floodway

Objectives:

1. To construct sediment basins, traps, and barriers to contain sediments; 2. To increase the channeling capacity of major river systems at the lower reach

through dredging or bank enhancement; and 3. To ensure that the control measures put in place are properly maintained in

serviceable condition to remain effective.


Construction of sediment containment systems in major rivers within the ARB. Dredging of clogged major rivers in the river basin. Establishment of an erosion and sedimentation monitoring system.


Increased service life of the river basin’s dams and reservoirs, and reduced increase of flooding during extreme weather events.

Increase serviceability and lifespan of erosion and sedimentation control measures

Predict erosion and sedimentation rate for appropriate actions.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 2,550,000,000.00


Department of Budget and Management, National Water Resources Board, Official Development Assistance, Internal Revenue Allotment.




National Water Resources Board; National Irrigation Administration, Department of Public Works and Highways, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Local Government Units



CHAPTER 6 - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Challenges

Poverty is the core issue of economic development in the river basin. This is evident in areas where there is high poverty incidence. Sustaining such condition in the long-term may increase vulnerability of marginalized sectors in the Agno River Basin (ARB) to climate change.

This is caused primarily by insufficient infrastructure to support economic growth, low agricultural income, low fishery income, increasing climate risks, limited employment and livelihood opportunities, limited access to public goods and services, and heavy reliance on natural resource-dependent economic activities.


Goal:

A sustainable, climate-resilient, and inclusive economy with ample opportunities for livelihood and entrepreneurship.

Objectives:

a. Develop the river basin's potential for trade and commerce

b. Foster sustainable and climate-resilient economic growth and development

c. Ensure reliable, efficient, and equitable provision of infrastructure services

d. Reduce poverty

Strategies:

a. Increase livelihood opportunities and access to public services

b. Promote climate-resilient economic activities

c. Stimulate and optimize integrated infrastructure planning and development


38 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN FOR THE AGNO RIVER BASIN

6.3 Inclusive Development Support Program

6.3.1 Industry and Enterprise Development Project

Rationale:

The river basin offers a variety of resources, which local communities can process to earn additional income. Industry and Enterprise Development shall be a community-based livelihood approach where households can organize themselves into a small enterprise organization to produce and sell products out of the abundant available resources such as vines, fiber, bamboo, rattan, exudates, and honeybees that the watershed freely provides. With its income-generating potential, there is a need to assess the potential non-wood products, and thereby design suitable cottage-based industries or community-based technologies to process them.

Location:

Basin wide, with emphasis on upland, coastal, and rural communities.

Objectives:

1. To assess the availability and abundance of non-wood raw materials; 2. To determine the appropriate technologies and skills required to process raw

materials into marketable products; 3. To determine potential capital sources and market for the end products through

feasibility studies Project Description:

The feasibility study will capture the availability of non-wood raw materials from the watershed. Logically, the abundant, cheap, and readily sourced materials will be selected as basis for crafting the appropriate cottage-based products. Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and Department of Agriculture (DA) will spearhead the technological design development while the establishment of cottage-based industry will be co-coordinated by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). The role of the local government units (LGUs) will be to assist farmer groups in marketing their products.


Local industry and enterprise will be identified. This has the potential to help provide local income and offer alternative livelihood options to relieve the watershed from pressures being brought by illegal cutting and mining.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 250,000,000.00


Department of Budget and Management, Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, National Economic Development Authority, Foreign Grants






Local Government Units in partnership with the Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Non-Government Organizations (for capacity building).

6.3.2 Cooperative Development for Natural Resource-Based Enterprises

Rationale:

Rural livelihoods and enterprises can be further strengthened through the development and enhancement of cooperative groups. Cooperatives offer a good opportunity for small ventures to develop, and the existing ones to expand. Through time, farmer cooperatives have been very instrumental in providing smart financial management options in terms of savings, crediting and re-investment of capital for more productive purpose.


Objectives:

The establishment and enhancement of rural-based cooperatives will help address the problem of lack or insufficient capital that local people needs for livelihood development. Ultimately, it will help address poverty because cooperative development will create mechanisms that will enrich partnerships or cooperation among members to achieve more income-productive investments. Cooperative also provide opportunities to help the association connect with funding institutions who would want to help in providing capital for local livelihood development. Likewise, cooperatives could facilitate emergency loans to farmers and other entrepreneurs when farms or their businesses are damaged by typhoon and other natural calamities brought about by changing climatic pattern.


The proposed program will involve the following components:

1. IEC campaign on the importance of cooperatives 2. Identification of potential rural-based cooperative development projects

particularly the established People’s Organizations with good track-record in implementing government projects

3. Feasibility studies of identified potential project sites (organizations/ communities)

4. Organizational development 5. Institutionalization or registration of cooperatives


The program is expected to raise local awareness, appreciation and participation in forming cooperatives, and ultimately help improve local income or coping mechanisms to climate change effects.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 20,000,000.00




Department of Budget and Management, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Trade and Industry, Foreign grants.


Year 5-15 (Long-term)


Non-Government Organizations in partnership with Local Government Units and Cooperative Development Authority

6.3.3 Livelihood Development for Minority and Marginalized Sectors

Rationale:

Key to successful and sustainable river basin management is the adherence of programs and projects to gender sensitivity and empowerment principles. Women, elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized sectors. Empowering these groups will further encourage their collective participation in watershed, water, and wetland conservation.


Objectives:

1. To conduct livelihood trainings and seminars for women, elderly and youth; and 2. To provide small capital for small-business enterprises for minority and

marginalized sectors. Project Description:

Trainings will be conducted in collaboration with LGUs, DENR, TESDA and DTI. Majority of the funds will come from GOP. External funds will also be sourced from agroindustry and private companies’ corporate social responsibility programs.


Increased livelihood and employment opportunities for minority and marginalized sectors

Increased local income

Estimated Cost:

PHP 10,000,000.00

Possible source of funding:

Private companies; Department of Budget and Management, Local Government Units, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, Department of Trade and Industry






Local Government Units; proposed River Basin Management Council, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, Department of Trade and Industry

6.3.4 Ancestral Domain Enhancement Project

Rationale:

The Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) ensures that ICCs/IPs comply with their responsibilities in maintaining ecological balance, restore denuded areas and observe the requirements of the IPRA. Moreover, it ensures that the conduct of the FPIC process is facilitated; and 3) provides a checklist of prioritized programs and projects for collaborative efforts with development partners and/or grant of assistance to ICCs/IPs (NCIP AO 1 S. 2004).

Location: Areas with CADT within the Agno River Basin

Objectives:

a. To craft new and update the existing ADSDPPs; and b. To incorporate climate change and disaster risk reduction and management considerations in ADSDPP


There is a need to craft an ADSDPP for the area under CADT within the Agno River Basin that will take into consideration climate change and disaster risk reduction and management.

NCIP Administrative Order No 1 provides that the ICC/IP shall be responsible for the formulation of the ADSDPP, although they tap the services and expertise of agencies and supporting organizations. The crafting or updating of the ADSDPP will thus be led by the ICC/IP concerned.

Activities:

As provided in NCIP AO 1, the phases of ADSDPP formulation are as follows:

Phase 1. Preliminary activities and social mobilization Phase 2. Date gathering and assessment Phase 3. Planning Phase 4. Plan promotion and marketing To incorporate the climate change and vulnerability aspects, the ADSDPP shall contain the following parts, with Part II being the result of the study of Quimbo et al. (2016):

Part 1. Ancestral domain profile Part 2. Historical trends, climate change projections and vulnerability assessments Part 3. Development framework Part 4. Investment plan Part 5. Implementation policies and mechanisms Expected Benefits or Impacts:

Climate-proofed ADSDPP for IPs in the Cagayan River Basin



Indicative Cost:

PHP 32 Million


ODA, LGUs




Local Government Units, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

6.4 Sustainable Climate-Resilient Livelihood Program

6.4.1 Climate-Smart Agriculture Project

Rationale:

As farmers grapple with the impacts of climate change, this project will help them learn and apply strategies on how they can prepare and adapt to the foreseen climatic extremes and variabilities. Climate-smart agriculture generally aims to sustainably increase agricultural productivity and income, adapt and build resilience to climate change, and reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.

Location:

Upland and lowland agricultural farms

Objectives:

1. To increase local awareness on climate change-agriculture interactions; and 2. To mainstream best farm-based adaptation and mitigation strategies.


Climate-smart agriculture project will have the following research, extension and development components:

1. Climate change risk and vulnerability assessment of river basin farming communities;

2. Identification and assessment of existing and indigenous farming adaptation practices (Research Component)

3. Farmers training on farm-based adaptation and mitigation planning (Extension Component)

4. Establishment of smart-agriculture model farms (Project Development Component)


This project will enhance local awareness and technical capacities of farmers to better adapt to climate change impacts. Mainstreaming of best farming practices will surely help ensure local income, while serving the purpose of mitigating climate change drivers such as greenhouse gas emissions.



Indicative Cost:

PHP 10,000,000.00


International Grants, National Economic Development Authority, Department of Budget and Management, Department of Agriculture.


