Climate Change Teaching Guide

DISCLAIMER: This work was funded as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and

Food Security (CCAFS), which is in partnership of CGIAR and Philippine Rice Research Institute. CGIAR is not responsible for the contents of this material.

Climate Change 101 Climate Change Puzzle 20 GreenhouseEffect,GlobalWarming, 24 and Climate Change

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Palayamanan System

Adaptation vs Mitigation 36 Ang Kwento ni Mang Kanor 38 Palayamanan 43 FloatingGarden 45 EcologicalFarming 46 Vermicomposting 47

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Integrated Crop Management System

PagpilingBarayti 50 PaghahandangLupa 51 Pagtatanim 52 PamamahalangSustansiya 52 Minus-One-Element-Technique(MOET) 53 LeafColorChart(LCC) 53 ControlledIrrigation 54 PamamahalangPeste 56

Attachment1:ClimateChange101 19Attachment2:ClimateChangeAdaptationandMitigation: 35 Palayamanan SystemAttachment3:ClimateChangeAdaptationandMitigation: 49 Integrated Crop Management System

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Teaching Module on Climate Change and Rice ProductionDecember 2014

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Lesson 1: Climate Change 101


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Overview

Thetermclimatechangeisoftenassociatedorused interchangeablywithgreenhouseeffectandglobalwarming.Thislessonwilldemystifyclimatechangebydiscussingaboutthesciencebehindit.Specifically,manifestationsandcausesofclimatechangewillbetackled.Thislessonwillalsodiscussthephenomenoninrelationtoricefarming.Differentiatingclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationwillenablelearnerstounderstand succeeding discussions on climate changemanagementinriceproduction.

Duration

1 hour

Learning Objectives

Attheendofthesession,thelearnersshouldbeableto: 1.Characterizeclimatechange 2.Recognizetheeffectsofclimatechangeonrice production 3.Identifythecausesofclimatechange 4.Differentiateclimatechangeadaptationand mitigationmechanisms

Materials Needed

• Powerpointpresentationorflipchart• Lecturenotes(Attachment1)• Pens• Piecesofpaper(optional:pentelpens,manilapaper)

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Procedure

Climate Change Puzzle1.Showthenumberedpicturesontheflipchartorpowerpoint to the learners.2.Askthelearnerstoarrangethepicturesaccordingtohow theywouldputtheminorder.Theactivitymaybedonein groups or individually.3.Askvolunteerstoshareandexplaintheiranswerstothe class.Theiranswerswillestablishthelearners’levelofunderstandingontheconceptsclimatechange,global warming,andgreenhouseeffect.4.Synthesizetheiranswers.

Processing

1.Startbyshowingtothelearnersthecorrectorderofphotos.Thecorrectansweris3,5,2,1,4,6.2.Discusstheclimatechange,globalwarming,andgreenhouseeffectconcepts.Usethepowerpointpresentationorflipchartasaguide.Attachment1containslecturenotesperslide.3.Useanalogiestohelpexplainconcepts.SamplesoflearninganalogiescanbeseeninAttachment1.


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Corresponding points

Quality of answer

5(10-9) Able to provide a comprehensive answer byfirstdiscussingatleastfivemanifestationsofclimatechangesuchasdrought,flooding,saltwaterintrusion,increasedrainfall,andintensetyphoons, and alteredwind patterns. Learnershouldbeable todiscuss theconsequencesofthesetoriceproduction,especiallyonhowitcanlessentheyield.Compositionisclearandcoherent.

4(8-7) Able to discuss a few manifestations ofclimatechangeandestablishaclearconnectionbetweenthesemanifestationsandtheirimpacton rice production. Composition is coherent.

Assessment

Belowaresuggestedessayquestionstoassessthelearners’level of understanding of Lesson 1.

1.Paanonakaaapektoangclimatechangesa produksiyonngpalay? 2.Angpagtatanimbangbaraytingpalaynamabubuhay sa tagtuyot ay isang paraan ng adaptasyon o mitigasyon ngclimatechange?Ipaliwanag.

Forquestion#1:

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3(6-5) Learnerwasabletoestablisharelationshipbetween climate change and rice productionbyprovidingonlyoneorveryfewmanifestationsofclimatechange.

2(4-3) Relationshipbetweenclimatechangeandriceproductionisnotwellexplainedandestablished.Compositionisincoherent.

1(2-1) Compositionisincoherentandtherelationshipbetweenclimatechangeandriceproductionis vague.

0 No answer was provided or answer was not relatedinanywaytothequestion.


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For question #2:

Suggested Reading

PhilRiceQ&AonClimateChangeandRiceProduction


Quality of answer

5(10-9) Abletoprovideacorrectanswerbysayingthatplanting a drought-tolerant variety is an adaptation strategy. The answer is supported byaclearexplanationofwhattheconceptofadaptationmeansandhowitdifferswithmitigation.Compositionisclearandcoherent.

4(8-7) Abletoprovideacorrectanswerbysayingthat planting a drought-tolerant variety is an adaptationstrategy.Answerisjustifiedusingacleardefinitionoftheconceptofadaptation.Compositionisclearandcoherent.

