CLEAN AIR CHOICE IMPROVING THE AIR WE BREATHE Angela... · Globally* = 6.1 million death from air...
Transcript of CLEAN AIR CHOICE IMPROVING THE AIR WE BREATHE Angela... · Globally* = 6.1 million death from air...
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Angela Tin
Colombia
September 2018
CLEAN AIR
CHOICE
IMPROVING
THE AIR WE
BREATHE
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OUR HISTORY – 1904 TO TODAY
National Tuberculosis Association
Oldest voluntary heath
organization
Link Environmental Pollution
to Health Concerns
MISSION: TO SAVE LIVES BY
IMPROVING LUNG HEALTH
AND PREVENTING LUNG DISEASE
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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!
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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS
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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!
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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!
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WHEN YOU CAN’T BREATHE, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS!
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1. Previous lung disease - tuberculosis
2. Family history of lung cancer
3. Past cancer treatment
4. Previous smoking related cancer (tobacco
products)
5. Lowered immunity (AIDS, HIV)
CAUSES OF LUNG DISEASE & CANCER
LIMITED ACTION
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1. Smoking
2. Exposure to radon gas
3. Exposure to workplace chemicals
(asbestos, silica, dust, heavy metals,…)
4. Air pollution
(transportation and industrial sources
CAUSES OF LUNG DISEASE & CANCER
PREVENTABLE
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Cigarette smoking
rates have
decreased to 16%
2/3 lung cancers
occur in
never/ex-smokers
LUNG CANCER
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16,6%
64,9%
89,2%
99,2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Lung &Bronchus
Colorectal Breast Prostate
5 YEAR SURVIVAL RATES
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THE COST OF LUNG CANCER
U.S cancer care costs in the United States
$147.5 Billion for all cancers in 2015
$13.4 Billion due to lung cancer (10%)
Lost productivity due to early death
$134.8 Billion for all cancers in 2005
$36.1 Billion due to lung cancer (27%)
U.S. National Institute of Health. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report – Financial Burden of Cancer Care. November 2015
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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
Health Conditions linked to Air Pollution exposure (such as lung cancer and emphysema) are often fatal
Globally* = 6.1 million death from air pollution (12% of global deaths in 2016) 4.1 million = outdoor or ambient air pollution 2.6 millions = indoor fires and heat
*University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
U.S. NOX EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
U.S. HYDROCARBONS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
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TRANSPORTATION MODE AND FUEL TYPE
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MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
Engine operation
Fuel components
Exhaust emissions
In car emissions
Trip emissions
Refueling emissions
Evaporative
emissions
(hot days>cold days)
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U.S. MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Volatile Organics (VOC)
Hydrocarbons
(ozone precursors)
Aerosols
Particulates
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WHAT IS OZONE?
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PARTICULATE MATTER
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PARTICULATE MATTER
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RISKS FROM TOXIC COMPONENTS
Petroleum fuels have over 200 + chemicals
that vary by raw material & refinery process
Unburned fuel exposure
Epidemiologic studies support
cause and effect
Hazardous air pollutants
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
toxic at low concentrations
Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic
Spills impact groundwater sources
of drinking water
Oil exploration/refining/spills
(massive, tremendous impact)
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PETRODIESEL EXHAUST
• Hundreds of particles in gaseous/ particle form
• On and off-road sources
• After emission: dispersion and transport into
atmosphere (hours to days)
• Large surface area
• Can enter deep into the lung
• Cross into bloodstream
• Acute and long term effects
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CLIMATE CHANGE & GREENHOUSE GASES
Carbon dioxide
burning of fossil fuels
(coal, natural gas,
& petroleum fuels)
Result of chemical
reactions (mfg of cement)
Usually removed by plants
as a part of biological
carbon cycle
(except when in excess)
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OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Haze & smog
Cloud formation &
precipitation
Water acidity
Damage to crops
Effects on ecosystems
Corrosion and damage to
materials/buildings
Injury to vegetation
Accelerates aging of rubber
materials, dye fading and
paint erosion (at low levels
long duration)
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ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS
Acute (short term) health effects
Irritation to eye, throat, bronchial systems
Neurological symptoms (lightheadedness)
Immunologic responses (allergens, asthma)
Chronic (non-cancerous) Emphysema, COPD, Birth defects
Chronic (cancerous) Lung cancer
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FINDINGS HAVE INCREASED SINCE 1990
Respiratory symptoms in adults
Lung function in children
Respiratory systems in children
Neurological degenerative diseases
Low birth weight
Cognitive function in children
Mortality long-term effects
Mortality short-term effects
Diabetes
Dementia
Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple sclerosis
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U.S. ACTIONS TO REDUCE POLLUTION
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CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRESS
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USEPA MOBILE SOURCE CLEAN AIR ACT RULES
Clean Cars and Passenger Trucks –Tier 3
Clean Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses
Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule
Clean Non-road Diesel Engines and Equipment
Locomotive and Marine Diesel Standards
Ocean-going Vessels
Small Gasoline and Recreational Marine
Standards
Ultra-low Sulfur Fuel Requirements
Renewable Fuel Standards
A new vehicle today is up to 95% percent cleaner than a new vehicle
in 1970. Still, by 2020, mobile sources are projected to account for
up to 50% of the NOx emissions, and substantial hydrocarbon and
PM emissions.
