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Name the 4 processes of respiration and describe

them…

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Pulmonary ventilation - movement of air into/out of the lungs

External respiration - movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood and CO2 from the blood to the lungs

Internal respiration - movement of O2 from the blood to the cell interior and CO2 from the cell interior to the

blood.

Cellular respiration - the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids that occurs in mitochondria and results

in production of ATP. It requires O2 and produces CO2.

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Describe Boyle's Law…Equation

What the variables stand forDefinition

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- Describe the relationship between pressure differences and air flow

- Gas pressure in closed container is inversely proportional to volume of container

- PV = K P denotes the pressure of the system.V is the volume of the gask is a constant value representative of the pressure and

volume of the system.

- Definition: Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. The law can also be stated in a slightly different manner, that the product of absolute pressure and volume is always constant. BACK TO GAME

How many lobes make up each lung?

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Right lung: Three lobesLeft lung: Two lobes

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List the main factors influencing hemoglobin

saturation (5)…

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- Temperature- H+- PCO2

- PO2,- concentration of BPG

(an organic chemical)- blood pH

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Describe the factors that lead to COPD, as

well as the symptoms.

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- Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema

- Patients have a history of:- Smoking- Dyspnea, where labored breathing occurs and

gets progressively worse- Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections

- COPD victims develop respiratory failure accompanied by hypoxemia, carbon dioxide retention, and respiratory acidosis

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In humans, B lymphocytes typically

gain immunocompetence in the…

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BONE MARROW

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______________ is a key component of our physical barrier to invasion because

it is highly resistant to bacterial enzymes and

toxins

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KERATIN

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Primary cellular component of the non-immune portion of the

lymph nodes and spleen…

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RETICULAR CELLS

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List the cells of the Immune response…

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•T-cells•Cytotoxic T cells•Helper T cells•Suppressor T cells•Memory T cells

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Macrophages

1. __________ - macrophages in the lungs. 2. __________ - macrophages in the skin. 3. __________ - macrophages in the liver. 4. __________ - macrophages in the brain.5. __________ - macrophages in the bone.

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1. dust cells2. langerhans’ cells3. kupffer cells4. microglia cells5. osteoclast

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T lymphocytes gain immunocompetence in

the…

THYMUS

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List the two most important

antimicrobial proteins…

- Interferon- Complement

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The most abundant immunoglobulin type

is…

IgG

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Cellular immunity is primarily the function

of…

T-LYMPHOCYTES

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Which of the following are not phagocytes?

a)Dust cells b)Eosinophils c)Microglia d)Mast cells e)Plasma cells

a) Dust cells b) Eosinophils c) Microglia d) Mast cells e) Plasma cells

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Name two processes of digestion

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Chemical and mechanical

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What is the chief function of the large

intestine?

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To reabsorb water to prevent dehydration

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Name 3 functions of the stomach

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• Temporary food storage • Control the rate at which food

enters the duodenum • Acid secretion and antibacterial

action • Fluidisation of stomach contents • Preliminary digestion with pepsin,

lipases etc

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What is gastric emptying?

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The rate of movement of food from the antrum of the

stomach, through the Pyloric Sphincter (a true sphincter),

and into the duodenum

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Which hormone stimulates the gall

bladder to contract and discharge bile?

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Cholecystokinin (CKK)

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What is the uppermost portion of the stomach

called?

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Fundus

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An anatomical abnormality in which part of the stomach

protrudes through the diaphragm and up into

the chest.BACK TO GAME

Hiatal hernia

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Name the 3 main sections of the small

intestine

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Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

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What is the function of the epiglottis and

where is it located?

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A small flap of skin that closes over the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea and causing choking

Name the 4 layers of the GI tract from innermost to

outermost. Which layer is responsible for peristalsis and

segmental contractions?

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- mucosa- submucosa- muscularis - serosa.

- The muscularis is responsible for peristalsis

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Symptoms:watery nasal dischargeSneezingStuffinesssore throatFatiguemuscle achesHeadacheFever (occasionally)

If the doctor suspects this disease, he will look out for inflamed nasal lining, clear mucus or a red throat

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The Common cold

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The abnormal growth of intestinal-type cells above the border of the stomach into the esophagus. The damage is caused by stomach acid that leaks back into the esophagus.

Barretts Esophagus

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An ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the GI tract. It most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine. The swelling can cause pain and diarrhea.

Crohn’s Disease

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A condition in which the liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions due to chronic injury. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, partially blocking the flow of blood through the liver. Scarring also impairs the liver’s ability to regenerate damaged cells.

cirrhosis of the liver

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What does GERD stand for?

What is it?

- Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease.

- Is a persistent condition that occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter opens spontaneously, for varying periods of time, or does not close properly and stomach contents rise up into the esophagus.

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FINAL FINAL JEOPARDY!!!JEOPARDY!!!

FINAL JEOPARDY

Trace a generic path of the GI tract

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1. mouth2. esophagus3. stomach4. small intestine (duodenum,

jejunum, ileum)5. large intestine (colon)6. rectum7. anus.

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