3(6-5) Learnerwasabletoprovidethecorrectanswer,butwithoutacleardefinitionoftheconceptofadaptation.

2(4-3) Learnerwasabletoprovideacorrectbutunsupported answer.

1(2-1) Learner provided a wrong answer. 0 No answer was provided or answer was not

relatedinanywaytothequestion.

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Lesson 2: Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Palayamanan System


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Overview

The effects of climate change on rice production can bemanagedbyadjustingecological,social,andeconomic

systemstoclimatestimuliorthroughproactivewaystolowerthelevelofGHGsintheatmosphere.Thefirstlesson

discussesthemanifestationsofclimatechangeandtheir impactonriceproductivity.Lesson2willintroducethe conceptofdiversificationasapracticetomanagetheeffects

ofclimatechange.Specifically,itwilldiscusstheconceptofPalayamanan,anintegratedrice-basedfarmingsystem,asbothanadaptationandmitigationstrategy.

Duration

1 hour

Learning Objectives

Attheendofthelesson,thelearnersshouldbeableto: 1. Explainhowanintegrateddiversifiedfarmingsystem

canhelpmanagetheeffectsofclimatechange 2. Discusstheclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation

practicesofthePalayamananSystem 3. Set-up a mini-Palayamanan

Materials Needed

• Powerpointpresentationorflipchart• Lecturenotes(Attachment2)• Pens• Piecesofpaper

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Procedure

Review1. Brieflyreviewthepreviouslesson.Itisimportanttorecallthe manifestationsofclimatechangeandtheeffectsoftheseon

riceproductionasthiswillfacilitateunderstandingofLesson2.Alternatively,thismaybedonethroughagame.

2. Dividetheclassintogroupsof5or3dependingonclasssize.Ask each group to list down the manifestations of climatechangeasmanyas theycan.Theiranswersmaybeanyorallofthese:saltwaterintrusion,increasedsoilsalinity,flood-ing,drought,heavyrains,moreintensetyphoons,andalteredwindpatterns.Theyshouldfinishthelistin10seconds.

3. Haveallgroupscompare lists.Eachcommon item listedbyothergroupsshouldbecancelledoutuntilalluniqueitemsareleft.Thegroupwhohasthemostuniqueitemswinsthegame.

Discussion1. After recalling themanifestations of climate change, review

theconceptofclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.Usethepowerpointorflipchartasvisualaid.

2. RelatethestoryofMangKanor,aricefarmerwhohasafriendwhointegratesplantingricewithothercrops.(SeeAttachment2).Thestorywilllaythegroundforunderstandingthebenefitsofanintegrateddiversifiedrice-basedfarmingsystem.

3. Reviewthedefinitionofclimatechangemitigationas discussedinLesson1.Youmaygiveexamplessuchas plantingtreesasoneoftheknownwaystostorecarbon dioxideintheair.


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Practice1. ThestudentsshouldpracticesettingupaPalayamanan. Allotasmallparceloflandintheschoolcampusforamini Palayamanan. 2. Ask thewholeclass toplanout thecropstobeplantedor

raisedandhowtheyshouldbelaidoutwithinthespace provided.Supervisebyaskingquestionssuchaswhyshould

theanimalsbeplacedinacertainarea,whythesetypesofanimalsorcrops,amongotherquestions.

3. Thewholeclassshouldcreateascheduleinmonitoringand maintaining their mini-farm. Allow fun in the planning and actualimplementation.4. Shouldtherebetimeorotherconstraints,youmay alternatively divide the class in groups of 3 or 5 and ask

eachgroup toprepareahugedishgarden.A3x2 ft-sizeddishgardenwillbeenough.

5. Let them imagine that the dish garden is their farm.Havethemplanoutthelayoutofthecropswithinthespace.Askquestions such as those stated above to facilitate criticalthinking.Eachgroupshouldpresenttheirmini-Palayamanandish gardens to thewhole class and encourage feedbackfrom the non-presenters.

Assessment

Belowisasuggestedessayquestiontoassessthelearners’level of understanding of Lesson 2.

1. Nagkwento ang isang kamag-anak mo na magsasaka tungkol sa pagbaba ng ani ng kanyang palay dahil sa pabagu-bagong klima na hindi pa niya naranasan dati. Minsan umuulan kung kailan inaasahan nya ang init. Paano

mo matutulungan ang iyong kamag-anak?

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Thescoringrubricsbelowwillhelpdeterminethelearners’scorebasedonthequalityofanswers.

Forquestion#1:


Quality of answer

5(10-9) Answerincludesthefollowing:(a)informationonclimatechangeasaphenomenoncharacterizedbychangesinclimaticpatternsthatcanconsiderablyreducericeyieldandincome;(b)theconceptofintegrationanddiversificationasastrategytocopewithunexpectedchangesinweather;(c)theconcept of Palayamanan, an integrated anddiversifiedrice-basedfarmingsystemthathaspractices that can both adapt to or mitigateclimate change; optional (d) mention of thePinoyRiceKnowledgeBank(PinoyRice)andthePhilRiceTextCenter(PTC)assourcesofinformationonclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.YoumayaddbonuspointsforthementionofPinoyRiceandPTC.Compositionis coherent.