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CLEAN AIR ACT LAWS (1970)
Engine technology
Fuel components
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CLEAN DIESEL TECHNOLOGY
DOC=Diesel oxidation
catalyst
DPF=Diesel particulate filter
SCR = Selective Catalytic
Reduction
Exhaust gas DOC LD Diesel
SCR DPF DOC
NH3 (urea)
tank
HD Diesel
DPF SCR
NH3 (urea)
tank
Untreated
Engine Exhaust
Treated
Engine
Exhaust
Untreated
Engine Exhaust Treated
Engine
Exhaust
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Exhaust flows through porous wall-flow elements – PM is trapped on the walls of the filter
When exhaust temperature is high enough, PM is burned off – In most cases, unburned diesel fuel is injected to accomplish this
Precious metal is loaded onto filter walls to lower the temperature required for regeneration (i.e. burning trapped carbon to CO2).
Issues the PM system must overcome : – Regeneration at low temperatures/duty cycles
– Plugging with incombustible materials like lube oil ash
DIESEL ENGINE PARTICULATE FILTER
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CAR MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
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BIODIESEL
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Biodiesel, n. - a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D6751, designated B100.
Biodiesel Blend, n. - a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, meeting ASTM D7467 where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel. (ex. B10, B20)
BIODIESEL
Photo credit: Chicago Park District Source: NBB
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TRANSESTERIFICATION
Source: NBB
Making Biodiesel
Hacer Biodiesel
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Toxicity
PAHs
Aromatic (BTEX)
Cyclo alkanes
Branched chain
--------------------------------
Straight chain
T
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FEEDSTOCKS
Corn Oil By-Product
from Ethanol Plants
Yellow Grease
Poultry Fats
Soybean Oil
Beef/Pork Fats
Algae
Sugarcane
Sweet Sorghum
Potential
Canola Oil
Source: NBB/University of Illinois
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A clean, domestic, renewable, advanced biofuel for diesel engines
made from fats and oils, such as soybean oil and used cooking oil.
CanolaOil9%
Dis- llersCornOil14%
SoybeanOil48%
AnimalFats14%
YellowGrease15%
BIODIESEL
Source: NBB
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US BIODIESEL PRODUCTION GOAL
Source: NBB
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US BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PLANTS
Source: NBB
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US TERMINAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Biodiesel is available at terminals in 369 cities
Petroleum diesel is available in 453 cities
Source: NBB
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US RETAILING INFRASTRUCTURE
U.S. Retailers Selling Biodiesel Blends of B10 to B20
Source: NBB
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B2
B2
B20
B5
B2
B5
Implemented
CT: B20
MA: B5
RI: B5
VT: B3
Source: NBB
US STATE REQUIREMENTS (MANDATES)
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US STATE TAX INCENTIVES
Currently
Implemented
Source: NBB
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US STATE CONSUMPTION MANDATES
LCFS Active
LCFS Potential
5 billion
gallons +
Source: NBB
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WELCOME August 9, 2018
FUEL QUALITY
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ASTM STANDARDS FOR BIODIESEL
ASTM D6751 is the approved standard for
100%
Performance-based standard
49 states have adopted these specifications
D7467 Covers blends containing 6% to 20%
D975 Covers petrodiesel and blends up to 5%
D396 Covers heating oil and blends up to 20%
biodiesel in boilers and home heating oil units
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CRITICAL QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS
Test Criteria Why it’s important
Free Glycerin Injector cloging
Total Glycerin Injector cloging, filter plugging
Flash Point [Methanol] Shipping/handling safety, injector life
Acid Number Long term storage, fuel system fouling
Water & Sediment Fuel system contamination
Visual Appearance Indicates moisture or impurities
Oxidative Stability Long term storage, fuel filter clogging
Sulfur EPA regulated specification
Cold Soak Filtration Filter plugging, control minor components
Cloud Point Cold weather storage /handling
Source: NBB
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BQ-9000 AND FUEL QUALITY
The biodiesel industry has an excellent fuel
quality program called BQ-9000
(www.bq-9000.org)
Helps ensure that only the highest-quality
biodiesel meeting ASTM specifications is
produced
ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies
Over 90% of US biodiesel produced is by
BQ-9000 accredited companies.
