Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop...
-
Upload
airish -
Category
Technology
-
view
556 -
download
1
Transcript of Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop...
![Page 1: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and
nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production
J.S. Owen, Jr., Dept. Horticultural Science
Dept. Soil Science
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
![Page 2: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 3: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 4: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nursery Industry ¢ 3.97 billion dollars in gross sales
USDA, 2004.
![Page 5: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nursery Industry ¢ 3.97 billion dollars in gross sales ¢ 73% containerized crop inventory
l Organic substrate
USDA, 2004.
![Page 6: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nursery Industry ¢ 3.97 billion dollars in gross sales ¢ 73% containerized crop inventory
l Organic substrate ¢ Southeast
l 41% of 7,742 national operations l 34% of 20 billion ft2 in total production
USDA, 2004.
![Page 7: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Problem ¢ Low input efficiencies
l Water 30% to 80% l N and P 30% to 60%
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2003; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
![Page 8: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Problem ¢ Low input efficiencies
l Water 30% to 80% l N and P 30% to 60%
¢ Water availability and use
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2003; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
![Page 9: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Problem ¢ Low input efficiencies
l Water 30% to 80% l N and P 30% to 60%
¢ Water availability and use ¢ USEPA-MCL regulation and criteria
l Nitrate-N ≤ 10 mg L-1
l Total P ≤ 0.05 mg L-1
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2003; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
![Page 10: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
¢ Floriculture and nursery research initiative
l Environmental resource management systems for nurseries, greenhouses and landscapes • Clemson • University of Florida • Horticulture & Breeding Research – USDA • Floral & Nursery Plants Research – USDA
![Page 11: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primary objective To engineer a pine bark-based soilless substrate that increased water and nutrient efficiency in containerized nursery crop production
![Page 12: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Approach
Container
![Page 13: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Approach
Yeager et al., 1997
![Page 14: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Approach
Yeager et al., 1997
EFFICIENT?
![Page 15: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Infrastructure
![Page 16: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Approach
Container
![Page 17: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Approach
Container
![Page 18: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Amendment
![Page 19: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Amendment ¢ Peat-based substrate
l Increase available water l Decrease effluent phosphorus l Increase pH buffering capacity l Pre-charged source of nutrient
¢ Pine bark-based substrate l Increase available water l Increase plant K and P content
Williams and Neslon, 2000 and 1997; Warren and Bilderback, 1992; Reed, 1998; Handreck and Black, 2002.
![Page 20: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Amendment ¢ Mineral aggregate
l Chemical absorbent l Fertilizer carrier l Barrier clays
¢ Industrial l Uniform l Reproducible
Murray, 2000.
![Page 21: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Amendment Raw Clay Selection & Mining
Primary Crusher Secondary Crusher
Dryer (RVM) Mill
Screen
Rotary Kiln (LVM)
Oil-Dri Corporation of America
Bag or Bulk
≤ 800°C ≈ 120°C
![Page 22: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Amendment Montmorillonite Palygorskite
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
![Page 23: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Amendment Montmorillonite Palygorskite
Surface Area: 98 m2/g Surface Area: 122.5 m2/g
Oil-Dri Corporation of America
![Page 24: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Amendment
Heating Dehydration
Natural Occurring
Low Volatile Material
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
Montmorillonite
![Page 25: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Amendment
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
Heating Dehydration
Natural Occurring
Low Volatile Material
Palygorskite
![Page 26: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 27: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Clay Processing ¢ Pine bark-based substrates
l Industrial Mineral Aggregate • 8% Clay (by vol.)
l Industry Representative Substrate • 11% Sand (by vol.)
![Page 28: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Clay Type ¢ Industrial Mineral Aggregate
l Processing • Particle Size
• 0.25 to 0.85 mm • 0.85 to 4.75 mm
• Temperature Pre-treatment • Low volatile material (LVM) • Regular volatile material (RVM)
![Page 29: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Clay Processing ¢ 2 x 2 factorial
l RCBD l 3 replications
¢ Cyclic micro-irrigation l 1200, 1500, 1800 HR EST l 0.2 target LF
¢ Medium rate of CRF ¢ Dolomite addition
![Page 30: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Clay Processing ¢ Data collected
l Dry weight l Influent l Effluent l Effluent N and P content
¢ Use to calculate l LF = effluent ÷ influent l WUE = water retained ÷ plant dry mass l PUE = (plant P ÷ applied P) x 100
![Page 31: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Field Plots
![Page 32: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Field Plots
![Page 33: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
¢ Nutrient Analysis l NH4 – nitrogen l NO3 – nitrogen l Dissolved reactive P
¢ North Carolina Department of Agriculture
¢ USDA-ARS
Laboratory
![Page 34: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Analysis ¢ Statistics l Particle size
• Water l Temperature
pretreatment • Effluent DRP
¢ Control l A priori contrast
![Page 35: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
![Page 36: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
20 L
![Page 37: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
31 L
![Page 38: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
31 L
WUE 731 ml g-1
to 599 ml g-1
![Page 39: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.25-0.85 mm0.85-4.75 mmControl
Cum
ulat
ive
wat
er a
pplie
d (L
)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
107,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre while maximizing growth
![Page 40: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LVM
ControlRVM
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
![Page 41: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LVM
ControlRVM
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
19 mg
![Page 42: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LVM
ControlRVM
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
29 mg
![Page 43: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Clay Processing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LVM
ControlRVM
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg)
Day after initiation
Substrate amendment
PUE Control 27% Clay 36%
![Page 44: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Clay Processing ¢ Water
l Particle size • 0.25 to 0.85 mm • 18% (31L) decrease
¢ Nutrient l Phosphorus
• Temperature pretreatment • Low volatile material • 48% (29 mg) decrease
¢ Equivalent growth ¢ 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM
24 - 48
![Page 45: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Clay Processing ¢ Water
l Particle size • 0.25 to 0.85 mm • 18% (31L) decrease
¢ Nutrient l Phosphorus
• Temperature pretreatment • Low volatile material • 48% (29 mg) decrease
¢ Equivalent growth ¢ 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM
24 - 48
![Page 46: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 47: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Physical Properties ¢ Clay rate l 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM l 0% to 24% (by vol.)
