Cleaner Production M.S.F.ZAHRA. Dump Dispose Disperse PC (Treatment) Recycling Cleaner Production...

Cleaner Production

M.S.F.ZAHRA

DumpDisposeDisperse

PC(Treatment)

Recycling

Cleaner

ProductionPollution Prevention

Source Reduc.

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

History of Responses to PollutionSustainable

Development

Ignore the Problem

“Dilution is the Solution to Pollution”

Strict Environmental Laws / Regulations

Sustainable Consumption & Production

Man at peace with Environment

Treatment Costs Very High

High Cost of Raw Material

Scarcity of RM

Industrial Revolution

Where it All Begins• Concerns about the environment and

development are not new • Strategies needed to address the inter-related

challenges of building healthy societies, economies, and environments

• Post- World War II• Many people consider 1962 as the seminal

year in which people began to understand how closely linked the environment and development truly are

The 50’s and 60’s(A Period of Awakening)

• London Smog • Minamata Disease and other Health issues • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson• Population Bomb by John Erlich

The Great London Smog(1952)

Industrial revolution of the 19th century in Britain’s major cities gave a dramatic increase in air pollution.

Minnamata Disease

As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognized (1,784 deaths)

• Neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning.

• First discovered in Minamata bay in Japan in 1956.

• It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial wastewater from nearby chemical factory (from 1932 to 1968).

Author of Silent Spring, Rachel Louise Carson was a writer, scientist, and ecologist

Wrote the book calling for an end to indiscriminate pesticide use.

Emphasized the importance of changing how we interact and perceive nature.

Other Books by her: Under the Sea-Wind (1941), The Sea Around Us (1952), The Edge of the Sea (1955).

Silent Spring (1962)

The Population Bomb (1968)

Best Selling Book written by Paul R. Ehrlich.

The book showed the link between population, resource exploitation and the impact on environment.

It predicted disaster for humanity due to overpopulation and the "population explosion".

"in the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death“

Went on to say that nothing can be done to avoid mass famine greater than any in the history, and radical action is needed to limit the overpopulation.

The 70’s(Reaction)

• Starting of USEPA• World Summit on Environment &

Development (Stockholm, Sweden)• Starting of UNEP• Publication of “Limits to Growth”

US Environmental Protection Agency (1970)

• Established as a result of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) passing in July 1969

• In July of 1970, the White House and Congress worked together to establish the EPA in response to the growing public demand for cleaner water, air and land.

• Assigned the task of repairing the damage already done to the natural environment and to establish new criteria for a “cleaner environment”.

First Earth Day(April 22nd 1970)

Earth has its first official

birthday

Green Peace Movement(1971)

• Radical Environmentalist Organization initiated in Canada

• Launched an aggressive agenda to stop environmental damage through civil protests and non-violent interference.

Other Such organizations include Earth First and Friends of the Earth

United Nations Conference on Human Environment

Stockholm (1972)

• 1968 - The UN General Assembly authorizes the Human Environment Conference to be held in 1972.

• Focuses on regional pollution and acid rain problems of northern Europe and the first international recognition of environmental issues

• The concept of sustainable development discussed as a resolution to the “environmental vs. development” dilemma.

• Leads to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

First E

arth Summit

United Nations Environment Programme(1972)

UNEP established after UN Conference on the Human Environment

UNEP is an advocate, educator, catalyst and facilitator, promoting the wise use of the planet’s natural assets for sustainable development.

Policy Development and ImplementationTechnology, Industry and EconomicsRegional CooperationEnvironmental Conventions

www.unep.org

Areas of Work

• Freshwater• Gender• Governance & Law• Land Marine & Coasts• Ozone• Poverty • Sanitation• Sports• Sustainable Consumption• Technology• Tourism• Urban Issues• Waste Management

• Agriculture• Air Quality Assessments• Biodiversity• Bio safety• Business & Industry• Chemicals• Civil Society• Climate Change• Conflict & Disasters• Economics & Trade• Education & Training• Energy

1985: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer1987: Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer1988: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) established to assess information related to human-induced climate change1989: Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes

2000: Millennium Declaration: environmental sustainability listed as one of eight Millennium Development Goals2001: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development reaffirms UNEP’s central role in international efforts to achieve sustainable development2005 World Summit emphasizes key role of environment in sustainable development

Environmental Conventions

Limits to Growth (1972)

Jorgen Randers, Jay Forrester, Donella Meadows, Dennis Meadows, and William W. Behrens III in 1972

The 80’s(Action)

• World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

• Brundtland Report – “Our Common Future”• The coining of Word “Sustainable Development”• Vienna Convention/Montreal protocol• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change• Basel Convention

World Commission on Environment and Development (1983)

• Convened to investigate on Development and Environmental Issues. (lead by Gro Harlem Brundtland)

• Focused on "the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development."

• The Commission, is best known for developing the concept of sustainable development

• Published its report “Our Common Future” in April 1987.

Our Common Future(1987)

• The report from the UN World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) and was published in 1987.

Gro Harlem Brundtland – Former Prime Minister of Norway and Chair of the World Commission

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)

• International treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances causing/leading to ozone depletion (CFCs).

• Opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Has undergone five revisions

• Hailed as an example of exceptional international cooperation

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(1988)

• Established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to overcome the problem of potential global climate change.

• The role of the IPCC is to assess technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the risk of human-induced climate change

Five shipments of toxic and radioactive waste that were illegally imported into Nigeria by an Italian national. Within several

months, an additional 2100 tons of Italian waste carried aboard a German ship was dumped in Nigeria.

15,000 tons of municipal fly ash, contaminated with dioxins, heavy metals and other chemicals, was shipped from

Philadelphia, USA to the Caribbean in 1996. Eventually a part of this waste is dumped in Haiti. The rest is

presumed to have been dumped into theIndian Ocean.

(Source: Illegal traffic in toxic and dangerous products and wastes, Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations General Assembly, 18 July 1989)

The Truth About Development

Basel Convention(1989)

• The most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes.

• Aimed to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous wastes.

• Entry into force: 5 May 1992• Ratified by several member countries and the

European Union

The 90’s

• World Summit/Rio Summit• Agenda 21• Formation of WBCSD• Stockholm Convention • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change • Kyoto Protocol

Rio Summit(1992)

• United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),

• Held in Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 • 172 Participants, 108 heads of State or Government

Participated• Resulted in

– Agenda 21 – Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,– Statement of Forest Principles– United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Second Earth Summit

Agenda 21

Rio Declaration• Goal

Establish an equitable global partnership to work on international agreements that respect interests of all while protecting the integrity of the global environmental and developmental systems

• 27 Principles– P1: Human beings are at the centre of concerns for

sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

P3: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development

• Founded on the eve of the Rio Earth Summit to involve business in sustainability issues and give it a voice in the forum.

• Major Focus Areas– Energy and Climate– Development– Business Role

• Lead to a book, “Changing Course: A global business perspective on development and the environment.”

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(1994)

• International treaty to consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with inevitable temperature increases.

• Signed at Rio Summit and Came into effect on 21st March 1994.

• Ratified by 191 members

Stockholm Convention(1995)

• Global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

• 12 worst offenders known as the “Dirty Dozen”, identified

• Opened for signature in May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. Entered into force on May 17th

• Ratified by 128 parties and 151 signatories.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

• Amendment to the international treaty on climate change.

• Opened for signature in, 1998. Came into force on February 16, 2005.

• 169 countries have ratified.

• Countries like India and China are not required to reduce emissions though being signatories.

New Millennium

• Millennium Goals• 2002 Johannesburg Summit / RIO+10• 2005 World Summit• “Inconvenient Truth”

Millennium Development Goals

Johannesburg Summit(2002)

• Held 10 years after the Rio Earth Summit (Rio + 10)• World Summit on Sustainable Development focus the

world's attention and direct action toward meeting difficult challenges in the New Millennium– improving people's lives– conserving our natural resources

• Represented by all major groups identified in Agenda 21 Third

Earth Summit

World Summit(2005)

• A follow-up summit meeting to the United Nations’ Millennium Summit,

• Discussed progress on the Millennium Development Goals presented in Johannesburg

• 192 member states met in New York City• Billed as the "largest gathering of world

leaders in history"

Fourth Earth

Summit

“An Inconvenient Truth”• Academy Award-winning documentary

film about climate change, specifically global warming and its repercussions

• Presented by former United States Vice President Al Gore

• The third-highest-grossing documentary in the United States to date.