Years 1-5 (Medium-term)


State Universities and Colleges and Non-Government Organizations in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

6.4.2 Sustainable Fisheries Project

Rationale:

Fisheries significantly contribute to the local economy of the ARB. Exploring the possibility of crafting a sustainable fisheries framework plan is vital to identify appropriate projects that will help protect the integrity of river basin ecosystems and sustain the fishery-based dependent livelihoods.

Location:

River basin river network and coastal areas (tied up with the Integrated Coastal Zone Management project).

Objectives:

1. To develop a sustainable fisheries framework plan; 2. To identify potential aquatic and marine conservation projects; and 3. To identify alternative livelihood sources for fisher folks in the river basin.


The proposed Sustainable Fisheries Project will largely cover the following components:

1. Biophysical and socio-economic profiling of fisheries sites 2. Participatory planning on developing the river basin sustainable fisheries

framework plan (through multi-stakeholder consultation) 3. Identification of sustainable fisheries livelihood projects 4. Feasibility studies of potential fisheries livelihood and conservation projects or

programs 5. Plan implementation, monitoring and evaluation


Crafting and implementation of sustainable fisheries framework plan will help achieve equitable development of local fisheries sector as well as enhance the ecosystem integrity of the river basin.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 10,000,000.00




International Grants, National Economic Development Authority, Department of Budget and Management, Department of Agriculture (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources)




Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, State Universities and Colleges, Non-Government Organizations

6.4.3 Community-Based Ecotourism Development Project

Rationale:

Community-based ecotourism enterprise offers a win-win scenario to address the need for watershed conservation and income source for local communities. Through this project, the level of awareness on the importance of the river basin will be raised. Such project is seen to be very effective conservation strategy in many provinces such as Bohol and Palawan. It is critical that the local government pursue a strong collaboration with local communities who are the ultimate beneficiaries and implementers of the project, following the true essence of ecotourism.

Location:

Potential ecotourism sites such as river, waterfalls, Victoria cave, and agricultural farms

Objectives:

1. To enhance conservation of the river basin’s natural resources; 2. To provide alternative, non-resource extractive livelihood opportunities; and 3. To promote ecological awareness and cultural values appreciation.


The proposed project has different components: 1. Assessment of potential ecotourism sites 2. Participatory ecotourism development planning 3. Organization and capacity building of LGU staffs and local communities to

manage the ecotourism enterprise 4. Institutionalization of the community-based ecotourism enterprise providing

therein the need financial and technical support to promote and sustain the project


The proposed project is expected to provide alternative local income and enhance local awareness on river basin ecological and cultural values hence, leading to the strengthening of local commitment to watershed conservation.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 100,000,000.00




Department of Budget and Management, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Tourism, Private Investors




Local Government Units, Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Tourism

6.4.4 Payment for Ecosystem Services System

Rationale:

River basins provide different kinds of ecosystem services, namely provisioning, regulating, cultural and support services. However, beneficiaries within and outside the river basin consume most of these ecosystem services freely. Furthermore, the capacity of the river basin to sustainably produce these ecosystem services is threatened due to

watershed degradation. There is a need to institutionalize payments for ecosystem services to provide a funding mechanism to finance the sustainable management of the river basin.

Location:

Basin-wide

Objectives:

1. To identify ES prospects and potential ES buyers and sellers; and, 2. To enhance the institutional and technical capacity of the institutions involved in

the management of the river basin to develop and implement PES


The project will develop a market for the ecosystem services produced by the Cagayan

River Basin. The payments for ecosystem services can raise funds for the management and protection of the river basin, compensate producers of ecosystem services, and allow beneficiaries of ecosystem services to pay for the benefits they consume.

Activities:

The project will include the following activities (adapted from Forest Trends et al. 2008)

1. Identify ES prospects and potential buyers 2. Assess and enhance institutional and technical capacity 3. Structure PES agreements 4. Implement PES agreements


Sustainable financing mechanism for river basin conservation

Indicative Cost:

PHP 20,000,000.00




DENR-River Basin Control Office, Asian Development Bank, World Bank, Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Unit (LGU)


Years 1-15


The proposed Agno River Basin Management Office, State Universities and Colleges, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Local Government Units, Department of Agriculture, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

6.5 Infrastructure Development Program

6.5.1 Construction, Retrofitting, and Rehabilitation of Key Facilities and Transportation Systems

Rationale:

A well-maintained transportation system is important in the development of society, allowing trade and transport in the region. A damaged transportation system would lead to disconnection of the cut off areas, stopping trade and assistance. Construction and repair of key facilities and transportation systems would be beneficial for the overall development of the river basin.

Location:

All sub-basins within the Agno River Basin (ARB)

Objectives:

1. To construct, widen, or retrofit key existing infrastructure facilities throughout the river basin;

2. To evaluate existing facilities and transportation systems in the area; 3. To retrofit key facilities and transportation systems when necessary; and 4. To repair damaged facilities and transportation systems.


Construction, retrofitting, widening, and rehabilitation of key facilities and transportation systems in keys areas within the river basin


Reduce disruption of delivery of key services to remote areas during calamities. Enhance response times and aid during times of calamity. Faster delivery of goods to various locations within and outside of the river basin.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 17,200,000,000.00


Official Development Assistance; Department of Budget and Management.






Department of Public Works and Highways, Service Utility Providers

6.5.2 Renewable Energy Project

Rationale:

Access to electricity is important for the productivity of cities and industries. With the increasing threat of climate change and scarcity of nonrenewable energy sources, renewable energy is becoming more important for long-term sustainability in the river basin. Location:

All sub-basins within the Agno River Basin (ARB)

Objectives:

1. To locate potential sources of renewable energy within the river basin; 2. To educate the local government and population on the importance of

renewable energy; and 3. To invest in the identified renewable energy sources in the river basin which

could be solar power facility and/or mini-hydropower plants.


Establishment of renewable energy program to locate renewable energy sources and to increase awareness of its importance within the local governments, and construction of the identified renewable energy source.


Increased long term sustainability of the energy sector Decrease in energy cost within the river basin

Indicative Cost:

PHP 465,000,000.00


National Grid Corporation, Department of Energy, Public-Private Partnership, Asian Development Bank; Internal Revenue Allotment; Global Environment Facility.




Department of Energy; Local Government Units, Private Energy Companies.



CHAPTER 7 - INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

7.1 Challenges

There are common cross-sectoral issues and challenges that affect most of the thematic areas (Table 7). These are underlying factors that adversely affect the river basin as a whole, and generally include institutional and policy gaps. Among the key issues observed include:

a. Lack of coordinating body for river basin planning and policy formulation in the Agno River Basin (ARB);

b. Improper or ineffective land use, management, and development planning; and lack of relevant watershed information; and

c. Weak stakeholder participation in river basin development planning, management decision making, and policy formulation


Goal: Strengthened river basin governance mechanism devoted to the improvement of the

quality of life of its people, enhancement of its ecological/environment integrity and ability to

provide, regulate, and ensure cultural and support services.

Objectives:

a. Promote integrative planning and development in the ARB b. Ensure science-and-evidence-based Management of the ARB c. Heighten the participation of stakeholders in river basin management

Strategies:

a. Integration of plans and policies in the ARB b. Improve information management in the ARB c. Empower ARB stakeholders in watershed management



7.3 Legislative Policy and Institutionalization Program

7.3.1 Creation and Institutionalization of the Agno River Basin Management Council

Rationale:

Creation of a river basin council is deemed necessary in order to address issues on (a) limited political will to implement watershed management, (b) limited compliance to environmental policies and, (c) environmental pressures caused by unsustainable human activities. The establishment of localized governance institutions has become a trend in watershed management due to wide recognition of its effectiveness in harnessing local participation and implementing environmental policies. River basin councils provide opportunities for stakeholders to represent themselves in the planning and decision-making processes. Earlier initiatives to institutionalize river management councils in the Philippines include the Laguna Lake Development Authority, Lake Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council, Iloilo River Development Council, and the Tagoloan River Basin Management Council, to name a few. Notwithstanding several limitations, these councils have been very instrumental in putting watersheds in the priority list of conservation programs.

Location:

Basin-wide

Objectives:

To organize and create a river basin council that is institutionalized by law, which will serve as the main agency that will manage and coordinate all affairs pertaining to the utilization and conservation of river basin resources.


The Agno River Basin Management Council (ARMC) shall be organized. It shall function as the governing body of the river basin responsible in policy formulation, approval of plans, and oversight function on the implementation of the climate change mitigation and adaptation master plan. It shall ensure science-based decision-making and good governance among its members. All the members of the Council shall adopt the approved policies, plans and programs of the ARMC and the LGUs shall pass a resolution to formalize its adoption. The Council shall be responsible, also, in resolving conflicts and generating resources for the implementation of the various river basin programs and projects. Figure 2 shows the organizational structure of the proposed RMC. Its major functions shall include:

Providing recommendations for sustainable river basin management and policy directions;

Review and evaluation of project proposals in accordance to land use management plans developed for the Agno River Basin (ARB) duly affirmed by the different stakeholders;

Solicit funds for river watershed rehabilitation projects; Monitor and evaluate the implementation of such plans; and Monitor, report, lobby, or file complaints or case(s) against limited or non-

compliance to environmental policies that cause negative impacts on river ecosystem integrity.