4(8-7) Abletoprovideacomprehensiveandcoherent answer that described the conceptofdiversificationandintegrationasastrategytocopewithunexpectedchangesinweather.Nobriefinformationaboutclimatechangephenomenonwasprovided.TheconceptofPalayamananasbothaclimatechangeadaptation and mitigation strategy was explainedwell.Composition iscoherentwithminimal errors.


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Suggested Readings

PhilRiceQ&AonClimateChangeandRiceProduction.SeriesNo.19.April2014.

Palayamanan.PinoyRiceKnowledgeBank. www.pinoyrkb.com.

2(4-3) LearnerintroducedtheconceptofPalayamananbutwithoutanelaborateexplanationonhowitcanhelpadapttoormitigateclimatechange.Compositionisincoherentwitherrors.

1(2-1) Learner mentioned Palayamanan or the conceptofanintegratedanddiversifiedfarmingsystembutdidnotexpound.


3(6-5) Able todiscuss theconceptofPalayamananwell.LearnerexpoundedthepracticeswithinthePalayamansystemasbothaclimatechange adaptation and mitigation strategy.Compositioniscoherentwithminimalerrors.

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Lesson 2b: Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation:

Integrated Crop Management System


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Overview

Climatechangehasanenormouseffectonriceproduction.Itisimportantforricefarmerstocopewiththeseeffectsaslowproductivityhasmassiveimpactonnational

production,and,therefore,onfoodsecurity.Lesson2ahasintroducedtheconceptand importanceof integration.Anintegratedcropmanagement(ICM)systemforrice

comprises interrelated and interdependent managementareastohelpimproveproductivityamidsttheeffectsof

climate change. Not only the system guides a farmer toadapttoclimatechangeeffects,italsorecommends

practicesthatcanhelpmitigateit.

Duration

1 hour

Learning Objectives

Attheendofthelesson,thelearnersshouldbeableto: 1. ExplaintheconceptoftheICM 2. Discusstheclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation practicesofthePalayCheckSystem.

Materials Needed

• Powerpointpresentationorflipchart• Plastictumblerwithoutarim• Rubberbandattachedwitheightlongstrings• Water• LectureNotes(Attachment3)

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Procedure

Discussion1. BrieflyreviewthepreviouslessonbeforestartingLesson2b. RefertoAttachment2tocovertheimportantpointsofthereview.

2. Movetothenextslideandreviewtheconceptofintegration.YoumayconducttheEightforOne,OneforAll(activityadaptedfromProjectLearningTree)toshowtheconceptofinterdependenceand

interrelationships.Seeinstructionsbelow.

3. BeforediscussingtheICM,askthelearnerswhethertheyare alreadyawareof it.Youmaycallvolunteerstomentionaword

oragroupofwordsthatdescribestheICMsystem.Gatherandsynthesize their answers. Support the discussion using thenotesinAttachment3-w.Thenmovethediscussiontothe

adaptationandmitigationpracticesintheICMusingthe powerpointorflipchartasaguide.

Instructions1. Before the game.Fillarimlesstumblerwithwater.Preparea rubber band and eight one-meter strings.Tie one end of the

stringtotherubberband.Doitinalleightstringsroundthe rubber band.Then put the rubber band with strings near the

brimofthetumbler.PrepareobstaclessuchaschairsalongthepathwayfromadesignatedpointAtopointB.Thechallengeisto deliver the glass of water from point A to B passing through obstacleswithoutspillingthewater.

2. Dividetheclassintogroupsofeight.Alleightmembersshouldhold theglassusing theeightstrings tied to the rubberband.This can be done as a contest or as an activity of thewholeclass.


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3. AskthegroupstodelivertheglasstopointBpassingthrough obstacles.Iftheyspillthewaterbyhalf,theyshouldgetback

topointAandstartagainwitharefilledglass.

4. Processing.Duringtheprocessing,askthestudentswhat strategytheyemployedtosuccessfullydeliverthewaterto

theotherend.Encouragethemtoelaboratetheiranswers.Then ask themwhether each string has a contribution tokeepthewaterintheglass.Thestringsrepresentthe

componentsof theICMsystem.Successfuldeliveryof thewatertopointBrequiresthecontributionofalleightstrings.SoarethecomponentsoftheICMsystem.Theyshouldbeobservedwellforoptimumproductivity.Thecomponents,asinthestrings,areinterdependentandinterrelated.Thus,

integrationofthesecropmanagementareasisimportanttoachievethemaximumyieldpotential.

Assessment

Belowisasuggestedessayquestiontoassessthelearners’level of understanding of Lesson 2.