• A wake up call to many people around the world

“Global warming is not only the number one environmental challenge we face today, but one of the most important issues facing all of humanity ... We all have to do our

part to raise awareness about global warming and the problems we as a people face in promoting a sustainable environmental future for our planet.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:11thhourposter.jpg

Multilateral Environmental Agreements

1992 Rio Summit highlighted and focused attention on the environment resulting in many conventions and conferences on various environmental issues

These have generated a number of multilateral environment agreements (MEAs).

MEAs require that countries develop specific implementation mechanisms and fulfill obligations involving reporting, training, public education, and other activities.

Over 200 conventions held all over the world

Sustainable Development"..development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"

(source: Our Common Future)

The definition of sustainable development was first published in the Brundtland Report (Our Common Future)Components: Environmental sustainability

Economic sustainability Social sustainability

Political Sustainability

Quality of life (Community), Employee health and Wellbeing

Short term Profitability and long Term Viability of a business

Reduction of Resource usage

Reduced impacts on Environment

Equitable development which meets the needs of the living population and the future generations in harmony with the global resource availability and nature’s

carrying capacity

Approaches for SD

• Cleaner Production• Green Productivity• P2/P3• Eco Efficiency• Global Compact

Basics ofCleaner Production

[Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) ]

Cleaner Production is a concept developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1989. The key idea in Cleaner Production is that industrial processes and functions can be improved in ways that not only reduce wastage and environmental pollution but also save and/or earn money for the company through resource conservation. Moreover CP is a win-win situation under any circumstance.

The official definition given by UNEP states that Cleaner Production is…

"the continuous application of an integrated environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment"

Recognizing that resource efficiency requires Cleaner Production and vice-versa, UNIDO and UNEP have moved towards Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP)

RECP recognizes that CP methods and practices generate multiple benefits that are relevant to many of today's most pressing global challenges which include:

Mitigating GHG emissions and adapting to climate change

Responding to increasing scarcity of water, fuel and other materials

Providing decent jobs Preventing environmental degradation.

Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production, builds upon Cleaner Production in accelerating the application of preventive environmental strategies to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and minimize risks to humans and the environment. RECP addresses the three sustainability dimensions both individually and synergistically:

The official definition given by UNEP states that Cleaner Production is…

"the continuous application of an integrated environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment"

RECP recognizes that CP methods and practices generate multiple benefits that are relevant to many of today's most pressing global challenges which include:

Mitigating GHG emissions and adapting to climate change

Responding to increasing scarcity of water, fuel and other materials

Providing decent jobs Preventing environmental degradation.

CLEANER PRODUCTIONCP is…

In other words, CP is a tool to answer 3 questions:

CP is a method and tool to identify where and why a company are losing resources in the form of waste and pollution, and how these losses can be minimized.

CP assessment CP options

CP options Less waste

Less waste Improved productivity

PASSIVEIgnore pollution

REACTIVEDilution and dispersion

PROACTIVECleaner Production

Responses of businesses to pollution

CONSTRUCTIVEEnd-of-pipe treatment

1 2

43

CLEANER PRODUCTIONDefinition by UNEP

“ Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated, preventive environmental strategy towards processes, products and services in order to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage and risks for humans and the environment.”

Continuous

Preventive

Integrated

ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY

Processes

Products

Services

RISKREDUCTION

Humans

Environment

CLEANER PRODUCTIONKey elements

Cleaner Production in 7 points:1. CP adds value to the EMS: it places emphasis on pollution prevention rather than control, with clear improvement in environmental performance.

2. CP does not deny or impede growth but insists that growth can be ecologically sustainable.

3. CP is not limited only to manufacturing industries of a certain type or size, it can be applied towards the provision of services also.