Figure 2. Structural Organization of the River Basin Management Council (RMC).

The chairperson of the said body will be the Regional Director of the DENR covering the river basin. He/She will be co-chaired by the governor. If the river basin covers two provinces, co-chairmanship should rotate among the governors every year. The members of the council will include local chief executives, Regional Directors of Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), National Power Corporation (NPC), National Water Resources Board (NWRB), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department of Education (DepED), National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine National Police (PNP), and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Representatives from the water district, smallholder farmers, agribusiness companies, industry, households, religious sector, Indigenous Peoples and Civil Society Organization shall also be part of the council.

A RMC Working Committee (WC) shall be created. It shall be composed of permanent representatives and an alternate. This is to ensure permanence and continuity of implementation of RMC resolutions. The WC shall meet on a regular basis of at least once a month or more on a per need basis. It shall also facilitate coordination among the members of the council, scientific and technical advisory group, and the River Basin Management Office. The River Basin Management Office (RBMO) shall have full-time staff that will be responsible for coordinating and facilitating the implementation of the masterplan among the local government units (LGUs). A River Basin Director shall head the office. He shall oversee the implementation of the Council agreements and delivery of support services.

The RBMO shall be composed of six support units: communication, MIS, stewardship, external linkages/partnerships, legal and policy, and administration and finance. These units shall support the Technical Teams namely, water resources, watershed, wetlands, and DRRM. The RBMO shall also serve as the secretariat to the RMC. The staff for both the support and technical teams shall come from the different existing offices comprising the RMC on a seconded capacity. These personnel shall work on a full-time capacity. The funds for the operating expenses of the RMC will be on a cost-sharing basis funded by the RMC members.

The following are the responsibilities of each unit:



a. Administration and Finance Unit – provides administrative and financial services support to the RBMO and tracking of all cash and in-kind donations. Two full-time personnel will staff this unit.

b. MIS Unit – responsible for collecting secondary data, collate, synthesize and assists the RBMO units to analyze, interpret and present monitoring and evaluation data on a regular basis. The MIS unit should maintain coordinated river basin-wide database and knowledge management system. An MIS officer will head the unit.

c. Communication Unit – provides support to the LGU by developing IEC materials and advocacy messages to encourage social mobilization. They will also provide news articles and reports to educate, inform and mobilize the public.

d. External Linkages/Partnership Unit – solicits contributions from private organizations in cash, in-kind, technical assistance or market assistance. They are responsible in seeking out external partners and talented and committed volunteers.

e. Stewardship Unit – responsible for mobilizing individuals to make them responsible stewards for the river basin. They will promote localized action through a strong citizen participation, stewardship, and capacity development.

f. Legal and Policy Unit – responsible for collaborating with experts in policy development, facilitate workshops and forums, and coordinate with policy institutions and LGUs in the ARB to promote understanding and participation in policy formulation.

The Scientific and Technical Advisory Group (STAG) is external to the River Basin Council. A representative from the academe will chair this group, and will be assisted by experts from government agencies, academic institutions, indigenous people and private citizens. They will be providing objective independent scientific and technical advice to the council. The STAG will undertake independent assessment and evaluation of strategic direction, scientific and technical aspects.

Regular monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the plans and programs by the LGUs shall be undertaken. The M&E will ensure that goals are met effectively and efficiently, and that corrective actions are immediately taken when necessary. The monitoring and evaluation shall be undertaken at three levels namely (1) internally by the organization, (2) externally by the DENR National RBCO, and (3) externally by an independent third party.

The first year of the project will focus on organizational setup preparations for the river basin council through a series of local consultations, meetings and seminars with various stakeholders. Year two will focus on the creation and institutionalization of the council through a legislation, and construction of the river basin coordinating office on government owned land. By Year 3, the activities will focus on capacity building of the staff.


The creation and institutionalization of Agno River Basin Management Council will serve as the leading and coordinating agency for the protection and conservation of river basin resources.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 40,000,000.00




Department of Environment and Natural Resources; National Economic Development Authority; Department of Budget and Management.


Year 1: Organizational set-up preparation

Year 2: Creation and institutionalization of RBC and RBMO; construction of Agno River Basin Coordinating Office

Year 3: Capacity development of RBMO staff

Year 4-15: Operations


River Basin Control Office

7.3.2 Development and Harmonization of Environmental Policies and Land Use Plans

Rationale:

A number of environmental policies have already been created to promote the sustainable management of river basins in the country. However, aside from drafting and strengthening new laws, current laws need to be harmonized as several issues were identified by the stakeholders. Some of the issues identified were unclear and overlapping tenure claims over forestlands, inconsistent land use classifications and plans, poor policy implementation due to lack of proper attribution of management roles and responsibilities among stakeholders, and limited commitment of LGUs and other agencies to implement policies.

Location:

Basin-wide

Objectives:

This project generally aims to develop a river basin policy framework that will guide the river basin council and concerned stakeholders in the sustainable management of the river basin. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Conduct policy consultations with various stakeholders to elicit policy issues and concerns;

2. Clarify ownership/stewardship/claim, roles and responsibilities of stakeholders over the river basin management;

3. Develop a framework for adopting a common land use plan for the river basin; and

4. Develop a policy framework that will guide the river basin council in addressing policy issues, and craft policy implementation strategies.


Policy review and land use plan harmonization will be done through a series of policy consultations and planning activities with various river basin stakeholders. The ultimate objective of this review is to institutionalize a policy framework and a common land use plan for the whole river basin, which will guide the river basin council in



collectively managing the river basin resources. It is strategic that this framework reflects the stakeholders’ common vision, policy and institutional framework for the basin. Specifically, the Policy Unit of the River Basin Council shall pursue, among others, the following policy areas:

Consistency and/or integration of relevant plans with the River Basin Masterplan

Adopting a common land use plan for the river basin Policy to resolve conflicting Water Use between Upstream and Downstream

Users Policy to integrate potential climate impacts in water resources infrastructure

design standards Policy to incorporate climate change in water resources infrastructure planning

and development Strict implementation and adherence to environmental laws (Water Code, and

Clean Water Act) Integration of climate projections and enhancement of infrastructure design,

development, and construction standards Improvement or enhancement of infrastructure operation and maintenance

system Monitoring of compliance of the concerned agencies on design standards

(National Irrigation Administration, DOE, DPWH, DENR, DA), Conflicting and overlapping forest tenurial instruments Amendment of RA 6969 to provide clear policy on the disposal of toxic wastes Participatory-approach to Water Resources Management Penalty system for non-compliance (polluter pays principle) Responsible mining policy Strict regulation of quarrying and mineral mining (Strict implementation of

mining and quarrying laws) Mine site rehabilitation, soil amelioration, revegetation, and phytoremediation Improvement and strict implementation of CLUP’s and FLUP’s (strict

implementation of LU zones) Policy to harmonize and engage collaboration between agencies on climate

change adaptation Institutionalizing comprehensive natural resources assessment and monitoring Strict implementation of HLURB and water code guidelines on river easements

and buffer zones Mainstreaming Community-based Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Integration of wetland management in CLUPs and FLUPs using the river basin

management plan as framework Promote the sustainable use of materials and zero waste industries Support goods and products from local farms and industries Capacity building on Bottom-up Budgeting Institutionalization of investment plan in enhanced CLUPs and FLUPs Improve access to public goods and services Business regulatory reform Improve the delivery of government-to-business services Improve ease of doing business Establishing one stop shops for businesses Enhanced transparency in government and regulatory agencies



Formulation of local policies to reinforce government transparency as a response to Sec 93 of General Appropriations Act of 2012

Formulation of local policies to effectuate RA 10667 (Philippine Competition Act) to support local enterprise development

Improvement of building code to mitigate disaster risk Establish affordable, quality ICT networks Promote private investment in infrastructure (PPP, BOT) Include ecosystem services in IRR calculation of infrastructure and government

projects Promote and support the expansion of renewable energy Inclusion of Climate Change Projections in Environmental Impact Assessment


With a clear policy framework for the river basin, overlapping stakeholder rights and interests can be harmonized; hence, local commitment towards the sustainable natural resource management can be achieved.

Indicative Cost:

PHP 14,000,000.00


National Economic Development Authority; Department of Budget and Management; Department of Environment and Natural Resources; United States Agency for International Development; Japan International Cooperation Agency.


This is a short-term project.

Year 1-2: Policy Review and Consultation through key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household survey

Year 3: Design and Institutionalization of Policy Framework for River Basin Management


Policy Unit of the River Basin Council in cooperation with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Non-Government Organizations, and State College and Universities.

7.4 Watershed Research and Information Program

7.4.1 Research and Development Project

Rationale:

Understanding how the river basin behaves in light of the different factors that affect its growth and development through time is an important aspect of its management. The information that can be generated from it can help the watershed management council in its decision-making process and in setting its future direction.

