ClassificationClassification

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

Branch of biology that names & Branch of biology that names & groups organisms according to groups organisms according to their characteristics and their characteristics and evolutionary historyevolutionary history

AristotleAristotle (384-322 BC)(384-322 BC)

Made the first recorded attempt at Made the first recorded attempt at classification over 2000 years ago. classification over 2000 years ago.

Grouped all living things into two Grouped all living things into two categories:categories:– AnimalsAnimals– PlantsPlants

What are some problems with this What are some problems with this system?system?

LINNAEUSLINNAEUS

Developed a system to fix the Developed a system to fix the problems with Aristotle’s methodproblems with Aristotle’s method

To classify organisms, their To classify organisms, their PHYLOGENY, or evolutionary PHYLOGENY, or evolutionary history, should be considered.history, should be considered.

7 levels of classification7 levels of classification

Phylogenetic TreePhylogenetic Tree

   Linnaeus's seven levels of Linnaeus's seven levels of classification are—from largest—classification are—from largest—smallestsmallest

• kingdomkingdom• phylumphylum• classclass• orderorder• familyfamily• genusgenus• speciesspecies

– Each level is called a Each level is called a taxontaxon, or taxonomic , or taxonomic category.category.

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

Sea star

Abert squirrel

Coral snake

The The kingdomkingdom is the largest and most is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic categories.categories.

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

Abert squirrel

Coral snake

phylum - the subsets of kingdom.phylum - the subsets of kingdom.

Abert squirrel

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

class, the subsets of phylum. class, the subsets of phylum.

Red fox

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

An An orderorder is a broad category is a broad category composed of the subsets of class.composed of the subsets of class.

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

family, the subsets of orderfamily, the subsets of order..

  Species and genus are the two Species and genus are the two smallest categories.smallest categories.

Genus is each subset within a familyGenus is each subset within a family Species is each subset within a Species is each subset within a

genusgenusGrizzly bear

Black bear

Red fox

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

Sea star

Coral snake

Abert squirrel

**King Philip Came King Philip Came Over From Great Over From Great

Spain*Spain*

The The classification for classification for humans:humans: Kingdom-AnimaliaKingdom-Animalia Phylum-Chordata (subphylum Phylum-Chordata (subphylum

vertebrata)vertebrata) Class-MammaliaClass-Mammalia Order-PrimateOrder-Primate Family-HominidaeFamily-Hominidae

Genus-Genus-HomoHomo Species-Species-sapienssapiens

Why are Why are Homo & sapiens Homo & sapiens written written in italics?????in italics?????

BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE Linnaeus also developed Linnaeus also developed a 2 name a 2 name

(SPECIES NAME) system of naming (SPECIES NAME) system of naming organismsorganisms..– The species name has 2 parts. The The species name has 2 parts. The 11stst

word is the GENUS & the 2 word is the GENUS & the 2ndnd is is the SPECIES.the SPECIES.

– The The 11stst letter of the genus letter of the genus name is name is always always capitalizedcapitalized. The . The species name species name is all is all lower-case letterslower-case letters..

– Scientific names should be written in Scientific names should be written in italicsitalics or or underlined.underlined.

– Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens (or or Homo sapiensHomo sapiens) is ) is the scientific name for humans.the scientific name for humans.

Practice…Practice…

Write the following scientific Write the following scientific names correctly:names correctly:– BISON BISON (a buffalo)BISON BISON (a buffalo)– PANTHERA LEO (a lion)PANTHERA LEO (a lion)– CARETTA CARETTA (a loggerhead CARETTA CARETTA (a loggerhead

sea turtle)sea turtle)

Check yourself…Check yourself…

Bison bison Bison bison or or Bison bisonBison bison Panthera leo Panthera leo or or Panthera leoPanthera leo Caretta caretta Caretta caretta or or Caretta CarettaCaretta Caretta

*Please do not try to write in italics *Please do not try to write in italics on your quiz/test. It is too difficult on your quiz/test. It is too difficult for me to tell that you meant it to for me to tell that you meant it to be that way. Underline instead.*be that way. Underline instead.*

The Six-Kingdom The Six-Kingdom SystemSystemof Classification of Classification includes:includes:

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

The Six Kingdom The Six Kingdom SystemSystem1. 1. ARCHAEBACTERIAARCHAEBACTERIA

– ““ancient bacteria”ancient bacteria”– ProkaryoticProkaryotic– UnicellularUnicellular– Live in hostile environmentsLive in hostile environments– Auto- and heterotrophicAuto- and heterotrophic– Reproduce by binary fissionReproduce by binary fission– Can have a cell wall containing Can have a cell wall containing

peptidoglycan peptidoglycan – Some have flagellaSome have flagella

2. 2. EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA ““true bacteria”true bacteria” ProkaryoticProkaryotic UnicellularUnicellular Common todayCommon today Cause disease/decayCause disease/decay Found almost everywhereFound almost everywhere Auto- & heterotrophicAuto- & heterotrophic Reproduce by binary fissionReproduce by binary fission Can have cell walls with peptidoglycanCan have cell walls with peptidoglycan Can have flagellaCan have flagella

**The archaebacteria The archaebacteria and eubacteria used and eubacteria used to be grouped to be grouped together as together as MONERANS.MONERANS.

The Three-Domain The Three-Domain SystemSystem

The The domaindomain is a more inclusive category than is a more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom. any other—larger than a kingdom.

– The three domains are:The three domains are: Eukarya, which is composed of protists, Eukarya, which is composed of protists,

fungi, plants, and animals.fungi, plants, and animals. Bacteria, which corresponds to the Bacteria, which corresponds to the

kingdom Eubacteria.kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea, which corresponds to the Archaea, which corresponds to the

kingdom Archaebacteria.kingdom Archaebacteria.

3. 3. PROTISTAPROTISTA EukaryoticEukaryotic Uni- & multicellularUni- & multicellular Auto- & heterotrophicAuto- & heterotrophic ““junk drawer”junk drawer” Some move, some don’tSome move, some don’t Can have cell walls with celluloseCan have cell walls with cellulose Examples-euglena, amoebas, Examples-euglena, amoebas,

giant kelpgiant kelp

44. FUNGI. FUNGI

EukaryoticEukaryotic Uni- & multicellularUni- & multicellular Heterotrophic…NO FUNGI DO NOT Heterotrophic…NO FUNGI DO NOT

MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD!!!!!!!!MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD!!!!!!!! Don’t moveDon’t move Cell walls with chitin Cell walls with chitin Examples-yeast, mushrooms, moldsExamples-yeast, mushrooms, molds

5. 5. PLANTAEPLANTAE

EukaryoticEukaryotic MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic Don’t moveDon’t move Cell walls have celluloseCell walls have cellulose

6. 6. ANIMALIAANIMALIA

EukaryoticEukaryotic MulticellularMulticellular HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Some can move, but not allSome can move, but not all No cell wallsNo cell walls

Use this chart for the Use this chart for the basics…basics…