Kumunsulta ang iyong kakilalang magsasaka sa iyo tungkol sa palay niya. Mayroon siyang 2 ektaryang palayan

na sinasaka ng mahigit 15 taon na. Ngunit nitong huling mga buwan, hindi niya inasahan ang pagbabago ng panahon. Kagaya noong huling taniman, hindi niya inasahan ang

sobrang pag-init na tinuyo ang kanyang mga tanim na palay. Minsan, umuulan din ng malakas, gayunpaman, sobrang malakas ang init. Nag-iba din ang klase ng mga peste sa kanyang palayan na sanhi ng pagbaba ng kanyang ani. Paano mo matutulungan ang iyong kakilala?

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Quality of answer

5(10-9) AbletoidentifyandexplainbrieflythephenomenondescribedasElNiño,aclimatevariationcharacterizedbyextremeheatthatcauses drought. From the climate changeeffects provided in the essay question, thelearnerdiscussesaboutanintegratedapproach and provides most or all of thefollowing points with brief explanation: (a)Planting of a drought-tolerant variety is recommended,howeverasuitablevarietyisnottheonlyanswertotheproblem;(b)Synchronousplantingwill helpmanagepestsfromconcentratinginonefieldandwillmaximizetheuseoftheirrigationservice;(c)Controlled irrigation toknowwhen thefieldneeds irrigation. Composition is clear andcoherentwithminimal errors.

4(8-7) AbletoexplainthatthemanifestationsprovidedinthequestionarebroughtbyclimatechangebutElNiño isnot identifiedspecifically.Thelearnerprovidesmostorallofthepointsmentionedabovewithbriefexplanations.Compositionisclearandcoherentwithminimalerrors.

3(6-5) Abletoprovidemostofthepointsmentionedwith clear explanations. Climate change isnotexplainedandtheconceptofintegrationis not discussed. Composition is coherentwith a few errors.


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1(2-1) LearnermentionedtheICMortheconceptofanintegratedricefarmingsystembutdidnotexpound.


Suggested Readings

PhilRiceQ&AonClimateChangeandRiceProduction.SeriesNo.19.April2014

Palayamanan.PinoyRiceKnowledgeBank. www.pinoyrkb.com.

PhilRiceQ&AonElNiño

2(4-3) LearnermentionedandexplainedtheICMasanintegratedapproachtoincreaseproductiv-ityamidstchangesinclimatetoadapttoormitigateclimatechange.

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Attachment 1:Climate Change 101


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The Climate Change Puzzle

Askthelearnerstoarrangethepicturesaccordingtohowtheywouldputtheminorder.Theactivitymaybedonebygroupsor

individually.Askvolunteerstoshareandexplaintheiranswerstotheclass.Theiranswerswillestablishtheirlevelof

understandingontheconceptsofclimatechange,global warming,andgreenhouseeffect.

1 2 3

4 5 6

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3 5 2

1 4 6

Thefirstpictureshowshowtheheatfromthesun’sraysistrappedbyalayerofgasintheEarth’satmosphere.Thisiscalledthe

greenhouseeffect.

Asmoreheatistrapped,Earthwarmsabnormallyasshown inthesecondpicture.Thisphenomenoniscalledglobal warming. Thethirdpictureshowsintenseevaporationasencouragedby

anabnormalheatonEarth.

Thecorrectansweris3,5,2,1,4,6.Thepuzzle demystifiesgreenhouseeffect,globalwarming, andclimatechange.Basically,thepuzzle explainshowclimatechangeoccurs.


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Earthgetswarmerandwarmercausingdrought.Thefourth pictureshowsafieldindroughtwithwiltedplants.

Asevaporationisspedup,allprocessesinvolvedinthe watercyclespeedsupandintensifies.Thefifthpictureshows

happy heavy clouds indicating intensified condensation andprecipitation.

Lastly,asprecipitationintensifies,wetseasonsarealso intensifiedbringingheavyrainsandtyphoons.These occurrencesharmtheplantsasshowninthesixthpicture.

Suchchangesinclimaticconditionsrefertoclimatechange.

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The Earth needs enough heat from the sun to sustain life. Usually,theheatfromthesunpassesthroughtheatmosphereto

theEarthandradiatessomeofittospace.However,the accumulationofgreenhousegases(GHGs) in theatmosphere

absorbsandtrapstheheatfromthesun’srayssothatmostofitisemittedbacktotheEarth.Thisiscalledthegreenhouseeffect.

Analogy:Thegreenhouseisastructuremadeofplasticorglassroofandwallswhereplantsarekeptinsideit.Itisbuilttotrapthedesired heat from the sun to promote the growth of the plants. Theplasticorglassroofandwallsarelikethegreenhousegasesthatabsorband trap theheat from thesun towarm theplantsmore.

Ito ay proseso kung saan ang init na dala ng araw ay sinisipsip ng mga greenhouse gases (GHGs) sa atmosphere at binubuga sa lahat ng direksyon.

Ang mainit na enerhiyang ito ay binubuga pabalik sa Earth para bigyan ito ng sapat na init.


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Dahil sobra ang greenhouse gases (GHGs) sa atmosphere, kinukulong nito ang init at binubuga pabalik sa Earth upang lalo itong painitin. Ang sobrang pag-init na ito ay tinatawag na global warming.