4. CP includes safety and protection of health.

5. CP emphasizes risk reduction.

6. CP improves immediate efficiency as well as long-term efficacy.

7. CP is Win-Win-Win factor: it benefits the environment, communities and businesses.

ACME - Session 2 - Basics of Cleaner Production - 6 / 21

CLEANER PRODUCTIONEconomics of Cleaner Production


60

What is waste?

There are literally hundreds words for different types of waste:

• greenhouse loss• hidden losses• leakage• non-conforming material• overfill• packaging• process loss• rework• second quality• stock loss• washingsand etc.

• allowance• BOD• broke• contaminated solids• core loss• customer returns• damage• draining• dust• effluent• evaporation• furnace loss

CLEANER PRODUCTIONWhat are the benefits for industrials ?

Saves costs on raw material, energy and water Improves products and services Lowers risks (liability) Improves company image Improves worker’s health and safety conditions Reduces waste treatment and disposal costs Makes companies more profitable and competitive

CP Economic Benefits Milestone Catalyst Pvt. Ltd.

2.4 months> 15,000(300 X 12)3,600

Drum Labeling

> 1,00,000

2.6 months2,70,000

NilIncrement of batch sizes

58,000Realignment of ETP Stirrers

5.5 months24,00011,000Change of Condenser inlet

3 months72,00018,000Temperature Scanner

Paybackperiod

Savings, Rs.Capital Investment

Option

Slides 1 – CP Basics

Cleaner production

Considers your Technologies Employees Raw materials Processes Emissions Partners and Products


Elements of a CP-projectData collection Mass flow Energy flow Costs and safetyReflection: Where and why do we generate waste?

Option generation

Feasibility

Implementation

Controlling, continuation, EMS


Common waste treatment:Waste is generated!What’s that got to do with me?

Cleaner production:

Waste is generated!

Where does it come from?


MATERIALRaw material, process material, other material

PRODUCTSPrimary and secondary

MATERIAL EMISSIONSSolid waste, gases, wastewater

OBSERVED SYSTEM

ENERGY CARRIERSFuels, e.g. gas, oil, coal

ENERGYMass free, e.g. electricity or district heating

ENERGETICEMISSIONS

Waste heat, noise


No Waste or liquid or gaseous emissions

Annual quantity

Unit Purchasing cost Disposal cost Total cost

1 Waste water 180,000 m³ 6 10 2,880,000

2 Spent grain (wet) 5,000 t around 800 -350 -1,750,000

(2,250,000)

3 Malt dust 447 t 4,000 ? 1,788,000

4 Waste barley 220 t 4,000 ? 880,000

5 Bottoms 30 t - 250 7,500

6 Glass/broken glass 92 t 2,400 350 253,000

7 Plastic containers 18 t 10,000 2,000 216,000

8 Labels (wet) 50 t 30/1000 pcs 600 3,600,000

30,000

9 Cardboard / paper 35 t 5,000 - 175,000

10 Wood pallets 24 t 6,000 40 144,960

11 Plastic film 1.5 t 22,000 4,500 39,750

12 Industrial waste 104 t ? 800 83,200

13 D iatomaceous earth 45 t 8,000 930 401,850

14 Waste from maintenance,

greasy

200 kg ? 11 2,200

15 Contents of oil separator 3,200 kg ? 2.8 8,960

16 Waste oil 1,000 kg 50 2 52,000

17 Waste paints 50 kg 100 15 5,750

18 Fluorescent lamps 20 kg 120 12 2,640

19 Accumulators 25 kg 70 2.8 1,820

20 Waste gas, steam boiler 1,000,000 m³ - - -


Reasons for an environmental team

Because there are many different departments/machines in a company, it is difficult to get the necessary overview and the detailed technological knowledge.

Because there are motivated and competent employees in a company.

Because as a TEAM – with a common goal – it is possible to work more efficiently than a lone ranger.

Gather people from differnet departments: production, maintenance, technology, purchasing, management, quality, accounting, research and development, environment, health and safety, legal branch, etc.