Examples of research areas are as follows: temporal change in streamflow and water quality, impacts of changing land use on water quality and quantity, rate of urban



sprawl, biodiversity assessment, ecotourism potentials, land use change and analysis, payment for ecosystem services, and improvement in the quality of life of the river basin occupants. Some of this research could be tied up with other project endeavor such as setup of watershed instrumentation program for water quality and quantity. For this to materialize, cooperation among the different groups is needed. Funding can be secured from government and private institutions both locally and internationally. The academic and research institutions could take lead in this endeavor.

Objectives:

1. To gain a better understanding of the river basin; 2. To assess impacts of external and internal factors on the river basin; and 3. To aid the watershed management council in its decision-making.


Conduct of various research and development projects in the river basin.


Better understanding of the river basin that will aid the watershed management council in its decision-making process

Indicative Cost:

PHP 45,000,000.00


Internal Revenue Allotment; Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Department of Agriculture; Private Institutions.




Department of Science and Technology; Department of Environment and Natural Resources; State Universities and Colleges; Department of Agriculture (i.e. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Bureau of Soil and Water Management).

7.4.2 Real-time Watershed Monitoring Systems

Rationale:

Instrumentation is a must in any watershed if we want to monitor how it behaves to external and internal factors. A climatological instrumentation is needed in order to fully appreciate its hydrologic behavior. The same instrumentation can be linked to other project components of the watershed, (e.g. early warning system). The Agno River Basin (ARB), the 4th largest river basin in the country, must be instrumented for two reasons: a.) enrichment of database about the ARB as part of the development of the ARB’s management information system; and b.) monitor water quality and quantity in critical locations of the river basin. Water quality has been a concern in the ARB since some of its areas are subjected to mining. Similarly, the ARB supports three hydroelectric power plants namely the Binga, Ambuklao, and San Roque hydroelectric power plants where the rate of sedimentation is a primary concern as it affects its power generation.



Location:

Selected sub-basins

Objectives:

1. To augment climatological observations in the river basin; 2. To monitor changes in river basin’s stream flow and water quality; 3. To support the ARB database development through a network of observation

stations; and 4. To aid the watershed management council in its decision-making.


Setup of meteorological observation and stream gauging stations in selected sub-basins of ARB. This can be tied up with the water quality monitoring stations mentioned under the water resources theme.


Database on Agno River Basin’s climatological observations, streamflow and water quantity, and water quality

Input to the early warning system for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Inputs for the integrated management information and decision support system

Indicative Cost:

PHP 110,000,000.00


Department of Science and Technology, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture, Department of Budget and Management, International Funding Institutions, Private Sector


Years 1-3: Location, identification, purchase, and setup of monitoring instruments

Years 3-15: Monitoring


Department of Science and Technology, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, State Universities and Colleges, Department of Agriculture, MIS Unit of the proposed River Basin Management Office.

7.4.3 Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System

Rationale:

The difficulty in gathering information from the river basin has been raised repeatedly whenever a project is proposed or implemented. This is because many agencies treat data as a private document rather than a public document that should be easily accessible to all. In some cases, these data are just difficult to retrieve following a long and tedious bureaucratic process.

Management of information coming out of the river basin is critical in the evaluation of changes taking place within a watershed. The same information could serve as a feedback mechanism when projects are implemented. The development of a



management information system consisting of a database and a central repository system addresses the above-mentioned difficulty. This will facilitate the flow of information among various stakeholders. As a result, decision pertaining to important aspect of the river basin could easily be done that is based on updated data coming from the ground and from the monitoring instruments. Furthermore, decision support systems (DSS) are focused on enhancing decision-making process by making available tools and approaches that would provide better options or alternatives. Since improved decisions require efficient and effective flow of data and information, a watershed-based decision support system must be integrated with the information system. This will enable the river basin to respond appropriately to short and long-term management concerns that would ascertain the sustainability of resources and services from the Agno River Basin (ARB).

Location:

Basin wide; based in the ARBMO.

Objectives:

1. To centralize all information (database development) from the river basin; 2. To manage information (storage and retrieval) from the river basin; 3. To facilitate the flow of information among stakeholders; and 4. To aid the watershed management council in its decision-making.


The project will develop a web-based integrated management information and decision-support system that shall integrate the following capabilities:

1. Watershed Management Decision Support 2. Land Use Decision Support 3. Natural resource and biodiversity information database 4. Geographic information database 5. Information and Data Management of watershed monitoring instruments 6. Project Monitoring and Evaluation database

The project entails the prototyping and establishment of an integrated management information and decision-support system (IMIDSS) for the Agno River Basin (ARB) that is easily accessible through the internet. The IMIDSS will be the central repository for all the data collected in the ARB. The central server for the IMIDSS will be established in the River Basin Management Office (RBMO) and shall be administered by its Management Information System (MIS) Unit. Two mirror servers will be located in the regional offices. This will also involve the purchase of IMIDSS hardware (e.g. computers, uninterrupted power supply, surge protection, server racks), Information and communications technology (ICT) system setup, software development, and capability building of human resources. The project will also develop an integrated decision support system that would use the information in the database and from watershed instruments. Lastly, maintenance, monitoring, and updating of the IMIDSS would make-up the long-term activities of the project.


Ease of data storage and retrieval; Enhanced data management that can be used for assessment, monitoring,

evaluation; and Improved and more informed decision making in the ARB.



Indicative Cost:

PHP 50,000,000.00


Internal Revenue Allotment, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Budget and Management, Private Institutions.


Year 1-3: Organization, infrastructure and software development, protocol establishment and capability building.

Year 4-15: System management, updating, and monitoring. Proposed Lead Agency:

MIS Unit of the Agno River Basin Management Office (ARBMO), Department of Environment and Natural Resources-RBCO, Department of Information and Communications Technology

7.5 Participatory Development Program

7.5.1 Social Mobilization and Development Project

Rationale:

Local people’s participation is central for the successful management of watershed resources. However, many communities in the Agno River Basin (ARB) have misconceptions or a lack of information that influence their behavior and activities. These have to be corrected and put into perspective. Social mobilization aims to generate and sustain the active and coordinated participation of all ARB stakeholders at various levels to facilitate and accelerate sustainable watershed management in the river basin. It entails a process of learning that empowers people to make decisions, modify behaviors, change attitudes and improve their social conditions that will help transform local communities and stakeholders into partners for watershed development, protection and conservation. Likewise, LGUs and other government institutions have to be provided with relevant information on efforts, projects, and initiatives in the ARB. Furthermore, communities need to be capacitated to be effective partners in the good and responsive governance of the watershed resources. For community development to work, it needs grass roots initiatives and responsive institutions that respond to the needs of the communities. Thus, it can serve as a vehicle to transform local communities as effective and permanent partners in sustainable watershed management.

Location:

Basin-wide

Objectives:

1. To enhance local awareness on watershed management and natural resources conservation;

2. To encourage the active participation in watershed management, development, protection and conservation initiatives;

3. To improve the capacity of local communities to effectively tackle organizational, livelihood, and watershed management concerns;



4. To build the capacity of stakeholders in the conservation and protection of the river basin; and

5. To build their adaptive capacity to be more resilient to the impacts of climate change and related climate induced risks.

Project Description

The project shall be complementary to many of the community-based projects in the ARB. The Stewardship Unit and the Communications Unit of the River Basin Management Office (RBM) shall jointly implement and provide continual support in the local social mobilization and capacity development of the community-based projects. Identified key priority areas for social mobilization and development are a.) Integrated watershed-planning, b.) Rainwater harvesting, c.) Efficient water use and water conservation, d.) Sustainable land use planning, e.) Forest restoration and rehabilitation, f.) Comprehensive natural resources assessment and monitoring, g.) Disaster risk reduction and management, h.) Wetlands and wetland management, i.) Biodiversity conservation and j.) Climate-resilient and sustainable livelihood.

The project shall improve access to watershed information and stakeholder participation in the ARB by utilizing the following strategies:

1. Advocacy

Advocacy is a planned communication effort to persuade key local personalities, groups and organizations, and decision makers at policy, planning, and management levels to adopt necessary policies and/or allocate resources for watershed management and sustainability.

2. Social marketing

Social marketing reflects the view that merely providing information is not enough to change behavior. To motivate people to adopt change and take an active part in their development, it uses business marketing principles to advance a social cause or idea (Kotler & Zaltman, 1971). It shall also utilize common Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities like press releases, dissemination of watershed status reports, public relations activities, youth camps, development of IEC materials, and image enhancement.

3. Capacity Development

Capacity development empowers local communities to acquire the necessary skills for the delivery of services. It shall utilize a trainers’ training approach to maximize adoption and dissemination. The trained trainers, in turn, will also train other members of the local community to improve knowledge, appreciation, and mobilization, of community resources to empower them for sustainable local development. Capacity development shall focus on the following key areas:

a. Local governance and development planning; b. Natural resources conservation and watershed management; c. Climate-resilient and sustainable livelihood development; d. Disaster risk reduction and management; and e. Climate change adaptation and mitigation.

4. Community organizing

Community organizing will build the capacity of local communities in problem solving, decision-making, and collective action. It will aid community members to recognize their problems and needs, decide on what they can do and how they can



act collectively in the context of sustainable development and watershed management.