TheheatenergythatissupposedtoberadiatedbacktospaceistrappedbytheGHGsandemittedbacktotheEarth’s

surface.ThiswarmstheEarthmore.

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Ang Global Warming ay nagdudulot ng Climate Change Climate Change—ang abnormal na pagbabago ng panahon.

Ang pagtaas ng temperature ay isa sa mga hudyat ng pagbabago ng klima.

WhenEarthwarms,climaticsystemschange.Thatiswhywefeelalotofchangesinweatherpatterns.Forexample,inlateFebruary,heatisstartingtobefeltinmostpartsofthe

Philippines.Now,theweatherhasbecomecolduntil mid-March.

Thenextslidewillexplainhowheatcaninfluencesuch changes.


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Dahil sa sobrang init, mas mabilis ang pagsingaw ng tubig or evaporation sa atmosphere. Ito ay nagdudulot ng mas madalas

na pag-ulan. Askthestudentstotrytorecallthewatercyclefromtheir scienceclass.

Thewatercyclehasfourstages:evaporationandtranspiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection. Evaporation is

whenthesunheatsupwaterinrivers,oceans,etc.andturnsitontovapororsteam.Thewatervaporleavestheriveroroceanandgoesintotheair.Transpirationoccursinplantswhereplants“sweat”andlosewateroutoftheirleavesintotheair.Water

vaporintheairgetscoldandchangesbackintoliquid,formingclouds.Thisiscalledcondensation.Whensomuchwaterhascondensed,precipitationoccursintheformofrain.RainwaterfallsbacktotheEarthandcollectedinbodiesofwater.

WhenEarthheatsup,evaporationandtranspirationspeedsup,andsoistherestofthestagesinthewatercycle.Thiscausesmorerainsorprecipitationtooccur.

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Anong nangyayari kung sobrang mainit ang tubig?

Toomuchheatcanraiseupthesealevel. Imaginewaterbroughttoaboil.Asitheats

up,itswaterlevelrises.

Ayon sa mga experto, sa bawat taas ng minimum na temperatura ng 1°C, inaasahang bababa ang ani ng 10-15

porsyento

Aslightincreaseintemperaturecanalreadybringaconsiderablelossinyield.Lowrice

supply along with increasing demand notonlyaffectsfoodsecuritybutalsothe

economyofthecountry.Thenextslideswillshow how climate change can affect riceyields.

Kulang ang suplay ng tubig na kailangan ng palay.

Ang tagtuyot o drought ay nakaaapekto sa bilang ng suwi, taas ng palay, bilang ng butil,

at laman ng butil. Lumalakas ang pagpapawis ng mga tanim

or transpiration na nagdudulot ng pagkatuyo ng ilang parte ng tanim.

Ano sa tingin niyo ang epekto ng climate change sa pagpapalay?


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Increaseintemperaturecancausedrought.Drought affectsallstagesofricegrowthanddevelopment. Frequentdroughtreduceswatersupplywhichleadsto reductionofpanicleexsertionandspikeletfertility.Inother

words,growthanddevelopmentofgrains isaffectedbythelackofwater.

Moreover,droughtincreasestheamountofwaterneededforplanttranspirationdryinguptheplant,andrisksthe

development of grains.

Ang pinakamatinding El Niño na naranasan ng Pilipinas ay noong 1997-1998 Noong 2010, nagkaroon

ng “moderate to strong El Niño” sa Pilipinas Inaasahan din ang El Niño

sa huling bahagi ng 2014.

Themostsignificantdroughtoccurrencewasin1997-1998 ElNinoeventwhichbroughtconsiderableyielddeclineinrice. Recently,ElNinoisbeingfeltinthecountry.

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Ang pagtaas ng tubig dagat ay nagdudulot ng pag-alat ng lupa na sanhi rin ng pagbaba ng ani.

Risingsealevelmayamplifysoilsalinityanddisplaceareasforcropproduction.Saltwaterintrusiondecreasesthe

productivityofthesoil.

Marami ang nasasalantang pananim dahil sa madalas na pag-ulan, bagyo, at pagbaha na dala ng sobrang init.

Astheincreaseintemperatureintensifiesrainfalldueto increasedevaporationrate,typhoonsbecomemorelikelyto occur.Sea-levelriseandtyphoonscancausefloodingthat posesagreatriskinriceproduction.Riceplantsatflowering

stagewillbeatrisktoflooding.Itishighlyunlikelytorecover destroyedfloweringriceplantsfromfloods.


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Ang pagbago ng ihip ng hangin ay nagdudulot ng mga sakit sa palay gaya ng riceblast,sheath, at culmblight na sanhi ng pagbaba ng ani.

Alteredwind patternsmay change the spread ofwind-bornepests,bacteria,andfungithatareagentsofcropdisease.Thus,ricediseasessuchasriceblast,sheath,andculmblightcould

becomemorewidespread.

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Sanhi ng Climate Change

• Natural na salik • Natural na mga proseso • Gawain ng mga tao (malawakang pagputol ng mga kahoy, makinarya na nagbubuga ng usok, agrikultura, etc.) Severalfactorscontributetoclimatechange.Recentstudies

showthatnaturalEarthprocessesarecontributorstoclimatechange,albeitlittle.Wehavenotmuchcontrolonsuchfactorsandprocesses.

