Climate change and crop pest scenario

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON CROP IMPLICATIONS ON CROP

PEST SCENARIOPEST SCENARIO

ByBy Dr.L.N.MohapatraDr.L.N.Mohapatra

Associate Director of ResearchAssociate Director of Research Regional Research and Technology Transfer Regional Research and Technology Transfer

StationStation

BhawanipatnaBhawanipatna

Climate changeClimate change

Climate Change is one of the most Climate Change is one of the most important global environmental problems today.important global environmental problems today.

It is a term used to describe a gradual increase in It is a term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of earth atmosphere the average temperature of earth atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be and its oceans, a change that is believed to be changing the earth’s climate for ever.changing the earth’s climate for ever.

It is a long-term change in the statistical It is a long-term change in the statistical

distribution of weather pattern over periods of distribution of weather pattern over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. time that range from decades to millions of years.

It may be limited to a specific region, or may It may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole world.occur across the whole world.

Reasons for climate changeReasons for climate change

• Planet Earth comprises of several layers. It starts with Planet Earth comprises of several layers. It starts with the three layers of the earth called as Crust , Mantle the three layers of the earth called as Crust , Mantle and Core and then five layers of atmosphere namely, and Core and then five layers of atmosphere namely, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.Thermosphere and Exosphere.

• Now, the atmosphere provides air, water, warmth Now, the atmosphere provides air, water, warmth and protects the earth from the harmful rays (UV) of and protects the earth from the harmful rays (UV) of the sun.the sun.

• The earth partially absorbs energy from the sun and The earth partially absorbs energy from the sun and simultaneously releases it in the form of infra red simultaneously releases it in the form of infra red waves (as heat we feel). This heat is not completely waves (as heat we feel). This heat is not completely lost to space, but is partially absorbed by some gases lost to space, but is partially absorbed by some gases present in very small quantities in the atmosphere present in very small quantities in the atmosphere called as green house gases(GHGs) and they remit called as green house gases(GHGs) and they remit some of this heat to the earth surface.some of this heat to the earth surface.

Reasons for climate Reasons for climate change:change:

Man made activities :Man made activities :• Burning of coal and oil for homes, factories Burning of coal and oil for homes, factories

and transportation has increased the and transportation has increased the concentration of Greenhouse Gases (carbon concentration of Greenhouse Gases (carbon dioxide, methane,nitrous oxide,ozone and dioxide, methane,nitrous oxide,ozone and chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere, chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere, that is making the earth warmer day by day.that is making the earth warmer day by day.

This again causes This again causes • the mountain glaciers and frozen ice-capped the mountain glaciers and frozen ice-capped

sea and land masses to melt, leading to the sea and land masses to melt, leading to the increase in the amount of water in rivers, increase in the amount of water in rivers, thus leading to the rise of amount of water thus leading to the rise of amount of water in oceans, which exert pressure on in oceans, which exert pressure on continental and oceanic plates and leads to continental and oceanic plates and leads to their movement inside, thus leading to their movement inside, thus leading to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activities, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activities, etc.etc.

Reasons for climate Reasons for climate change:change:

•

• Global atmospheric carbon oxide has increased appxly by Global atmospheric carbon oxide has increased appxly by 30% which is responsible for an increase of 0.630% which is responsible for an increase of 0.6ooC in mean C in mean annual global surface temperatureannual global surface temperature

• There will be an increase in the atmospheric temperature There will be an increase in the atmospheric temperature to the tune of about 1.8 to 4.0to the tune of about 1.8 to 4.000C by the end of 2100.C by the end of 2100.

• Burning fossil fuels alone accounts for 83% of India’s Burning fossil fuels alone accounts for 83% of India’s carbon dioxide emission.carbon dioxide emission.

• India will become the 3India will become the 3rdrd largest emitter of green house largest emitter of green house gases by 2015.gases by 2015.

• If no climate policy interventions are made the concn. Of If no climate policy interventions are made the concn. Of atmos. carbon dioxide may increase atmos. carbon dioxide may increase

upto- 405-460ppm by 2025upto- 405-460ppm by 2025 445-640ppm by 2050445-640ppm by 2050 540-970 ppm by 2100.540-970 ppm by 2100.