• 4% increments ¢ Poromoter ¢ Substrate moisture
characteristic curve ¢ 15-bar extraction ¢ Particle size distribution
![Page 48: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Porometer Results
![Page 49: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Air space
![Page 50: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Available water
![Page 51: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Unavailable water
Available water
![Page 52: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Air space
Available water
![Page 53: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Air space
Available water
Normal Range
![Page 54: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Materials & Methods ¢ Clay rate (% vol.)
l RCBD l 0, 8, 12, 16, and 20%
¢ Li-Cor 6400 l Net photosynthesis l Stomatal conductance
¢ Nutrient analysis ¢ Plant growth
![Page 55: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 8 12 16 20
Top
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 56: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 8 12 16 20
Top
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
Max. = 12%
![Page 57: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 8 12 16 20
Pn (µ
mol
CO
2 m-2
s-1
) gs (µm
ol H2 O
m-2 s
-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 58: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 8 12 16 20
Pn (µ
mol
CO
2 m-2
s-1
) gs (µm
ol H2 O
m-2 s
-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
Max. = 11%
![Page 59: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 8 12 16 20
g s (µ
mol
H2O
m-2
s-1
)W
ater use efficinecy (ml g
-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 60: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Clay Rate
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 8 12 16 20
Tota
l pla
nt P
con
tent
(mg)
Amendment rate (% vol.)
![Page 61: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Clay Rate
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 8 12 16 20
Tota
l pla
nt P
con
tent
(mg)
Amendment rate (% vol.)
PUE = 46%
![Page 62: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
01220
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg
L-1)
Day after initiaiton
Amendment rate (% vol.)
![Page 63: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
01220
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg
L-1)
Day after initiaiton
Amendment rate (% vol.)
33 mg
![Page 64: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
01220
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg
L-1)
Day after initiaiton
Amendment rate (% vol.)
33 mg
![Page 65: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Clay Rate
![Page 66: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Clay Rate
![Page 67: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Clay Rate
![Page 68: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
¢ X-ray absorption near edge surface (XANES) spectroscopy
¢ Linear combination fitting l Athena Software
Phosphorus Speciation
![Page 69: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Phosphorus Speciation
![Page 70: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Phosphorus Speciation ¢ Linear combination fitting
l Low volatile material • 75 mol% hydroxyapatite • 25 mol% metal adsorbed P
![Page 71: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
¢ Linear combination fitting l Low volatile material
• 75 mol% hydroxyapatite • 25 mol% metal adsorbed P
(aq)2-4(aq)2
2 (aq) (aq)(s)345 OH PO3H 5Ca 7HOH)(POCa ++⎯→←+ ++
Phosphorus Speciation
![Page 72: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
¢ Linear combination fitting l Low volatile material
• 75 mol% hydroxyapatite • 25 mol% metal adsorbed P
(aq)2-4(aq)2
2 (aq) (aq)(s)345 OH PO3H 5Ca 7HOH)(POCa ++⎯→⎯+ ++
Phosphorus Speciation
![Page 73: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Clay Rate ¢ Clay rate (% vol.)
l 10% to 12% • Plant growth • Net photosynthesis • Stomatal conductance • Use efficiency
• Water • Phosphorus
l Plant mineral content
![Page 74: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 75: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Input Efficiency ¢ RCBD with 4 replications
l Cyclic irrigation • 0100, 0300, 0500 HR EST
¢ Main effects l Amendment (11% by vol.)