Humanactivitiessuchasenvironment-hostileagricultural practicesleadtoincreasesinGHGsincludingcarbondioxide,

methane,andnitrousoxide,whichcontributetogreenhouse effectandcausethesurfacetemperatureoftheEarthtorise.

Someagriculturalpracticesemitmethaneandnitrousoxideto the atmosphere. Rice production contributes to climatechange.


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• Paglalagay ng abono—ang mga kemikal na abono, organikong pataba gaya ng dayami at dumi ng hayop ay nagbubuga ng CH4 depende sa dami at tiyempo• Pamamahala sa tubig—ang palayan na laging binabaha or pinapatubigan ay nakapagdudulot ng mataas na CH4 • Uri ng lupa—mataas ang CH4 sa heavy clay soils kumpara

sa mga mabuhangin o sandy soils. Ang mga mabuhangin na lupa ay madaling pasukan ng tubig.

Water management, fertilizer application, and soil type aresomeofthefactorsthataffectmethaneemission.

Asalreadymentioned,floodedsoilisprerequisitetosustained emissionsofmethane.Riceenvironmentswithunsteady supply of water have lower methane emission potential than

irrigatedrice.

Applyingchemicalandorganicinputssuchasurea,ricestraw,animalmanure,andgreenmanuregenerallyincreases

methaneemissions.However,thiscanberegulated dependingonthequantity,quality,andtimingoffertilizer application.Watermanagementandtemperaturemayreduce

oramplifytheeffectoffertilizerinputsonmethaneemission.ThepropertimingandapplicationoffertilizerwillbediscussedinLesson2b.

Mga nakapagdudulot ng CH4 sa atmosphere:

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Methaneemissionishigherinheavyclaysoilsthaninporoussoilssuchassandy,loamysand,etc.becausethelattercan

easilybeinfiltratedwithwater.Floodwatercannotberetainedlongerinclayeyorfine-texturedsoils.

• Ang pagpapalay ay nakapagdudulot ng pagtaas ng temperatura• May mga ginagawa sa bukid na nakapagpadagdag ng GHG

sa atmosphere. Ang methane (CH4) at carbon dioxide (CO2) ay mga GHGs na nagmumula sa pagpapalay. Ang CH4 ay mas malakas sumipsip ng init kaysa sa CO2.

Somericeproductionpractices increasemethaneemission.Methaneabsorbsmoreheatthancarbondioxide.

Basically, a flooded field contributes to methane emission.Floodingaricefieldcutsofftheoxygensupplyfromthe

atmospheretothesoil,whichcausesanaerobic(without oxygen) fermentation of organicmatter in the soil.Methane

isproduced fromanaerobic fermentation.Fields that remainfloodedfortheentiregrowingseasonhavemorepotentialformethaneemissionthanfieldsthataredrainedorpermittedtodryatleastonceduringacroppingseason.


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Attachment 2:Climate Change Adaptation andMitigation: Palayamanan System


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Adaptation Mitigation Ang adaptasyon(opakikibagay)angkakayahanngisang

sistema na pakibagayan ang pabagu-bagong panahonupangmapangasiwaanangmaaaringmaidulotnapinsala,atkayaninanganumangkahinatnanngpabagu-bagong

klima.

Ang mitigasyonnamanayanumangaksyonupang tuluyangiwasanobawasanangpangmatagalangpanganib

ngpabagu-bagongklimasabuhayngtaoatmgabagaysamundo.

vs

....................................................................................................

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Basically,thesearefarmingpracticesthatemitgreenhouse gasesthatleadtoclimatechange.

Chemicalpesticideshavecomponentsthatarenot environment-friendly.

AsmentionedinLesson1,afloodedfieldcontributesto methane emission. Applying organic inputs such as rice straw, animalmanure,

andgreenmanuregenerallyincreasesmethaneemissions especiallywhentheseinputsareallowedtodecomposeina

floodedfield.

Burningtoclearagriculturallandsemitscarbondioxide, agreenhousegas,totheatmosphere.

Malimit na paggamitng pestisidyo

Tuluy-tuloy na pagpapatubig

Pagbuloknamaytubig

Pagsusunog


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Ang Kwento ni Mang Kanor

Si Mang Kanor ay isang magsasaka. Mayroon siyang 3 ektarya ng palayan.

Siya ay may kaibigan, si Mang Noel. Mayroon din siyang 3 ektaryang lupa.

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Ngunit hindi lang palay ang nakatanim sa 3 ektarya ng lupa ni Mang Noel.

Mayroon din siyang gulayan, isdaan, at hayupan.


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Isang araw, ibinalita sa TV na may parating na signal no. 2 na bagyo sa susunod na dalawang araw.

Nag-aalala si Mang Kanor at si Mang Noel. Pareho nilang hindi kabisadong pakibagayan ang bigla-biglang

pagbabago ng panahon. Ilang araw na lang, mamumulaklak na ang palay nila. Pero naani na ni Mang

Noel ang iba sa kanyang mga gulay.