Material flow analysis

Sankey-diagram: www.sankeyeditor.net


Material flow analysisDetailed description of the

material and energy use

Which waste and emission streams are generated?

Which raw materials are lost? Where and why does this happen? Where are the weak points? Where are potentials for improvement? Which materials can be reused?


Within the production process, there are many points where materials and energy are lost.

These points are also environmental and economic weak points.

A material flowanalysis identifies the points where materials are lost and their amount.


A comparison with the best available technology shows process weaknesses.

The material flow analysis facilitates the evaluation of the "production costs" of waste and emissions.

Eco-efficiency:the best use of materials reduces emissions.


Strategies for cleaner production


Product change

Substitute the productIncrease the product life-timeChange the materialsChange the product designUse recycled materialsAvoid critical components


Good housekeeping

Improve information Change dosage/concentration Increase the utilization of process capacities Check cleaning and maintenance period Foster standardization/automation Improve purchasing, storage and

distribution Carry out a material flow analysis


Waste logistics

Separation of waste and wastewater to Set up closed cycles

Facilitate recovery and re-utilization

Minimize quantities of hazardous waste

Minimize disposal costs

Minimize cleaning expenses (wastewater, exhaust gases, etc.)


Technological modification Substitute thermo-chemical processes by

mechanical alternatives Use countercurrent cascades instead of single-

static rinse techniques Manage separate waste and wastewater

streams Improve process conditions Foster recovery and reuse of materials Increase life time of chemicals/materials Reduce the infiltration of impurities Ensure airtight sealing of equipment


Energy efficiencyTypical areas of improvement

Cooling/refrigerationHeatingCompressed air InsulationHeat recoverySeparation processesLighting ...


Internal recycling

Reuse materials (solvents, etc.) Reuse materials for different purposes

(paper, solvents for lower-quality use, e.g. pre-cleaning, etc.)

Close internal loops (water) Use returnable systems (packaging

materials) Reclaim materials with high value


Organizational changes

29%

Good housekeeping18%

Change of raw material

7%

Technological modification

22%

Others6%

Product modification5%

Waste treatment3%

External recycling6%

Internal recycling4%

ECOPROFIT Graz 2000Realized and planned options

In total 594 options, thereof:60 %; 355 = realized options 200040 %; 240 = planned options 2001


Anodizing company Use of spray rinses Reconstruction of

water pipes Longer drag-out time Daily check Reduction in water

consumption by 46% (14,000 m³)


0

500

1.000

1.500

l/m²

Specific water consumptionof an anodizing company

specific water consumption 1.263 1.273 919 600 392 425 400 400

1993 ´94 ´95 ´96 ´97 ´98 ´99 2000


Car repair shop

Installation of an ultrafiltration unit Modified cleaning equipment Saving of washing agent by 76 %, of water by 80

%

Cleaner Production categoriesIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

INPUT MATERIALS

OPERATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

WASTE & EMISSIONS

Option 1: Input material substitution

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

WASTES & EMISSIONS

1/ Change inputs materials, water and energy:

> Replacing toxic or harmful materials with less toxic> Use of renewable materials> Use materials with longer lifetime> Material purification

Change INPUT MATERIALS

IMPLEMENTING CP

Option 2: Technology changeIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

2/ Technologychange:

> Replacing > Equipment modification> Optimal process conditions> Increased automation> Improved process control> Improved equipment lay-out

Improve equipment and process control

New technology

WASTES & EMISSIONS


Option 3: Good operation practicesIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

3/ Improved operationpractices:

> Production scheduling> Energy management (peak shaving)> Maintenance programmes> Working instructions and procedures> Training and incentives program> Adequate process control operations> Proper maintenance and cleaning

Improved management

WASTES & EMISSIONS

Workers skills & process control

Improve equipment and process control


New technology

PRODUCTSmodification

Option 4: Product modificationIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATION

PRODUCTION PROCESS

4/ Product modification:> Recycling friendly design> Product Life Extension> More efficient, less material intensive packaging> Reduction of harmful substances.