• Indian Agriculture (ruminants, rice Indian Agriculture (ruminants, rice cultivation,manure cultivation,manure management,crop residues etc.,) management,crop residues etc.,) contributed 17.7 m tonnes of contributed 17.7 m tonnes of methane and 0.14 m tonnes of methane and 0.14 m tonnes of nitrous oxide with global warming nitrous oxide with global warming potential (GWP) of 386.1 m tonnes potential (GWP) of 386.1 m tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent .carbon dioxide equivalent .

• Ruminants are found largest Ruminants are found largest contributer of GWP (85%)followed contributer of GWP (85%)followed by rice cultivation (23%) and by rice cultivation (23%) and soil(10%) soil(10%)

Reasons for climate change:Reasons for climate change:

Possible impact of climate changePossible impact of climate change

• Unprecedented heat waves: Unprecedented heat waves:

• Cyclone- Intensity of Storm would Cyclone- Intensity of Storm would increase by at least 10%increase by at least 10%

• Flood- Precipitation may increase by Flood- Precipitation may increase by 5-10% due to intensification of the 5-10% due to intensification of the hydrological cyclehydrological cycle

• DraughtDraught

• Decreased snow coverDecreased snow cover

• Erratic monsoonErratic monsoon

Possible impact of climate changePossible impact of climate change

o Rising sea level causing displacement along Rising sea level causing displacement along coast linecoast line

• Hot summer and warmer winterHot summer and warmer winter• Increased water salinityIncreased water salinity• More soil salination- decreased soil fertilityMore soil salination- decreased soil fertility• Less cultivated land- Less crop productivity Less cultivated land- Less crop productivity

with low quality agricultural producewith low quality agricultural produce• Increased incidence of insect pest and Increased incidence of insect pest and

insect borne diseases in human being and insect borne diseases in human being and effect on rainfed agriculture , effect on rainfed agriculture , fisheries,livestock,healthfisheries,livestock,health

Threats due to climate change in Threats due to climate change in AgricultureAgriculture

• Increased temperature Increased temperature drastically affected the rice drastically affected the rice production due to decrease production due to decrease in crop duration in in crop duration in Philippines (10% reduction Philippines (10% reduction in yield in rice per 1in yield in rice per 10 0 C rise C rise in temperature.in temperature.

• Reduction in yield due to Reduction in yield due to warm days and nights: warm days and nights: leads to less elongation of leads to less elongation of rice grain and lower quality rice grain and lower quality of rice ,higher chaffynessof rice ,higher chaffyness

Threats due to climate change in Threats due to climate change in AgricultureAgriculture

• An increase of 6An increase of 60 0 C in C in temperature and precipitation temperature and precipitation deficit of 300mm reduced the deficit of 300mm reduced the maize yield by 36% in European maize yield by 36% in European UnionUnion

• It will lead to a shift in It will lead to a shift in cultivation of crops in non cultivation of crops in non traditional area and change in traditional area and change in cultural practicescultural practices

• Increase in temp. and carbon Increase in temp. and carbon dioxide cause availability of less dioxide cause availability of less irrigated water and more pest irrigated water and more pest and diseases of crop.and diseases of crop.

Threats due to climate change in Indian Threats due to climate change in Indian AgricultureAgriculture

• IARI study “ Vulnerability of IARI study “ Vulnerability of Indian Agriculture to climate Indian Agriculture to climate change” reveals :change” reveals :

- an increase in temperature - an increase in temperature by 1by 100C may reduce the yield C may reduce the yield of wheat ,soyabean, of wheat ,soyabean, mustard, ground nut and mustard, ground nut and patato by 3-10%.patato by 3-10%.

• If the trend of climate If the trend of climate change continue in the same change continue in the same pace, the losses will be 10-pace, the losses will be 10-40% by 210040% by 2100..

Threats due to climate change in Indian Threats due to climate change in Indian AgricultureAgriculture

• For one degree rise in For one degree rise in temperature in areas like temperature in areas like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana could and Haryana could amount to a loss of about amount to a loss of about 6 million tonnes of wheat 6 million tonnes of wheat annually annually

• 0.5 degree rise in winter 0.5 degree rise in winter Temperature would reduce Temperature would reduce

wheat yield by 0.45t/ha. wheat yield by 0.45t/ha.