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Pagkalipas ng bagyo....

Nalungkot si Mang Kanor nang nakita niya ang mga nakadapa niyang palay.

Ganon din si Mang Noel. Buti na lang may naisalba pa siya sa kanyang mga kalabasa.

Inisip ni Mang Kanor kung saan kukuha ng pagkain at iba pang pangangailangan.

Samantalang si Mang Noel ay kumukuha ng pagkain sa naisalba niyang gulay at hayop. Mayroon pa siyang kaunting naibenta sa kanyang kapitbahay.


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Pose the questions to the students. Call up volunteers to answer the question and gather their answers for processing.

Ano ang natutunan ninyo kay Mang Kanor?

Integrated or pinagsama-samang

pamamaraan

RiceIntegratedCrop

Management System

Integrated Rice-based

Farming System

ThenaskthestudentsabouttheonefactorthatputsMangNoelat an edge over Mang Kanor. Then answer is integrated or

diversifiedfarming.

Inriceproduction,therearetwointegratedricefarming systems to adapt to and mitigate climate change. Adoption

of rice integratedcropmanagement systemcanoffsetmajorimpactsofclimatechangeby increasingfarmers’productivityandprofitability.More ricemeans lesshungerand increasedincomeforfarmers’

household.

ThePalayamananSystem,anintegrated/diversifiedrice-based farmingsystem,highlightsthepurposiveintegrationofvarious

farmcomponentssuchasriceandothercrops.ThiswillbethefocusofLesson2a.

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PALAYAMANAN• Isang pamamaraan kung saan pinagsama-sama ang

produksiyon ng palay, gulay, prutas, hayop, at organikong pataba

• Tuluy-tuloy na pagkakaroon ng pagkain • Mas magandang kita at kabuhayan • Mas produktibong bukid • Kasiguraduhan sa produksyon• Mas malawak na gamit ng lupa

Palayamananhelpsfarmingfamiliesindiversifyingtheircrops,andinstartingothersourcesofincomesuchasfishpond,

poultry,andlivestock.Theseassurethefamilyofagoodsourceofproteinandenergy.Livestockwastesareusedasorganic

fertilizer,andricestrawsasvegetablemulch,andfood supplementforlivestock.Withadiversifiedfarmingsystem,the

householdisassuredofacontinuousfoodsupply.Farm productivity is increased and sustainable because the use of

landismaximized. For example, a 3-ha farm can be planted with rice and other

crops.Thedikesof ricefieldscanbeplantedwithvegetables.Thisway,aparceloflandcanbehighlyproductive,providingahouseholdhigherincomeandeconomicstability.More

importantly,productionriskisreduced.Farmersaffectedby TyphoonYolandawereabletorecoverfastbecausetheirfarms

werediversified.Theyhadvegetablestosellandkeep.


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Crop Production Livestock Production

Fruit Trees

Crop Production Acquaculture

Livestock Production

Mga bahagi ng Palayamanan

Palayamananintegratesvariousfarmcomponentssuchasriceandothercrops,livestock,aquaculture,biomasswasterecycling,andotherincome-generatingmeans.

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FLOATINGGARDEN• Mainam sa mga bahaing lugar• Maaaring magtanim ng palay at gulay• Kailangan lamang ng mga lokal na materyales tulad ng

kawayan sa paggawa nito

Inwater-loggedorfloodedareas,plantcropsinafloating garden.Thiswillonlyrequirecheapandlocallyavailable materials.This isoneway toadapt to theeffectsof climate

change.


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• Makakalikasannapamamaraanngpagpapalaynanaglalayongmabawasanangpaggamitngmgakemikaloinorganikongpatabaatpestisidyo

ECOLOGICAL FARMING

Ecologicalricefarmingaimstoreducetheuseofchemicalsthat emits harmful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Thus,thisisaclimatechangemitigationstrategy.

Vermicomposting• paraanngpaggawangorganikongpatabasa pamamagitanngpag-aalagangmalalakingbulateo AfricanNightCrawlersna siyangtumutulongparapabulukinangmganabubulok

na basura gaya ngmga balat ng prutas, dahon, dayami,

damo,atibapa.• angpinagsamanglupaatmganabuloknabasuraay nagreresultasaisangmainamnapataba• angpagkalatopaghalongdayamisapalayanay nagbubugangmethane

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Vermicompostingorvermicultureisanecologicalwayof improvingsoilfertilityofthericefield.Itisafarmingtechnology

thatusesearthwormstospeedupcomposting.

Therearemanywaystoorganicallyfertilizethesoil.Theusual practiceistoscatterricestrawonthefieldandallowitto fermentanddecompose.However,thispracticeencourages

methaneemissionespeciallywhen the field is flooded. It isthereforeadvisedthatricestrawandotherdegradable

materialsfromthefieldshouldbecompostedfirst.


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Attachment 3: Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation:Integrated Crop Management System


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Pagpili ng Barayti

Ang aerobic rice technology ay makabagong teknik upang mabawasan ang paggamit ng tubig sa produksyon ng palay.

