CLIMATE CHANGE & AGRICULTURE
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CLIMATE CHANGE & AGRICULTURE
‘Modern agriculture has become the art of turning oil into food.’
-B. Clark & R. York (2008:13)
“…I want to highlight the fact that among options for mitigating climate change, changing diets is something one should consider."
-Rajendra Pachauri, IPCC head
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UNEVENNESS• ‘Developed World’: 80 kg/person• ‘Developing World’: ~30 kg/person
World Meat Production Per Person, 1961-2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Source: FAO
Kilo
gram
s
44% increaseby 2030 (FAO proj.)
The ‘Meatification’ of Human Diets
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Farm animal vs. human population
Human Population
Farm Animal Population
Animals Slaughtered /
year
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005Source: FAO
-late 19th C – global chicken population ~100,000,000
-today: chickens killed annually ~50,000,000,000
-in the US, more chickens killed in 1 day today than were killed all year in 1930
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Mechanization
Simplification&
Standardization
But…
‘Nature doesn’t know monocultures’
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Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Mechanization
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
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Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Increased vulnerability
to weeds, insectsdisease…
Mechanization
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
Agro-ChemicalsHerbicides,InsecticidesFungicides,
Disinfectants
‘Enhanced Seeds’
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
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Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Mechanization
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
Agro-ChemicalsHerbicides,InsecticidesFungicides,
Disinfectants
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
disarticulation of livestock from
landscape
Animal-Pharma
Increased vulnerability
to weeds, insectsdisease…
‘Enhanced Seeds’
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Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Increased vulnerability
to weeds, insectsdisease…
Mechanization
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
Agro-ChemicalsHerbicides,InsecticidesFungicides,
Disinfectants
‘Enhanced Seeds’
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
Distance & Durability of Food
‘Food miles’disarticulation of livestock from
landscape
Animal-Pharma
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Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Increased vulnerability
to pests, weeds,disease…
Mechanization
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
Agro-ChemicalsHerbicides,InsecticidesFungicides,
Disinfectants
‘Treadmill effect’
‘Enhanced Seeds’
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
Distance & Durability of Food
OUTPUTS
‘Food miles’
Agriculture as through-flow, industrial process
biophysical overrides hinge on FOSSIL ENERGY & DERIVATIVES
disarticulation of livestock from
landscape
Animal-Pharma
INPUTS
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Animal-Pharma
disarticulation of livestock from
landscape
Simplification&
Standardization‘Soil Mining’
Increased vulnerability
to pests, weeds,disease…
Mechanization
INPUTS
Fertilizeresp. Nitrogen,Potassium, &Phosphorous
Agro-ChemicalsHerbicides,InsecticidesFungicides,
Disinfectants
‘Treadmill effect’
‘Enhanced Seeds’
agro-ecosystems: relatively closed-loop cycles of nutrients and energy and managed diversity
Distance & Durability of Food
OUTPUTS
‘Food miles’
Agriculture as through-flow, industrial process
WASTES
persistent toxicity
C02 emissionsC02 emissions
C02 emissions
water pollution
water pollution
C02 + CH4 emissions
water pollution
water consumption
violence
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16:15:13:1
grain-fed livestock: “reverse protein factories” (Lappe)
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Our ‘Ecological Hoofprint’ -protein, carbohydrates, minerals, etc. lost in
cycling feed through livestock = as livestock production expands, extra land space needed for agriculture
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LIVESTOCK Prod’n =18% of anthropogenic GHG
- clearing forested land (biggest)- fertilizer (prod’n + transport)- farm vehicles- ruminant flatulence
“…I want to highlight the fact that among options for mitigating climate change, changing diets is something one should consider."
-Rajendra Pachauri, IPCC head
Shun meat, says UN climate chief BBC News (Sept. 8, 2008)
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Fragments, or the cusp of bigger changes…?
Community ShareAgriculture (CSAs)
Food Miles
Farmworker Unions
Animal WelfareMovement Animal Rights –
Veganism
rising concernabout climate change
community resistance to
factory farming
progressivefarmer
organizations
(e.g. NFU, NFFC) community gardening
& permaculture movement
Soaring Organic Demand
Civil disobedience…GMO crop-burnersGuerrilla Gardening
Fair Trade
strugglesto get back to the land
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Community ShareAgriculture (CSAs)
Food Miles
Farmworker Unions and
Mobilizing ‘Illegals’Animal Welfare
Movement
Animal Rights – Veganism
community resistance to
factory farming
community gardening
& permaculture movement
Soaring Organic Demand
Civil disobedience…GMO crop-burnersGuerrilla Gardening
strugglesto get back to the land
Fair Tradeprogressivefarmer
organizations
(e.g. NFU, NFFC)
rising concernabout climate change
challenge: widen & connect!
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“To ask the biggest questions, we can start with the most personal – what do we eat?”
• Frances Moore Lappe
the ‘intimate commodity’