Effect of climate change on crop Effect of climate change on crop pestspests

Increased level of temperature and Increased level of temperature and carbon dioxide due to climate change carbon dioxide due to climate change have a profound influence on crop have a profound influence on crop pests (arthropods)pests (arthropods)

Insects are poikilothermic(cold Insects are poikilothermic(cold blooded organism), the temperature of blooded organism), the temperature of their body is proximately the same as their body is proximately the same as that of the environment.that of the environment.

Temperature increase associated with Temperature increase associated with climate change affect their climate change affect their reproduction,development and survivalreproduction,development and survival

Effect of climate change on crop pestsEffect of climate change on crop pests

• UV radiation weakens the health of plants which leaves them UV radiation weakens the health of plants which leaves them more vulnerable to pests and diseases which are earlier minor. more vulnerable to pests and diseases which are earlier minor.

• A rise in the carbon dioxide conc. increases the C:N ratio of A rise in the carbon dioxide conc. increases the C:N ratio of plants reducing the nutritional quality for the protein limited plants reducing the nutritional quality for the protein limited insects which increases their food intake (compensatory insects which increases their food intake (compensatory feeding).feeding).

• Study says there is dilution of N by 10-30% and it cause 40% Study says there is dilution of N by 10-30% and it cause 40% increase in food consumption by herbivores. increase in food consumption by herbivores.

• Increased carbon dioxide may cause a slight decrease in N Increased carbon dioxide may cause a slight decrease in N based defenses (alkaloid) and slight increase in carbon based based defenses (alkaloid) and slight increase in carbon based defenses (tanins) in plants which breaks down of resistance of defenses (tanins) in plants which breaks down of resistance of plants to insects . plants to insects .

Example: Sorghum midge Example: Sorghum midge Stenodiploisis sorghicolaStenodiploisis sorghicola. .

Pest out breaks are more likely to occur with stressed plants as a Pest out breaks are more likely to occur with stressed plants as a result of weakening of plants defensive system, and thus result of weakening of plants defensive system, and thus increasing the level of susceptibility to insect pests. increasing the level of susceptibility to insect pests.

Impact of climate change on insect Impact of climate change on insect pests populationpests population

• Extension of geographical rangeExtension of geographical range

It has been noted that insect population under increasingtemperature is under move towards higher latitudes and

elevation.

• Increasing over winteringIncreasing over wintering

• Change in population growth rateChange in population growth rate It has been estimated that with a 2o C temperature increase

insects might experience one to five additional life cycles per season

• Increased number of generationsIncreased number of generations

• Extension of development seasonExtension of development season

Impact of climate change on insect Impact of climate change on insect pests populationpests population

• Change in crop pest synchronyChange in crop pest synchrony

• Change in inter specific interactionChange in inter specific interaction

• Increased risks of invasion by Increased risks of invasion by migrant pestsmigrant pests

• Introduction of alternative hosts and Introduction of alternative hosts and over hostsover hosts

Examples of change in pest behaviour Examples of change in pest behaviour due to climate changedue to climate change

Unusually severe draught Unusually severe draught increases the damage by increases the damage by spotted stem borer in spotted stem borer in sorghumsorghum

Boll worm incidence in Boll worm incidence in cotton may increase by 4.17% cotton may increase by 4.17% with an increase of maximum with an increase of maximum temperature by 1temperature by 100CC

Aphid abundance increases Aphid abundance increases with an increase of carbon with an increase of carbon dioxide and temperaturedioxide and temperature


• More occurrence of Cabbage maggot, More occurrence of Cabbage maggot, onion maggot , European corn borer onion maggot , European corn borer and Colorado potato beetleand Colorado potato beetle

• High temperature with humidity are High temperature with humidity are subjected to severe cut worm subjected to severe cut worm damagedamage

• It will lead to earlier infestation by It will lead to earlier infestation by Helicoverpa zea Helicoverpa zea inin North AmericaNorth America and and H.armigera H.armigera in North Indiain North India

• Shorter dry spell lead to more mites, Shorter dry spell lead to more mites, mealy bug infestationmealy bug infestation


Longer growing seasons with warmer climate will enable insect pests such as grasshoppers to complete a greater number of reproductive cycles during spring,summer and autumn.