Ang aerobic rice varieties ay para sa mabundok na lugar na ang patubig ay mas mababa ng 50% sa karaniwang

nakatanim sa kapatagan.

Ang Submarino na barayti na may kakayahang mabuhay kahit nakalubog ng 10 araw mula pagsusuwi hanggang

bago mamulaklak.

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Paghahanda ng Lupa

Gumamit ng mga makinaryang angkop sa mga di-pangkaraniwang kondisyon.

• Ride-onAttachment• LaboyTiller• Riding Floating Tiller

• Hindi inaararo ang lupa at limitado ang pagsuyod• Nababawasan ang paglagay ng kemikal na pataba dahil nakakadagdag sustansiya dahil muling ibinabalik ang dayami• Nakakatipid sa tubig irigasyon• Naiiwasan ang pagsingaw ng GHG na naiwan sa lupa

Magsagawa ng conservation tillage

Ride-on attachment

Laboy Tiller Riding Floating Tiller Maaringikabitsa anumangklaseng

kuligligatkomportablenggamitinsamgabahainglugar.

Ginagamit sa lupang malalimangputikat

mahabaang pinaggapasan

Ginagamit sa lupang malalimangputikat

mahabaang pinaggapasan


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Pagtatanim

Pamamahala ng sustansiya

Baguhin ang cropping calendar at araw ng pagtatanim

Magsabog-tanim

Maging episyente sa paglalagay ng pataba sa lupa.Iwasan ang sobrang paggamit ng organikong pataba.

• Iayon ang panahon ng pagtatanim sa klima• Kailangang alamin ang takbo ng panahon para maiayon

ang barayti sa klima

• Mas nakakabawas ng pagbuga ng methane ang pagsasabog-tanim kaysa sa paglilipat-tanim dahil mas maikli ang pagpapatubig, at pagbungkal ng lupa; naiiwasan ang pagsingaw ng methane

• Gumamit ng MOET at LCC para matiyak ang kailangang nitroheno at iba pa pang sustansiya ng mga pananim• Ang sobrang nitroheno sa lupa ay naglalabas ng nitrous oxide, isang GHG

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MINUS-ONE-ELEMENTTECHNIQUE(MOET)

LEAFCOLORCHART(LCC)

• Ang MOET ay isang simple at murang paraan upang malaman ang kulang na sustansya ng lupa

• Nakababawas ng pag-emit ng greenhouse gases mula sa sobrang paglalagay ng inorganikong pataba.

• Gamitin ang LCC tuwing ika-7 araw mula sa maagang pagsusuwi hanggang pamumulaklak pata malaman kung kailangan na ng palay ang patabang nitroheno.

• Kung ang basa sa LCC ay mababa sa 4 kung lipat-tanim, at 3 kung sabog-tanim, kailangan

ng lupa ng nitroheno.


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• Nababawasanangpaggamitngtubigsapalayanna hindinaaapektuhanangani• Nakatutulongitoparamabawasanangepektong tagtuyot sa palayan• Nakatutulongupangumabotangpatubigsamga sakahannanasadulongbahaginasakopngirigasyon• Nakababawassapagbugangmethanenasiyangmas

mataaskungtuluy-tuloyangpagpapatubig

Tumataas ang methane emission kapag walang oxygen o hangin na nakakapasok sa lupa.

Magsagwangcontrolledirrigation

Pamamahala ng tubig

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• Gumagamit ng observation wellpara masukat ang lalim ng tubig sa palayan upang malaman ang tamang panahon ng

pagpapatubig

Panatilihin ang 2-3cm lalim ng tubig hanggang isang buwan mula pagtatanim. Makatutulong ito para mabuhay ang mga punla at para makontrol ang damo.


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Pamamahala ng peste

Pangalagaan ang mga kapaki-pakinabang na organismo.

Gamitin ang mga patapon ng bukid

• Ang gagamba ay kumakain ng ng mga inakay at matatandang ngusong kabayo• Ang sobrang paggamit ng mga pestisidyo ay sumisira sa

balanse ng tamang dami ng mga pesteng kulisap at kaibigang organismo

• Gawing pataba ang mga dayami para mabawasan ang paggamit ng kemikal• Mag-vermicomposting• Huwag ikalat at hayaang pabulukin ang dayami sa palayan kung ito ay may tuloy-tuloy na pagpapatubig

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References

Alosnos,E.andQuilang,EJ.P.(2012).ClimateChange:AdaptationandMitigation(EnglishVersion).

Q&AonClimateChangeandRiceProduction.PhilRice.April2014.SerriesNo.19.

PinoyRiceKnowledgeBankHandoutSeries. www.pinoyrice.com.


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Editorial AdvisersJaimeA.ManaloIVEufemioT.RascoJr.,PhD

Managing EditorMyriam G. Layaoen

ReviewerRicardoF.Orge,PhD

Layout ArtistJaysonC.Berto

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DevelopmentCommunicationDivisionPhilippineRiceResearchInstituteMaligaya,ScienceCityofMuñoz,NuevaEcija3119Philippines


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Climate Change Teaching Guide

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