5. Networking and linkaging

Social mobilization builds networks, alliances, and linkages not only with members of the community and other communities, but also with relevant institutions, agencies, organizations, and local government units. This will allow communities to maximize the impact of their activities given limited resources.

6. Development support communication

Development support communication is described as "the systematic utilization of appropriate communication channels and techniques to increase people's participation in development and to inform, motivate, and train rural populations mainly at the grassroots level" (FAO, 1987).

7. Monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation helps assess the efficiency and effectivity of the social mobilization strategies, and adjusts as needed by the various strategies to improve the projects’ impact and maximize resources.


Well-informed and educated stakeholders that not only understand the importance of the ARB in their community but are also actively promoting its conservation and sustainable development and with better capacities to manage the ARB.

Indicative Cost:

Year 1: PhP 7,000,000 Year 2-3: PhP 5,000,000 Year 4-5: PhP 4,000,000 Year 6-10: PhP 2,000,000

Year 11-15: Php 1,000,000

Total: PhP 40,000,000


Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Media and Private Sector; People’s Survival Fund.




Media Organizations, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, State Universities and Colleges; Department of Education; Department of Interior and Local Government; Local Government Units; Technical Education and Skills Development Authority; the proposed Stewardship and Communications Units of the ARBMO.

7.5.2 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Project

Rationale:

Key to successful and sustainable river basin management is the adherence of programs and projects to gender sensitivity, social equity and empowerment principles. Women,



elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized sectors have important roles and stakes over the river basin resources. Providing them space in river basin management will further encourage their collective participation in watershed, water, and wetland conservation.

Location:

Basin-wide

Objectives:

This project aims to advance substantive gender equality and inclusion of marginalized communities and groups in all spheres of development in the Agno River Basin. Specifically, it hopes to achieve the following:

1. Increase awareness on the individual and organizational roles of women, elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized groups in river basin management, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and disaster risk reduction and management;

2. Organize women, elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized groups to become partners in river basin management; and

3. Capacitate women, elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized group organizations to become better partners in river basin management.


Organizing and capacity building activities for women, elderly, youth, PWD’s, IP’s, and other minority and/or marginalized groups will be done in collaboration with LGUs, particularly Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Education (DepEd), Environment and Natural Resource Offices (ENRO), Academe, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), civil society groups such as church-based organizations, and non-government organizations (NGOs). IEC will also be done in collaboration.


Appreciation of the roles of women, elderly, and youth organizations in river basin management

Increased number of gender-based organizations supporting the river basin projects

Transformed values and perceptions towards river basin conservation Visibility and access of gender-based organizations over river basin planning

and decision-making Indicative Cost:

Year 1-4: PHP 750,000.00 Year 5-15: PHP 500,000.00

Total: PHP 8,500,000.00


Department of Budget and Management, Official Development Assistance, Internal Revenue Allotment, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples






Local Government Units, Civil Society Organizations, Non-Government Organizations, and the proposed Stewardship and Communications Units of the RBMO, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Department of Social Welfare and Development.

7.5.3 Agno River Master Plan Caravan/Roadshow Project

Rationale:

The project is generally intended to promote awareness on the river basin master plan. It is expected that the interest of the local government units (LGUs) and other stakeholders to use the RBMP as the basis for revising their Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUPs), Comprehensive Development Plan (CDPs) in developing their Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) and Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan

(DRRMP) integrated with CLUP can be enhanced.


Objectives:

In general, the project aims to generate popular stakeholder support for the implementation and adoption of River Basin master plans as the framework for local and regional development planning.


The communication plan consists of two components:

1. Conduct of Caravan - the River Basin Master Plan will be presented to the different LGUs based on their demand and availability the Caravan will be coordinated with the

office of the governor through the endorsement of the director of RBCO. The caravan will provide an opportunity for LGU planners and executives to get a good view of the components of the RBMP, particularly on the different kinds of maps and databases that

are useful for the revision of their CDPs and CLUPs.

2. Preparation of communication materials including a briefer on the RBMP that will contain basic information such as databases, maps, of which the result of risk and vulnerability assessments will be highlighted, and the land suitability and land capability will be highlighted.

3. Capacity Building designed to develop the capability and competence of the LGUs and other stakeholders in using the RBMP as basis for development and/or updating of the

CLUPs, CDPs, LCCAPs, and DRRMPs. This will include different kinds of trainings that are suited to different kind of audiences. The potential clients will include local government planners, agricultural development planners, DENR personnel, and local community planners.


LGUs planners and executive officials of the government adopting the Master Plan as the planning framework for the preparation of CLUP, CDP, LCCAP, DRRMP, FLUP, ADP,



ADSDPP, PAMP and other development plans that are consistent and in synergy with

one another.

Indicative Cost:

Year 1: PHP 8,000,000 Year 2-3: PHP 4,000,000 Total: PHP 12,000,000.00 Possible Sources of Funding:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Media and Private Sector,

People’s Survival Fund

Indicative Implementation Schedule: 1-3 years

Proposed Lead Agency: Department of Environment and Natural Resources



CHAPTER 8 - INVESTMENT PLAN

The investment plan indicates the budgetary requirements of the various programs and projects developed under the climate-responsive Integrated Master Plan for the Agno River Basin. Five (5) component programs were developed in order to pursue the objectives set forth in the Master Plan. These component programs were Water Resources, Watershed Management, Wetland Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Management, Economic Development. In addition to these programs were 10 other projects considered crosscutting in nature because they address concerns of more than one program.

The total investment requirement of the plan over a 15-year period is PHP52.786 billion (Table 1). The Economic Development has the highest funding requirement among the six themes constituting 34.32% of the total investments followed by Watershed Management (27.40%), Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (21.53%), Water Resources (15.75%), Institutional Development (0.61%) and Wetland Management (0.40%) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Budget allocation of each component program

The Water Resources Program aims to improve the water supply and efficient use of water, and ensure water quality through waste and pollution management. The program has a total funding requirement of PHP8.313 billion, which constitute15.75% of total fund. To ensure water supply sustainability, projects on water source development,

water distribution, groundwater management and protection, and strategic irrigation development are proposed. These will require a budget of PHP6.82 billion or 12.9% of the entire budget. These projects will run for 15 years except for the groundwater project. Projects for waste and pollution management include water quality monitoring system, development of a local government ecological solid waste management plan, material recovery facility (MRF) and sanitary landfill facility (SLF), wastewater treatment facilities, and waste-to-energy projects. The solid waste management plan and MRF will be undertaken from years 1 to 3, while the waste-to-energy project from

Water Resources 15.75%

Watershed Management

27.40%

Wetland Management

0.40%

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

21.53%

Economic Development

34.32%

Institutional Development

0.61%



years 4 to 6 and the other projects will be for 15 years. These will require PHP 1.492

billion (2.8%).

The projects under the Watershed Management Program are forest landscape restoration, forest villages’ conservation, comprehensive natural resources assessment and monitoring, and river basin protection and conservation. Most of these projects will

run from year 1 to year 15.

The projects under the Wetland Management Program seek to restore and rehabilitate wetlands, mainstream wetland management in local government, and conserve and management wetland biodiversity with a funding requirement of PHP209 million

(0.40%). They include riparian area management and restoration and integrated

coastal zone management project with a budgetary requirement of PHP189 million, and wetland resources assessment, mapping and monitoring program requiring PHP20

million. All projects will be undertaken over 15 years.

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program includes projects that will improve the following:

Design, construction and maintenance of hazard mitigating infrastructures;

Mitigate disaster risk in hazard prone areas through the establishment of hazard forecasting and warning systems, flood control and slope stabilization projects (years 1 to 15);

Enhance the resiliency of basin communities to adverse climate impacts through local disaster preparedness (years 1 to 3) and relocation of disaster-prone communities (years 7 to 15); and

Minimize sedimentation and siltation (years 1 to 15).

The total funding requirement is PHP11.365 billion (21.5% of total), of which PHP6.6 billion (12.5%) will go to the flood control project.

The Economic Development Program will require PHP18.117 billion (34.3% of the total). This program seeks to provide an enabling and competitive business and investment environment and increase livelihood opportunities, and includes projects that will develop industries and enterprises, cooperatives and livelihood especially for the marginalized sectors. It also promotes climate-resilient economic activities such as climate-resilient agriculture, fisheries and community-based ecotourism. Finally, the program seeks to stimulate and optimize integrated infrastructure planning and development through a renewable energy project and the construction, retrofitting, and rehabilitation of key facilities and transportation systems. The transportation system project requires PHP17.2 billion and will be undertaken over a 15-year period. The implementation of other projects will be staggered.

The institutional projects will require less than 1% of the total funding requirement (PHP 319.5 million). They include the creation and institutionalization of the Agno River Basin Management Council, harmonization of plans and policies, research and development, payments for ecosystem services, watershed monitoring, management

information and decision support systems, social mobilization and development, and

gender equity and social inclusion. The projects relating to plans and policies will be pursued during the first three years, while the other projects will be undertaken over the 15-year period. Moreover, in order to generate stakeholder support, a caravan/roadshow project, which will be implemented over short-term period, is included.