WASTES & EMISSIONS

Improve equipment and process control Improved

management



New technology

Option 5: reuse and recyclingIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATION

PRODUCTION PROCESS

5/ On-site reuse and recycling:

> On site recovery and re-use of raw materials in the process, waste water, waste heat and cooling water > Transforming waste into useful by-products> Waste segregation and storage

WASTES & EMISSIONS

Improve equipment and process control Improved

management


PRODUCTSmodification

Re-use and recycling


New technology

INTERNAL BARRIERS> Traditional philosophy of CEOs (low awareness)> Internal organisation and communication (initial constraints)> Limited information, data and expertise on waste and emissions> Focus on end of pipe solutions and short term profits> Inadequate cost/profit calculations CP options> Missing, outdated or unreliable process instrumentation> No or limited support of middle management> No EMS to achieve continual improvement

EXTERNAL BARRIERS> Availability of investment capital > Availability of CP technologies

To be solved byan organised approach

METHODOLOGYBarriers to CP implementation

METHODOLOGYCP methodology

The recognized need for Cleaner Production

1.Planning and Organization

2.Assessment

3.Feasibility Analysis

4.Implementation

Successfully implemented Cleaner Production projects

Sustain &

Continue(EMS)

> Obtain management commitment> Organise project team> Identify barriers & solutions > Set objectives > Pre-assess

> Identify sources (WHERE)> Analyse causes (WHY)> Generate possible options (HOW)

> Evaluate options on: Technical, environmentaland economic feasibility

> Select best options

> Option implementation> Monitoring and evaluation> Sustain and continue

Continuous CP loop

3- Assessment

1- Start CP project

2- Project organization

4- CP options

5- Feasibility analysis

6- Assessment report

7- Project implementation

8- Measure progress

9- Final report

10- Top Management reviews

Reduction of material and energy use and of waste and emission generation

Time

METHODOLOGYContinuity of Cleaner Production

CP CENTERSThe global CP-network


UNIDO / UNEP National Cleaner Production Centers (NCPC)

Other CPC and network members (not exhaustive)

CP CENTERSActivities of NCPCs


SECTORS CONCERNEDAdvertising / Automobile manufacturing / Bakeries / Breweries / Cement production / Ceramics / Coffee sector / Chemicals / Edible oil processing / Electroplating / Fertilizers / Foundries / Hospitals / Leather processing / Meat processing / Mechanical manufacturing / Metallurgy / Mining / Municipality / Oil refineries / Pig farming / Plastics / Printing / Pulp and paper / Remanufacturing industries / Rubber processing / Steel manufacturing / Sugar sector / Telecom / Textile manufacturing and processing / Tourism

SERVICES PROVIDEDEnvironmental reporting / Impact assessment / Monitoring / Audits / EMS (ISO 14.001) /QMS (ISO 9001) / Environmental management accounting / Supply chain management / Implementation of MEAs / Financial analysis / Market analysis / CP Services Marketing / Top management trainings / Foreign investors-E-OHS-Q services / Manuals and Criteria for Deposit Bonds for Environmental projects / Eco-labeling / CSR / Solid waste management / Hazardous waste management / Integrated waste management / Materials exchange systems / Plastic waste management strategies for cities / Eco-industrial park projects / Energy efficiency / Renewable energy / Bio-fuels / Co-processing / Eco-design / National and regional CP and SCP roundtables / Industry sector reviews / Technology Transfer / Data base of CP finance sources, of CP experts, of CP cases / …

UPWARD DIFFUSION

National policiesLegislation

Action plansCP Funds

DOWNWARD DIFFUSION

Local authoritiesNGO’s

CP ClubsPartnerships

LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Sectors

Industrial estatesBuilding design

TourismEco-towns

LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Tools

Financial incentivesEnvironmental reporting

Eco-labelingISO 14000

Award scheme

CONCLUSIONAbout CP trends


Cleaner Production M.S.F.ZAHRA. Dump Dispose Disperse PC (Treatment) Recycling Cleaner Production...

Documents

Transcript of Cleaner Production M.S.F.ZAHRA. Dump Dispose Disperse PC (Treatment) Recycling Cleaner Production...