Increase in rainfall will largely affect the species particularly the beetle with poor dispersal capabilities, which will limit their ability to expand their home.

Lower winter mortality of insects due to warmer winter temperatures could be important in increasing insect populations


Changes in climatic variables have led to increased frequency and intensity of outbreaks of insect-pests. Outbreak of sugarcane woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner in sugarcane belt of Karnataka and Maharashtra states during 2002-03 resulted in 30% yield losses


Changes in climatic variables have led to increased frequency and intensity of outbreaks of fruitfly in cucurbits particularly due to high temperature and high RH

Increasing infestation of rice crop by swarming caterpillar,hispa,stem borer and bacterial blight

Recent pest problem in different crop Recent pest problem in different crop due to change in climate and cropping due to change in climate and cropping

season in Indiaseason in India•

• Paddy: Pink stem borer, White stem borer, panicle mite, Paddy: Pink stem borer, White stem borer, panicle mite, blue beetle in Kerala, white grub in Uttaranchal blue beetle in Kerala, white grub in Uttaranchal

,, root aphid in upland riceroot aphid in upland rice

• Maize: Corn borer Maize: Corn borer Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigera in Andhra in Andhra PradeshPradesh

• Cotton: Tobacco caterpillar Cotton: Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera armigeraSpodoptera armigera

• Sugar cane: Wooly aphid, Yellow mite, cane flySugar cane: Wooly aphid, Yellow mite, cane fly

Recent pest problem in different crop Recent pest problem in different crop due to change in climate and cropping due to change in climate and cropping

season in Indiaseason in India

• Red gram: Spotted pod borer, Leaf Red gram: Spotted pod borer, Leaf webberwebber

• Chilli: Blossom midge Chilli: Blossom midge

• Ground nut: Leaf minerGround nut: Leaf miner

• Castor: Tobacco caterpillar Castor: Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera Spodoptera armigeraarmigera

Impact of Climate change on natural Impact of Climate change on natural enemiesenemies

• Climate change can have diverse effects Climate change can have diverse effects on natural enemies of pests species, like on natural enemies of pests species, like enhanced mortality with increasing enhanced mortality with increasing temperatures, their decreased temperatures, their decreased effectiveness in controlling pests when effectiveness in controlling pests when pest distribution shift into regions outside pest distribution shift into regions outside the distribution of their natural enemies, the distribution of their natural enemies, affected by climate. affected by climate.

• Changes in temperature will also alter the Changes in temperature will also alter the timing of diurnal activity patterns of timing of diurnal activity patterns of different groups of insects and change in different groups of insects and change in interspecific interactions could also alter interspecific interactions could also alter the effectiveness of natural enemies for the effectiveness of natural enemies for pest management. pest management.

• Temperature not only affects the rate of Temperature not only affects the rate of insect development, but also has profound insect development, but also has profound effect on fecundity and sex ratio of effect on fecundity and sex ratio of parasitoids. parasitoids.

Impact of Climate change on natural Impact of Climate change on natural enemiesenemies

• Natural enemies of the insect-pests are more sensitive to the climatic extremes like heat, cold, wind and rains.

• Precipitation changes can also affect predators, parasites and pathogens of insect-pests resulting in a complex dynamics.

• With changing climate, incidence of entomopathogenic fungi might be favoured by prolonged humidity conditions and obstinately be reduced by drier conditions

Impact of Climate change on Impact of Climate change on pollinators:pollinators:

• Climate change affect the phonology, Climate change affect the phonology, local abundance and large scale local abundance and large scale distribution on plants and pollination. distribution on plants and pollination. Insect pollinated plants react more Insect pollinated plants react more strongly to increased warming than strongly to increased warming than wind pollinated plants. wind pollinated plants.

• Quantum of pollination decrease as Quantum of pollination decrease as there is disruption of natural there is disruption of natural synchronization between the flower synchronization between the flower opening and visit of the pollinators like opening and visit of the pollinators like honey bees, wasps and butterflies.honey bees, wasps and butterflies.