The investment requirements of the different programs and projects discussed earlier

were based on totals by year and across the 15-year period, but it is also important to determine how much they are worth at present. Using the 15% discount rate mandated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the present value of the total investment requirement of implementing the Agno River Basin Master Plan is PHP25.97 billion. The present values of the investment requirements of the programs are: Water Resources – PHP3.598 billion; Watershed Management – PHP9.685 billion; Wetland Management – PHP137.4 million; Disaster Risk Reduction and Management – PHP4.374 billion; Economic Development – PHP7.962 billion; and Institutional Programs and Projects – PHP214.4 million.

The investment requirements of the plan were summarized in short (year 0 to 3),

medium (years 4 to 7) and long (years 8 to 15) terms (Table 2). The investment requirements are PHP13.483 billion (26% of total) in the short term, PHP14.725 (28% of total) in the medium term, and PHP24.577 (46% of total) in the long term.



Table 2. Cost requirements of programs and projects for a climate-responsive integrated master plan for the Agno River Basin

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Total

WATER RESOURCES

Improve Water Supply Of The River Basin

Water Source Development Project 1,650,000,000 1-15 5,000,000 35,000,000 80,000,000 180,000,000 240,000,000 230,000,000 140,000,000 75,000,000 75,000,000 110,000,000 110,000,000 145,000,000 110,000,000 75,000,000 40,000,000 1,650,000,000 3.12 707,117,880

Water Distribution Project 1,500,000,000 5-15 0 0 0 0 105,000,000 195,000,000 222,000,000 226,000,000 219,000,000 145,000,000 115,000,000 94,000,000 76,000,000 58,000,000 45,000,000 1,500,000,000 2.84 529,353,848

Strategic Irrigation Development for the Agno River Basin 3,656,000,000 1-15 3,700,000 32,000,000 51,800,000 200,500,000 303,000,000 365,000,000 417,000,000 447,000,000 368,000,000 357,000,000 248,000,000 241,000,000 222,000,000 206,000,000 194,000,000 3,656,000,000 6.92 1,342,838,103

Groundwater Management and Protection for the Agno River Basin 15,000,000 1-5 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 15,000,000 0.03 11,564,935

Subtotal 6,821,000,000 11,700,000 70,000,000 134,800,000 383,500,000 651,000,000 790,000,000 779,000,000 748,000,000 662,000,000 612,000,000 473,000,000 480,000,000 408,000,000 339,000,000 279,000,000 6,821,000,000 12.92 2,590,874,767

Proper Waste Management

Water Quality Monitoring System 40,000,000 1-15 12,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 40,000,000 0.08 23,448,951

Development of Local Government Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan 102,000,000 1-3 30,000,000 42,000,000 30,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102,000,000 0.19 89,206,049

Construction of Material Recovery (MRF) and Sanitary Landfil l Facil ities (SLF) 490,000,000 1-3 147,000,000 147,000,000 196,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 490,000,000 0.93 423,030,246

Establishment of Wastewater Treatment Facil ities 160,000,000 1-15 6,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 11,000,000 13,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 13,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 160,000,000 0.30 69,734,602

Waste-to-Energy Project 700,000,000 4-6 0 0 0 200,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 700,000,000 1.33 402,464,567

Subtotal 1,492,000,000 195,000,000 199,000,000 237,000,000 213,000,000 315,000,000 216,000,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 15,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 1,492,000,000 2.83 1,007,884,416

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Watershed Restoration

Forest Landscape Restoration Project 13,463,800,000 1-15 2,650,000,000 2,650,000,000 2,650,000,000 626,000,000 626,000,000 626,000,000 626,000,000 577,000,000 477,000,000 377,000,000 377,000,000 377,000,000 377,000,000 277,000,000 170,800,000 13,463,800,000 25.49 9,103,381,100

Conservation Forest Vil lages Project 919,570,000 1-15 125,000,000 100,000,000 100,000,000 100,000,000 75,000,000 75,000,000 75,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 14,570,000 919,570,000 1.74 540,165,212

Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring 30,000,000 1-15 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 30,000,000 0.06 16,894,842

River Basin Protection and Conservation Project 50,000,000 3-15 7,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 50,000,000 0.09 25,042,992

Subtotal 14,463,370,000 2,787,000,000 2,758,000,000 2,756,000,000 730,500,000 705,500,000 705,500,000 705,500,000 631,500,000 531,500,000 431,500,000 431,500,000 401,500,000 401,500,000 296,500,000 189,870,000 14,463,370,000 27.39 9,685,484,146

WETLAND MANAGEMENT

Wetland Rehabilitation and Conservation

Riparian Area Management and Restoration Project 105,000,000 1-15 10,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 105,000,000 0.20 66,702,945

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project 84,000,000 1-15 12,000,000 21,000,000 24,000,000 6,000,000 3,000,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 84,000,000 0.16 59,233,770

Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Project 20,000,000 1-15 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 0.04 11,463,606

Subtotal 209,000,000 26,000,000 44,000,000 45,000,000 22,000,000 14,000,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 5,800,000 209,000,000 0.40 137,400,321

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Enhance the Resiliency of Basin Communities to Adverse Climate Impacts

Hazards Forecasting and Warning Systems Project 40,000,000 1-15 14,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 40,000,000 0.08 32,533,315

Local Disaster Preparedness Project 365,000,000 1-3 120,000,000 125,000,000 120,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 365,000,000 0.69 319,432,892

Disaster-Prone Communities Relocation Project 1,260,000,000 7-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,000,000 120,000,000 124,000,000 185,000,000 189,000,000 248,000,000 182,000,000 126,000,000 63,000,000 1,260,000,000 2.39 311,603,504

Subtotal 1,665,000,000 134,000,000 137,000,000 128,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 23,500,000 120,500,000 124,500,000 185,500,000 189,500,000 248,500,000 182,500,000 126,500,000 63,500,000 1,665,000,000 3.15 663,569,711

Mitigate Disaster Risk in Disaster Prone Areas

Flood Control Project 6,600,000,000 1-15 45,600,000 76,800,000 124,800,000 216,000,000 374,400,000 396,000,000 573,600,000 883,200,000 856,800,000 746,400,000 619,200,000 578,400,000 460,800,000 422,400,000 225,600,000 6,600,000,000 12.50 2,296,035,153

Slope Stabilization Project 550,000,000 1-15 25,000,000 44,000,000 59,000,000 64,000,000 61,000,000 57,000,000 49,000,000 33,000,000 29,000,000 26,000,000 24,000,000 23,000,000 20,000,000 19,000,000 17,000,000 550,000,000 1.04 283,736,244

Sediment Control Project 2,550,000,000 1-15 79,000,000 120,000,000 140,000,000 168,000,000 260,000,000 283,000,000 270,000,000 243,000,000 190,000,000 174,000,000 153,000,000 132,000,000 128,000,000 120,000,000 90,000,000 2,550,000,000 4.83 1,131,020,490

Subtotal 9,700,000,000 149,600,000 240,800,000 323,800,000 448,000,000 695,400,000 736,000,000 892,600,000 1,159,200,000 1,075,800,000 946,400,000 796,200,000 733,400,000 608,800,000 561,400,000 332,600,000 9,700,000,000 18.37 3,710,791,886

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Increase Livelihood Opportunities and Access to Public Services

Industry and Enterprise Development Project 250,000,000 1-15 20,000,000 25,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 250,000,000 0.47 124,705,161

Cooperative Development among NR-based Enterprises 20,000,000 5-15 0 0 0 0 0 2,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 0.04 6,243,403

Livelihood Development for Minority and Marginalized Sectors 10,000,000 5-15 0 0 0 0 0 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 0.02 2,869,497

Ancestral Domain Enhancement Project 32,000,000 1-2 24,000,000 8,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32,000,000 0.06 30,956,522

Subtotal 312,000,000 44,000,000 33,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 18,000,000 19,000,000 19,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000 17,000,000 12,000,000 312,000,000 0.59 164,774,582

Promote Climate-Resilient Economic Activities

Climate-Resil ient Agriculture Project 10,000,000 1-5 2,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000,000 0.02 8,007,769

Sustainable Fisheries Project 10,000,000 5-10 0 0 0 0 0 2,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 10,000,000 0.02 3,981,276

Community-Based Ecotourism Development Project 100,000,000 4-15 0 0 0 10,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 18,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 100,000,000 0.19 44,740,974

Payment for Ecosystem Services System 20,000,000 1-15 6,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 500,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 20,000,000 0.04 16,239,898

Subtotal 140,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 14,000,000 21,500,000 22,300,000 21,300,000 10,200,000 8,100,000 6,100,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 140,000,000 0.27 72,969,917

Stimulate and Optimize Integrated Infrastructure Development

Construction, Retrofitting, and Rehabilitation of Key Facil ities and Transportation

Systems 17,200,000,0001-15

780,000,000 940,000,000 1,080,000,000 1,240,000,000 1,320,000,000 1,420,000,000 1,480,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,320,000,000 1,240,000,000 1,160,000,000 1,080,000,000 1,000,000,000 920,000,000 820,000,000 17,200,000,000 32.57 7,611,399,581

