Classifying Living Things Chapter 2 Why Classify? Quiz 2A.
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Transcript of Classifying Living Things Chapter 2 Why Classify? Quiz 2A.
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Classifying Living Things
Chapter 2
Why Classify?
Quiz 2A
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Classifyto arrange things into groups
Classification: the process of
grouping things based on their
similarities
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Taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms into groups
(from Gk. taxis –
arrangement, order)
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How does a good classification system help?
• Generalization: by learning about individual’s you may also learn about the whole group.
• It makes information about specific organisms easier to organize and find.
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The Classification Hierarchy
First recorded classification of organisms was
attempted by Aristotle the Greek scientist and
philosopher.
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Aristotle’s Classification System
Plants
HERBS - if they lacked woody parts
SHRUBS - if they had several short woody stems
TREES - one large woody stem .
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Aristotle’s Classification System
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Animals
FISH – swim
BIRDS - fly
LAND ANIMALS - walk
Aristotle’s Classification System
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artificial classification system
based on appearance
(physical characteristics)
Aristotle's system was used for approximately 2,000 years.
(used into the 1600’s)
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Carolus Linnaeus In the 1700's Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish-naturalist, discovered
problems in the systematic arrangement for botany and began to
sketch his own classification method.
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Carolus Linnaeus set forth a new classification system in his works
(books he wrote).
• Species Plantarum
• Systema Naturae
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Species Plantarum
• published 1753
• forms the basis for plant classification
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Systema Naturae
• published 1758
• forms the basis for animal classification
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Linnaeus is known as the father of
modern biological classification or the
father of taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus
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Linnaeus also established the modern scientific method of naming plants and animals.
His system is also an artificial classification system (based on physical characteristics).
It has more flexibility than the previous systems.
It is still used today.
Carolus Linnaeus
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Linnaeus's 7 Basic Levels of Classification
His system has 7 basic levels (largest --->smallest)
Species are often divided into sub-species (or varieties – like dogs). Subphyla & subclasses may also be used.
kingdom
phylum (division)
class
order
family
genus
species
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The more classification levels that two organisms
share, the more characteristics they
have in common.
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As you move down the levels there are
fewer kinds of organisms in each
group.
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Levels of Classification
Some classification systems have
an eighth level – domain –
that is a level higher than kingdom.
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Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their
ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies.
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Unicellular prokaryotes
The "true bacteria". Examples: Enteric bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella typhus, Legionella, Heliobacter pylorii (cause of many ulcers), Neisseria gonorrhea (cause of gonorrhea), Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are able to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia. Clostridium (tetanus, botulism).
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also unicellular prokaryotes but they are found in some of the most extreme
environments on Earth (such as hot springs, very salty water, swamps, volcano
vents in the Pacific Ocean floor, and the intestines of cows)
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Fungi
Protist
Plant
Animal
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The Six Kingdoms
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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What about Humans?
Man is not an animal; he is God’s highest creation and
created in God’s image.
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Christian Classification System?
Why don’t Christians invent a “Christian Classification System” that
would not be influenced by evolutionary bias? Any new system
that uses physical characteristics as the basis for classification would likely
group organisms quite similarly to the current system.
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Christian Classification System?
There is a Christian classification system that has been proposed called
baraminology. The term baraminology comes from the Hebrew words bara, meaning “create,” and min, meaning
“kind.” Baraminology attempts to classify organisms according to their biblical kind.
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Christian Classification System?
Since one of the primary functions of a classification system is to eliminate confusion regarding organisms, having a separate system
that is similar but not really parallel would likely add confusion rather than eliminate it. A more reasonable solution is for Christians to accept
the Bible as the source of all truth and reject any evolutionary bias found in the current system..