• 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM • Washed, builders sand
l Leaching fraction • 0.2 or 0.1
l P rate • 1.0x or 0.5x
![Page 76: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Amendment
P rate
![Page 77: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Amendment
P rate
A B
31 g
![Page 78: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Amendment
P rate
Not Significant
![Page 79: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
![Page 80: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
A
B
77 g
![Page 81: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tota
l pla
nt d
ry m
ass
(g)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
B A 31 g
![Page 82: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
N P K Ca Mg S
SandClay
Pla
nt to
p nu
trien
t con
tent
(g)
Elemental nutrient
Amendment
0.5
Input Efficiency
![Page 83: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
N P K Ca Mg S
SandClay
Pla
nt to
p nu
trien
t con
tent
(g)
Elemental nutrient
Amendment
0.5
Input Efficiency
108%
38%
48%
54%
21%
![Page 84: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1.0 0.5
SandClay
P u
se e
ffici
ency
(%)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
Input Efficiency
B
![Page 85: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1.0 0.5
SandClay
P u
se e
ffici
ency
(%)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
Input Efficiency
B
A 11%
![Page 86: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1.0 0.5
SandClay
P u
se e
ffici
ency
(%)
Phosphorus rate
Amendment
Input Efficiency
B
A
B
64%
![Page 87: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent (
L)Treatment
Day after initiation
![Page 88: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent (
L)Treatment
Day after initiation
26 L
![Page 89: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LFSand 0.10 LFSand 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent (
L)Treatment
Day after initiation
![Page 90: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.10 LFClay 0.20 LFSand 0.10 LFSand 0.20 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
influ
ent (
L)Treatment
Day after initiation
90,000 gallons of water saved per growing acre
while maintaining growth
![Page 91: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent (
L)
Day after initiation
Treatment
![Page 92: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent (
L)
Day after initiation
Treatment
16 L
![Page 93: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LFSand 0.1 LFSand 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent (
L)
Day after initiation
Treatment
![Page 94: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LFSand 0.1 LFSand 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent (
L)
Day after initiation
Treatment
55,000 gallons per growing acre
![Page 95: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LFSand 0.1 LFSand 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg) Treatment
Day after initiation
![Page 96: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LFSand 0.1 LFSand 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg) Treatment
Day after initiation
14 mg
![Page 97: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LFSand 0.1 LFSand 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
efflu
ent D
RP
(mg) Treatment
Day after initiation
7 mg
![Page 98: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Input Efficiency ¢ Water buffering capacity
l Real-time monitoring • Weight
• Water loss • Container capacity
![Page 99: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Input Efficiency
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Time and date
Con
tain
er c
apac
ity (%
)
ClaySand
Aug 23 Aug 24 Aug 25 Aug 26 Aug 27 Aug 28
Amendment
![Page 100: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Input Efficiency
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (m
l)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
![Page 101: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Input Efficiency
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (m
l)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
![Page 102: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Input Efficiency
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (m
l)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
334 mL
![Page 103: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Input Efficiency
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
ClaySand
5:30
7:30
9:30
11:3
0
13:3
0
15:3
0
17:3
0
19:3
0
21:3
0
Wat
er lo
ss (m
l)
daylight hours
Time (Sept.)
Amendment
4% increase in available water which
equates into 500 ml
![Page 104: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Input Efficiency ¢ Phosphorus use efficiency
l ≤64% increase ¢ Water use efficiency
l ≤15% increase (43 mL g-1) ¢ Maximum growth
l ≤46% increase
![Page 105: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 106: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Conclusion ¢ Maximum growth
l 0.25 to 0.85 mm l Low volatile material l 11% amendment l 50% reduction of inputs
• Phosphorus • Water
l Water buffering capacity
![Page 107: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Overview ¢ Introduction ¢ Experiments l Clay processing l Clay rate l Input efficiency
¢ Conclusion ¢ Future
![Page 108: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Future Research ¢ Species screen ¢ Nutrient addition
of clay l Phosphorus l Potassium
¢ Water Management
![Page 109: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Financial Support
NC STATE UNIVERSITY FNRI
![Page 110: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
William Reece Mary Lorscheider Kim Hutchison Beth Harden Dr. Fonteno Dr. Northup Dr. Beauchemin Mike Jett Dr. Swallow Sandy Donaghy Bradley Holland Tim Ketchie Anthony LeBude Michelle McGinnis Cindy Proctor Carroll Williamson Kristen Walton Brian Jackson Daniel Norden Greta Bjorkquist Dr. Hunt
Committee: Dr. Warren Dr. Bilderback Dr. Cassel Dr. Hesterberg
Horticulture & Soil Science Faculty
& Graduate Students
My family
Thank you…..
![Page 111: Clay amended soilless substrate: Increasing water and nutrient efficiency in containerized crop production](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030317/54336a998d7f72f5648b69ae/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Thank you….. William Reece Mary Lorscheider Kim Hutchison Beth Harden Dr. Fonteno Dr. Northup Dr. Beauchemin Mike Jett Dr. Swallow Sandy Donaghy Bradley Holland Tim Ketchie Anthony LeBude Michelle McGinnis Cindy Proctor Carroll Williamson Kristen Walton Brian Jackson
Daniel Norden Greta Bjorkquist
Committee: Dr. Warren Dr. Bilderback Dr. Cassel Dr. Hesterberg
Horticulture & Soil Science Faculty
& Graduate Students
My family