Renewable Energy Project 465,000,000 8-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46,500,000 46,500,000 69,750,000 69,750,000 93,000,000 69,750,000 46,500,000 23,250,000 465,000,000 0.88 113,620,376

Subtotal 17,665,000,000 780,000,000 940,000,000 1,080,000,000 1,240,000,000 1,320,000,000 1,420,000,000 1,480,000,000 1,446,500,000 1,366,500,000 1,309,750,000 1,229,750,000 1,173,000,000 1,069,750,000 966,500,000 843,250,000 17,665,000,000 33.45 7,725,019,957

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Integration of Plans and Policies in the ARB

Creation and Institutionalization of the ARBC and the ARBMO 40,000,000 1-15 2,000,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 40,000,000 0.08 21,917,760

Development and Harmonization of Environmental Policies and Land Use Plans 14,000,000 1-3 3,000,000 3,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 14,000,000 0.03 9,121,053

Subtotal 54,000,000 5,000,000 13,000,000 5,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 54,000,000 0.10 31,038,813

Improve Information Management in the ARB

Research and Development Project 45,000,000 1-15 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 45,000,000 0.09 20,173,427

Real-time Watershed Monitoring System 110,000,000 1-15 31,000,000 27,000,000 25,000,000 10,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 110,000,000 0.21 85,404,767

Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System 50,000,000 1-15 15,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 900,000 50,000,000 0.09 37,527,445

Subtotal 205,000,000 49,000,000 40,000,000 38,000,000 16,000,000 8,000,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 5,400,000 205,000,000 0.39 143,105,639

Empower ARB Stakeholders in Watershed Management

Social Mobilization and Development Project 40,000,000 1-15 7,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 40,000,000 0.08 24,831,725

Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Project 8,500,000 1-15 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 8,500,000 0.02 4,183,044

Agno River Master Plan Caravan/Roadshow Project 12,000,000 1-3 8,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 0.02 11,251,418

Subtotal 60,500,000 15,750,000 7,750,000 7,750,000 4,750,000 4,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 60,500,000 0.11 40,266,187

GRAND TOTAL 52,786,870,000 4,205,050,000 4,490,550,000 4,787,850,000 3,095,250,000 3,752,900,000 3,924,500,000 3,953,100,000 4,167,100,000 3,818,600,000 3,540,450,000 3,171,250,000 3,084,700,000 2,715,850,000 2,334,200,000 1,745,520,000 52,786,870,000 100 25,973,180,343

Present Value (i=15%) Total

Target

Year

Indicative Cost (PhP)Percent



Table 3. Investment requirements of the climate-responsive Integrated Agno River Basin Master Plan.

Program/ Project Target

Year Short-Term (0-3) Medium-term (4-7) Long-term (8-15) Total

WATER RESOURCES

Improve Water Supply Of The River Basin

Water Source Development Project 1-15 120,000,000 790,000,000 740,000,000 1,650,000,000

Water Distribution Project 5-15 0 522,000,000 978,000,000 1,500,000,000

Strategic Irrigation Development for the Agno River Basin

1-15 87,500,000 1,285,500,000 2,283,000,000 3,656,000,000

Groundwater Management and Protection for the Agno River Basin

1-5 9,000,000 6,000,000 0 15,000,000

Subtotal

216,500,000 2,603,500,000 4,001,000,000 6,821,000,000

Proper Waste Management

0 0 0 0

Water Quality Monitoring System 1-15 16,000,000 8,000,000 16,000,000 40,000,000

Development of Local Government Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan

1-3 102,000,000 0 0 102,000,000

Construction of Material Recovery (MRF) and Sanitary Landfill Facilities (SLF)

1-3 490,000,000 0 0 490,000,000

Establishment of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

1-15 23,000,000 52,000,000 85,000,000 160,000,000

Waste-to-Energy Project 4-6 0 700,000,000 0 700,000,000

Subtotal

631,000,000 760,000,000 101,000,000 1,492,000,000

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Watershed Restoration

Forest Landscape Restoration Project 1-15 7,950,000,000 2,504,000,000 3,009,800,000 13,463,800,000

Conservation Forest Villages Project 1-15 325,000,000 325,000,000 269,570,000 919,570,000

Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring

1-15 12,000,000 6,000,000 12,000,000 30,000,000





River Basin Protection and Conservation Project

3-15 14,000,000 12,000,000 24,000,000 50,000,000

Subtotal

8,301,000,000 2,847,000,000 3,315,370,000 14,463,370,000

WETLAND MANAGEMENT

Wetland Rehabilitation and Conservation

Riparian Area Management and Restoration Project

1-15 50,000,000 31,000,000 24,000,000 105,000,000

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

1-15 57,000,000 12,600,000 14,400,000 84,000,000

Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Project

1-15 8,000,000 4,000,000 8,000,000 20,000,000

Subtotal

115,000,000 47,600,000 46,400,000 209,000,000

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Enhance the Resiliency of Basin Communities to Adverse Climate Impacts

Hazards Forecasting and Warning Systems Project

1-15 34,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 40,000,000

Local Disaster Preparedness Project 1-3 365,000,000 0 0 365,000,000

Disaster-Prone Communities Relocation Project

7-15 0 23,000,000 1,237,000,000 1,260,000,000

Subtotal

399,000,000 25,000,000 1,241,000,000 1,665,000,000

Mitigate Disaster Risk in Disaster Prone Areas

Flood Control Project 1-15 247,200,000 1,560,000,000 4,792,800,000 6,600,000,000

Slope Stabilization Project 1-15 128,000,000 231,000,000 191,000,000 550,000,000

Sediment Control Project 1-15 339,000,000 981,000,000 1,230,000,000 2,550,000,000





Subtotal

714,200,000 2,772,000,000 6,213,800,000 9,700,000,000

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Increase Livelihood Opportunities and Access to Public Services

Industry and Enterprise Development Project

1-15 70,000,000 65,000,000 115,000,000 250,000,000

Cooperative Development among NR-based Enterprises

5-15 0 5,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000

Livelihood Development for Minority and Marginalized Sectors

5-15 0 2,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000

Ancestral Domain Enhancement Project 1-2 32,000,000 0 0 32,000,000

Subtotal

102,000,000 72,000,000 138,000,000 312,000,000

Promote Climate-Resilient Economic Activities

Climate-Resilient Agriculture Project 1-5 7,000,000 3,000,000 0 10,000,000

Sustainable Fisheries Project 5-10 0 5,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000

Community-Based Ecotourism Development Project

4-15 0 68,000,000 32,000,000 100,000,000

Payment for Ecosystem Services System 1-15 16,000,000 3,100,000 900,000 20,000,000

Subtotal

23,000,000 79,100,000 37,900,000 140,000,000

Stimulate and Optimize Integrated Infrastructure Development

Construction, Retrofitting, and Rehabilitation of Key Facilities and Transportation Systems

1-15 2,800,000,000 5,460,000,000 8,940,000,000 17,200,000,000

Renewable Energy Project 8-15 0 0 465,000,000 465,000,000

Subtotal

2,800,000,000 5,460,000,000 9,405,000,000 17,665,000,000





INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Integration of Plans and Policies in the ARB

Creation and Institutionalization of the ARBC and the ARBMO

1-15 16,000,000 8,000,000 16,000,000 40,000,000

Development and Harmonization of Environmental Policies and Land Use Plans

1-3 7,500,000 2,500,000 4,000,000 14,000,000

Subtotal

23,500,000 10,500,000 20,000,000 54,000,000

Improve Information Management in the ARB

Research and Development Project 1-15 9,000,000 12,000,000 24,000,000 45,000,000

Real-time Watershed Monitoring System 1-15 83,000,000 15,000,000 12,000,000 110,000,000

Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System

1-15 35,000,000 7,800,000 7,200,000 50,000,000

Subtotal

127,000,000 34,800,000 43,200,000 205,000,000

Empower ARB Stakeholders in Watershed Management

Social Mobilization and Development Project

1-15 17,000,000 12,000,000 11,000,000 40,000,000

Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Project 1-15 2,250,000 2,250,000 4,000,000 8,500,000

Agno River Master Plan Caravan/Roadshow Project

12,000,000 0 0 12,000,000

Subtotal

31,250,000 14,250,000 15,000,000 60,500,000

GRAND TOTAL

13,483,450,000 14,725,750,000 24,577,670,000 52,786,870,000



ANNEX



Annex 1. Logical framework of water resources projects.