Source: NBB
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WELCOME August 9, 2018
IMPACT
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EMISSION REDUCTIONS
Analysis from EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002
Source: EPA
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NOX EMISSIONS
Source: NREL
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EMISSION REDUCTIONS
EMISSION TYPE B20
(20%)
B100
(100%)
Unburned Hydrocarbons -21%1 -67%2
Carbon Monoxide -11%1 -48%2
Particulate Matter -10%1 -47%2
Nox +-2%3 +10%2
Sulfates -20%4 -100%2
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -13% -80%2
Nitrated PAH -50%7 -90%2
Oxone potential of Hydrocarbons (HC) -10%2 -50%2
Lifecycle CO2 Emissions -16%8 -86%9
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ADVANCED BIOFUEL DEFINED BY USEPA
Advanced Biofuel -- means
renewable fuel, other than ethanol
derived from cornstarch, that has
lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions that are at least 50
percent less than baseline
lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions.
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LIFECYCLE
U.S. biodiesel on average provides a 80% reduction in
carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel1
Energy balance2 1:5.4
=
Energy Balance Lifecycle GHGs
Source: USDA
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ORIGINAL ENGINE MANUFACTURER (OEM)
BIODIESEL SUPPORT
• All major OEMs producing diesel
vehicles for the U.S. market support at
least B5 biodiesel blends
• Over 90% now support B20 in all the
engines coming off production lines
Source: NBB
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BIODIESEL IMPROVES DIESEL PROPERTIES
Blends with petrodiesel in any percentage
Once it is blended it does not separate back out
Higher Cetane rating for smoother, more complete burn
(ignition property similar to octane rating in gasoline)
Higher Lubricity (lubrication)
Virtually Zero Sulfur - ULSD <= 15 ppm or less
Zero Aromatics - Reduces Toxicity and Burns Cleaner
11% Oxygen - Reduces Black Smoke (Particulates)
Source: NBB
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WELCOME August 9, 2018
HEALTH
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EMISSIONS IN ILLINOIS
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HEALTH HEALTH BENEFITS IN ILLINOIS
“Vehicles fueled with B20 biodiesel generate fewer harmful emissions that contribute to asthma, bronchitis,
cardiovascular disease and other health ailments. Considering hospitalizations, lost work days and other
health costs, using B20 translates into an estimated savings of $1,218,100 for the communities where B20
Club members operate.” – John DeRosa, Director of Clean Air Initiatives, American Lung Association
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ETHANOL
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REFORMULATED GASOLINE
Why need?
Cars are 98% cleaner (than 30 years ago)
Twice as many cars on road today
Cars are kept longer (due to costs)
Reformulated gas
Gasoline w/ additional processing and refinement
Has reduced evaporation
Includes an oxygenate to improve combustion
10% ethanol in 98% of all gas in U.S.
Less benzene by 43%
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2018
51% Decrease
in Ozone
31% Decrease in
Carbon Monoxide
CONTINUOUS AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ILLINOIS
Continuous monitoring
at 80 monitoring sites
with more than 200
instruments
Start of
Reformulated
Gas in 1995
25%
Decrease
29%
Decrease
67%
Decrease
Reformulated
Gas in 1995
With the removal of lead from gasoline,
there is almost no lead in either the air or water
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REFORMULATED GAS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES
HARMFUL GASOLINE EMISSIONS
Emission Type Percent Reduction (E10)
Air Toxics -28%1
Volatile Organic Compounds -17%1
Nitrogen Oxides -3%1
Carbon Monoxide -13%1
Sulfur Oxides -11%1
Carbon Dioxide (Green House) - (43% - 76%)2
Particulate Matter -9% (-50% for fine PM)1
Reduced Cancer Risk -20 – 30%1
Health Benefits
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SUMMARY
The Clean Air Act has been successful in dramatically reducing air
pollution in the United States.
Reduction in pollution from all types of motor vehicles has been
critical to meeting air quality goals.
Regulation of motor vehicle fuels at the national level, combined with
local fuel requirements, has brought many areas to within health-
based air quality standards.
Use of oxygenates in fuels, primarily ethanol, has been an important
component of fuels programs in the U.S.
Both Ethanol and Biodiesel, will play a very strong role in national
fuels programs in the future, including efforts to address GHG
emissions.
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Angela Tin Vice President
Environmental Health
American Lung
Association
217.787.5864
www.CleanAirChoice.org