• Increasing spring temperatures may Increasing spring temperatures may decrease flower abundance and affect decrease flower abundance and affect the relative abundance of pollinator the relative abundance of pollinator species. . Recent study says that for species. . Recent study says that for every one degree celsius rise in every one degree celsius rise in temperature there will be 14% loss in temperature there will be 14% loss in butterfly population.butterfly population.

Effect of Climate change on Effect of Climate change on

crop protection technologiescrop protection technologies • Increase in temperature and precipitation lead to Increase in temperature and precipitation lead to

rapid dissipation of insecticide residues for which rapid dissipation of insecticide residues for which more frequent application is needed.more frequent application is needed.

• Increase in temperature, U.V. radiation and Increase in temperature, U.V. radiation and decrease in R.H. may render natural plant decrease in R.H. may render natural plant products, entomo pathogenic virus, fungus, products, entomo pathogenic virus, fungus, bacteria, nematode to be less effective.bacteria, nematode to be less effective.

• Due to high temperature the synthetic Due to high temperature the synthetic pyrethroids and biopesticide show less efficacy pyrethroids and biopesticide show less efficacy due to degradation.due to degradation.

• Break down of natural resistance in crop plants to Break down of natural resistance in crop plants to insect pests.insect pests.

Effect of Climate change on Effect of Climate change on

crop protection technologiescrop protection technologies • Activity and effectiveness of natural Activity and effectiveness of natural

enemies ( parasites and predators ) is also enemies ( parasites and predators ) is also affected.affected.

• Effect of Climate change on transgenic cropEffect of Climate change on transgenic crop Soil moisture, soil fertility and temperature Soil moisture, soil fertility and temperature

have strong influence of expression of have strong influence of expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis toxin diploid in toxin diploid in transgenic plants.transgenic plants.

Ex- Cotton bollworm (Ex- Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa virescensHelicoverpa virescens) ) destroys the Bt transgenic cotton due to destroys the Bt transgenic cotton due to high temperature in Texas. Possible reason high temperature in Texas. Possible reason is inadequate production of toxin protein is inadequate production of toxin protein and effect of environment on transgenic and effect of environment on transgenic crop. crop.

Climate change and pest Climate change and pest management: Challenges management: Challenges

AheadAhead • Emission of greenhouse gases can be Emission of greenhouse gases can be

minimized through adoption of conservation minimized through adoption of conservation agriculture like direct seeded rice, aerobic agriculture like direct seeded rice, aerobic rice, SRI(System of Rice Intensification), rice, SRI(System of Rice Intensification), crop diversification, organic farming, bio-crop diversification, organic farming, bio-organic fertilisers and biological pest organic fertilisers and biological pest control, etc. control, etc.

• Development of crop growth simulation Development of crop growth simulation models will be of greater relevance in new models will be of greater relevance in new emerging research areas such as climate emerging research areas such as climate change impacts on pests and crop yield. change impacts on pests and crop yield.


AheadAhead For effective pest management there is need to : For effective pest management there is need to : • Predict and map trends of potential changes in Predict and map trends of potential changes in

geographical distribution and study how climatic geographical distribution and study how climatic changes will affect development, incidence and changes will affect development, incidence and population dynamics of insect pests.population dynamics of insect pests.

• Understand the influence of climate change on Understand the influence of climate change on species diversity and cropping patterns and their species diversity and cropping patterns and their influence on the abundance of insect pests and their influence on the abundance of insect pests and their natural enemies.natural enemies.

• Understand the changes in expression of resistance to Understand the changes in expression of resistance to insect pests and identify stable sources of resistance insect pests and identify stable sources of resistance and pyramid the resistance genes in commercial and pyramid the resistance genes in commercial cultivars.cultivars.


AheadAhead For effective pest management there is need to For effective pest management there is need to

: :

• Exhaustive studies on the effect of climate Exhaustive studies on the effect of climate change on the efficacy of transgenic crops in change on the efficacy of transgenic crops in pest management.pest management.

• Assess the efficacy of various pest Assess the efficacy of various pest management tools under variable management tools under variable environmental conditions and develop viable environmental conditions and develop viable pest management strategies to mitigate the pest management strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change on food security.effects of climate change on food security.

Climate change and crop pest scenario

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