Problem Cause Interventions Objectively Verifiable

Indicators Means of Verification

Variable Water Supply

Uneven distribution of rainfall; Deterioration of surface water

Water Supply Development Program

Water Source Development Project

Change in water supply reliability; Volume of water supply

LWUA Reports, NWRB Reports, and Water Districts Data

Water Distribution Project Number of households connected to a Level 3 water supply system; number of interconnected water utilities or water supply systems

LWUA Reports and LGU Annual Reports

Strategic Irrigation Development for the Agno River Basin

Number of functioning irrigation systems developed or rehabilitated; Total service area

NIA Reports and LGU Annual Reports

Groundwater Management and Protection for Agno River Basin

Number of updated groundwater potential maps; Number of water rights that are permitted to source from groundwater

MGB and NWRB Reports

Ecological Waste Management Program

Water Quality Monitoring System

Number of regularly monitored water quality monitoring sites (WQMS); Frequency of monitoring in WQMS

Periodic Water Quality Reports





Development of Local Government Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan

Number of completed ESWM Plans; Percent implementation of ESWM Plans

LGU Reports, EMB Database

Construction of Material Recovery (MRF) and Sanitary Landfill Facilities (SLF)

Number of MRF and SLF constructed; Weight of materials recovered; Volume of waste collected

LGU Annual Reports

Establishment of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Number of built and functioning wastewater treatment facilities; Number of households connected; Volume of wastewater treated

EMB and DPWH Reports; LWUA Reports; LGU Annual Reports; Water service provider or facility operator data

Waste-to-Energy Feasibility Project

Completion of waste-to-energy facility; Volume of wastes accommodated; System safety and reliability; Environmental compliance

DOE Reports

Operator data

.



Annex 2. Logical framework of watershed management projects.



Watershed Degradation

Land conversion into non-conforming land uses; illegal activities (e.g. log poaching and encroachment)

Watershed Conservation Program

Forest Landscape Restoration Project

Survival rate; Area of restored forests;

Erosion/Siltation/ Sedimentation rate

DENR and LGU Reports; Data from water quality monitoring stations

Conservation Forest Villages Project

Number of LGU's that adopted CFV; Number of individual CFV adopters; Area of land developed using CFV; Number of CFV trainers and extension agents

LGU Resolutions adopting the CFV; Annual Reports and Investment Plans of LGUs

River Basin Protection and Conservation

Number of active MLET members; Number of annual violations; Change of biodiversity indices; Extent of actively protected and conserved areas

MLET Reports; Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring Reports

Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring

Number of monitoring plots established; Frequency of monitoring

Comprehensive Natural Resources Assessment and Monitoring Reports



Annex 3. Logical framework of wetland management projects.



Wetland Degradation Improper Wetland Management; deterioration of water quality; encroachment

Wetlands Enhancement Program

Riparian Area Management and Restoration Project

Number of LGU's with inland wetland management plans; Area of wetlands restored; Change in water quality; Change in biodiversity indices

LGU Reports, Periodic Water Quality Reports, Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Reports (e.g. from water quality monitoring stations)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

Number of coastal LGU's with ICZM Plans; Change in coastal water quality; Change in biodiversity indices; Change in fish biomass and catch per unit effort

LGU Reports, Periodic Water Quality Reports, Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Reports

Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Project

Area of wetlands mapped; Number of wetland monitoring plots; Frequency of monitoring

Wetland Resources Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring Reports



Annex 4. Logical framework of disaster risk reduction and management projects.



Flooding and Potential increase in flood extent

Project increase in rainfall; insufficient mitigation measures; low storage and channeling capacity of rivers and other bodies water

Disaster Risk Management Program

Hazards Forecasting and Warning Systems Project

Number of functioning water level monitoring systems; Number of functioning automated weather stations; Number of households effectively reached by warning system; Percent system reliability;

Number of casualties

Local DRRM Reports; Reports of the MIS unit and DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO

Local Disaster Preparedness Project

Number of climate-resilient evacuation centers constructed; Number of casualties

Local DRRM Reports; Reports of the DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO

Disaster-Prone Communities Relocation Project

Number of households permanently relocated from disaster-prone areas

Local DRRM Reports; Reports of the DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO

Climate-Adaptive Hazard Mitigation Infrastructure Program

Flood Control Project Number of functional flood control structures constructed or rehabilitated; Extent of flood inundated area; Flood damage costs

DPWH Reports; Local DRRM Reports; Reports of the DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO





Slope Stabilization Project Number and extent of functional slope stabilization structures constructed or rehabilitated; Number of landslide incidences

DPWH Reports; Local DRRM Reports; Reports of the DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO

Sediment Control Project Number and extent of functional sediment control measures constructed or rehabilitated; Volume of sediments dredged from the river system; Sediment load in streams

DPWH Reports; LGU Reports; Reports of the DRRM Technical Team of the RBMO; Periodic Water Quality Reports



Annex 5. Logical framework of economic development projects.



Poverty Lack of sustainable livelihood opportunities; susceptibility of economic activities to climate risk; concentration of infrastructure in urban areas; lack of competitive skills due to low educational attainment

Inclusive Development Support Program

Industry and Enterprise Development Project

Number of established and developed enterprises; Revenue of operating enterprises

LGU Reports; DTI Surveys; Reports of the Economic Development Technical Team

Cooperative Development for Natural Resource-Based Enterprises

Number of cooperatives established; Financial performance index of cooperatives

CDA Reports; Reports of the Economic Development Technical Team

Livelihood Development for Minority and Marginalized Sectors

Number of livelihood trainings conducted; Number of livelihood beneficiaries from marginalized sectors; Income of marginalized sectors

LGU Reports; DSWD Reports; Reports of the Stewardship Unit and Economic Development Technical Team

ADSDPP Development Project

Number of updated ADSDPPs; Number of newly formulated ADSDPP; Number of IPs trained

NCIP Reports; ADSDPP Documents; Reports of the Stewardship Unit and Economic Development Technical Team





Sustainable Climate-Resilient Livelihood Program

Climate-Smart Agriculture Project

Number of farmer adopters; Number of technologies adopted; Number of LGU's institutionalizing climate-smart agriculture; Agricultural productivity

MAO Annual Reports; LGU Ordinances; Reports of the Stewardship Unit and Economic Development Technical Team; Monitoring of adopter farms

Sustainable Fisheries Project

Number of adopters; Number of technologies adopted; Number of LGU's institutionalizing sustainable fisheries; Fishery productivity; Change in water quality

MAO Annual Reports; LGU Ordinances; Reports of the Stewardship Unit and Economic Development Technical Team; Monitoring of fishery adopters; Periodic water quality reports

Community-Based Ecotourism Development Project

Number of Sustainable Tourism-Certified Destinations; Number of Sustainable Tourism-Certified Businesses; Number of LGU's promoting sustainable tourism; Number of households or individuals in the ecotourism sector

MTO Reports; LGU Ordinances; Reports of the Economic Development Technical Team; DOT Surveys





Payment for Ecosystem Services System

Number of active PES deals implemented; Total value of ES supplied by PES deals

PESS Monitoring and Evaluation

Infrastructure Development Program

Construction, retrofitting, and rehabilitation of key facilities and transportation systems

Number and extent of new infrastructures and facilities constructed; Number of and extent evaluated, retrofitted, and rehabilitated infrastructures and facilities;

DPWH Reports; LGU Reports; Reports of the Economic Development Technical Team

Renewable Energy Project Number of functioning RE generation units installed; Total capacity of installed RE ; Increase RE share in gross energy consumption

Reports of the Economic Development Technical Team; DOE Annual Report; RE companies



Annex 6. Logical framework of institutional development projects



Inadequate mechanism for basin-wide development

Lack coordinating body for river basin-wide management; poor information management in the river basin; weak stakeholder participation in the river basin

Legislative Policy and Institutionalization Program

Creation and Institutionalization of the Agno River Basin Management Council (RBC) and the Agno River Basin Management Office (RBMO)

Presence of a functioning RMC and RBMO

Legal basis of RMC and RBMO

Development and Harmonization of Environmental Policies and Land Use Plans

Number of policies crafted; Number of policies harmonized; Number of LGU's adopting crafted policies; Number of LGU's using the ARB Master Plan as the framework for local planning

Reports of the Legal and Policy Unit of the RBMO; LGU Ordinances; LGU Plans

Watershed Information Program

Research and Development Project Number of original research and development studies conducted in the ARB

Project Reports

Real-time Watershed Monitoring System

Number of installed active monitoring instruments; Number of monitored parameters; Condition of monitoring instruments

Reports of the MIS Unit of the RBMO

Integrated Management Information and Decision Support System

Total number of active users; Number of LGU's using the IMIDSS for decision support; Size of database; System reliability

Reports of the MIS Unit of the RBMO





Participatory Development Program

Social Mobilization and Development Project

IEC activities; Number of beneficiaries of capability building activities; Number of active networks and linkages established

Reports of the Stewardship Unit and Communications Unit of the RBMO; LGU Annual Reports

Agno River Basin Master Plan Caravan/Roadshow Project

Number of revised CLUPs, CDPs and other local and regional plans that actually use the master plan as a basis

LGU reports such as CLUP

Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Project

Number of organizations formed; Number of active members in the organization; Number of projects implemented and project involvements by the organizations

Reports of the Stewardship Unit of the RBMO; DSWD Reports; LGU Annual Reports



Potential Location of Proposed Projects

in the Agno River Basin



Annex 7. Potential location of projects under water resources management theme



Annex 8. Potential location of projects under watershed management theme



Annex 9. Potential location of projects under wetland management theme



Annex 10. Potential location of projects under disaster risk reduction and management

theme



Annex 11. Potential location of projects under economic development theme

Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Agno River...

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