Classification

Vertebrates Pg. 779

• Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata• 3 Distinguishing Characteristics:

1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium3. Endoskeleton

• 3 Classes of Fish:1. Jawless – hagfish, 783, detritivores

lamprey, 784, some parasites external fertilization2. Chondrichthyes – skeleton cartilage, internal fertilization, sharks, rays3. Osteichthyes – bony fish, external fertilization, fins 788, swim bladder and two chambered heart 790

Fish Homeostasis Pg 782

Freshwater fish – hypertonic, more salt in body than water, gain water, lose ions

Saltwater fish – hypotonic, less salt in body than water, lose water, gain ions Pg 795 #5,6

Sensory FunctionPg 783

Olfactory Sacs – smellLateral Line – sense vibrations in water

Chapter 40: Amphibians Amphibian-

Cold blooded Vertebrate Comes from Greek words meaning:

Double Life- Part of its life is spent on land and the other is spent in the waterBorn in water and have gills Adults live on land

Pg. 801 Know the List!!

Skin of Amphibians 2 Important Function: Respiration and

Protection Moist- Mucous Glands that supply a

lubricant Permeable- H2O, CO2, O2

Foul secretion for protection

Quiz Your Brain When are most amphibians active? At Night Why is this important? Reduces the amount of water loss by

evaporation Since frog usually stay wet, how do

frogs in the desert survive?

The Heart- Pg. 805 3 Chambered Heart 1 Ventricle that does not divide like ours What affect does this have on the

blood?

Respiration- Pg. 806 Pulmonary Respiration- respiration through

the lungs. Small surface area in the lungs Cutaneous Respiration- respiration through

the skin Dart Frog- Native to the tropical Rainforests of Central and South America

Sense Organs: Sight, Smell, and Hearing are well

developed Why is sight important? Nictating Membrane- transparent,

moveable membrane that covers the eye

Nictare means “to wink” Sound- detected by the inner ear- No

external ear Flat ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)

Quiz Your Brain Identify an advantage and a

disadvantage to the permeability of amphibian skin.

Explain the path of blood flow through the heart.

What is the purpose of the nictating membrane?

Hormones Circulate through the bloodstream. Thyroxine- Hormone that helps tadpoles

go through metamorphosis to become frogs.

Chapter 41: Reptiles Eggs- Leathery, Resemble chicken eggs

on the inside Called Amniotic Eggs Image on Pg. 823 Decreases H2O loss Allows for gas exchange

Heart Pg.825-826 Septum- tissue that divides the

ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

rarely mix. Pumping blood to the lung uses a lot of

energy. Save energy by pumping blood directly

to the body and skipping over the lungs. No O2 needed while under water

Trivia How long can an alligator stay

underwater? 30 minutes up to an hour

Respiration Alveoli- sacs in the lungs that increase

surface area. Why is this important? Reptiles lungs are large. Breathe similar to how a human

breathes.

Thermoregulation Ectotherms- warms its body by

absorbing heat from the sun Endotherms- generate heat my

metabolic processes Body temperature remains close to its

surrounding environment. Do reptiles normally live in hot or cold

climates? Why?

Reproduction Oviparity- females reproductive

tract encloses each egg with a tough shell.

Eggs are deposited in an ideal environment

Do reptiles take on any parental responsibilities/ duties?

Make a nest for the eggs Cover them to keep the warm Guards the nest Breaks open the nest and carries

the babies to the water.

Quiz Your Brain Explain how crocodilians swallow prey

under water. Reptiles have _____ in their lungs that

helps increase the surface area. List some characteristics of eggs of

reptiles.

Class Aves – Birds Ch 42 Pg 841 Ornithology – study of birds Birds and Bats are the only living vertebrates that can fly. Down feathers for warmth

Conserve body heat Contour feathers for flying Pg 859

Provide lift for flight- Special on wings and tail

Class Aves: Birds Rigid hollow bones for lightweight strength-

fused together Large keel sternum & pectoral muscles for

flying Pg 845

Endothermic – warmblooded, controlled steady body temp, requires more energy/oxygen

Class Aves: Birds Air Sacs that store oxygen Pg 847 High efficient respiratory system Travel at high altitudes at low pressures Nine air sacs Makes up most of the abdominal and chest

cavity

Lightweight due to one ovary and no rectum No urinary waste is stored Urine and feces pass through the cloaca

Crop in esophagus that stores & moistens food Do birds have teeth?

Stomach- 2 Part Proventriculus- enzymes and acids begin to break

down food Gizzard in stomach to grind food Pg 846

Four chambered heart to supply required energy and oxygen

Pg 865 Precocial – can

walk and swim after hatching, ducks, chickens

Altricial – hatched blind and helpless, tree nesters

Pg 849

Class Aves: Birds

Compare Wing Structures Predict the type of habitat. How does the shape of the wings relate

to the birds niche? How would the shape of the wings make

a bird unsuccessful if introduced into a different environment?

Class - Mammals Pg 861EndothermicHair

◦Insulates against heat loss Mammary glands

◦Females produce milk to feed their offspring

◦Located in thorax or abdomen

Class: Mammals4 chambered heart Pg 865Single jawbone Pg 882 #25

◦Mammalian fossils are often identified using the lower jaw bone

Specialized teeth Pg 883 #6◦Front used to bite, cut, or hold prey◦Back used to grind, crush, or slice

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863

1. Monotremes ◦ Oviparous- lay

eggs◦ Platypus-

water proof fur, leathery flat bill, wetlands

◦ Echidna- dry woodlands, spines, long snout, sticky tongue

◦ Australia, Pg 869

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863

1. Marsupials ◦ Pouch◦ Viviparous- giving live birth to an

animal that was developed inside the mother

◦ kangaroo◦ Opossum

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863Placental – viviparous in uterus

w/ placenta

Orders of PLACENTAL Mammals Pg 870

1. Toothless – anteaters, armadillos, sloths

2. Rodent-like – rabbits3. Rodents – squirrels, mice,

porcupine4. Flying – bats5. Insectivores – shrew,

hedgehog, mole6. Carnivores – dogs, cats, seals,

sea lions

7. Even-toed hoof – deer, giraffe, pig

8. Odd-toed hoof – horse, rhino

9. Swimming – whales and dolphins

10. Manatees11. Trunk nosed –

elephants12. Primates –

monkeys, humans

KNOW PRIMATE CHARACTERISTICS PG 875!!!