Classification of Classification of OrganismsOrganisms

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Categories of Biological ClassificationCategories of Biological Classification

Taxonomy – The Taxonomy – The science of naming science of naming and classifying and classifying organismsorganisms

1750s Carl Linnaeus 1750s Carl Linnaeus uses binomial uses binomial nomenclature: 2 part nomenclature: 2 part Latin name for each Latin name for each organismorganism Apis melliferaApis mellifera – –

European honeybeeEuropean honeybee

Now called scientific Now called scientific names and are made up names and are made up of genus and species of genus and species namename Genus is capital, comes Genus is capital, comes

first, contains similar first, contains similar speciesspecies

Species is lowercase, Species is lowercase, particular kind of particular kind of organism within a genusorganism within a genus

Ursus maritimus

Carcharodon carcharias

Scientific NamesScientific Names WrittenWritten

Apis melliferaApis mellifera Apis melliferaApis mellifera A. mellifera A. mellifera after full name after full name

is given onceis given once

All languages use same All languages use same names and systemnames and system

Rules set upRules set up 2 Latin words or words 2 Latin words or words

following Latin rulesfollowing Latin rules 2 different organisms 2 different organisms

cannot have same namecannot have same name

Strigiphilus Strigiphilus garylarsonigarylarsoni

Louse named for Louse named for Far Side Far Side cartoonist cartoonist because he made because he made science jokesscience jokes

Masiakasaurus Masiakasaurus knopfleriknopfleri

Dinosaur named Dinosaur named for guitarist for guitarist because they because they listened to his listened to his music while music while diggingdigging

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

KingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamilyGenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

Classification of HoneybeesClassification of Honeybees

AnimaliaAnimaliaArthropodaArthropoda

InsectaInsectaHymenopteraHymenoptera

ApidaeApidaeApisApis

Apis Apis melliferamellifera

HumansHumans MonkeyMonkey HorseHorse PenguinPenguin

AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

ChordataChordataChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata

MammaliaMammalia MammaliaMammalia MammaliaMammalia AvesAves

PrimataPrimata PrimataPrimata PerissodactylaPerissodactyla SphenisciformesSphenisciformes

HominidaeHominidae CebidaeCebidae EquidaeEquidae Spheniscidae Spheniscidae

HomoHomo AlouattaAlouatta EquusEquus AptenodytesAptenodytes

sapienssapiens pigrapigra caballuscaballus forsteriforsteri

How can you remember?How can you remember?

King King

PhillipPhillip

CameCame

OverOver

ForFor

GoodGood

SoupSoup

14.2 How Biologists Classify 14.2 How Biologists Classify OrganismsOrganisms

Biological species – group of natural populations Biological species – group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other and that are reproductively isolated from other such groupssuch groups

Hybrid – offspring of individuals from different Hybrid – offspring of individuals from different species that interbreed and produce fertile species that interbreed and produce fertile offspringoffspring

Other HybridsOther Hybrids

Goat Boy

Zony

Wolphin

Liger

Cama

Evolutionary HistoryEvolutionary History

Phylogeny – evolutionary historyPhylogeny – evolutionary history When trying to classify organisms based When trying to classify organisms based

on similarities, it can be misleadingon similarities, it can be misleading Wing of a bat is different from a wing of a birdWing of a bat is different from a wing of a bird

Convergent evolution – similarities evolve Convergent evolution – similarities evolve in unrelated speciesin unrelated species Called analogous charactersCalled analogous characters

CladisticsCladistics Method of analysis that reconstructs Method of analysis that reconstructs

phylogenies using relationships based on phylogenies using relationships based on shared charactersshared characters Believed to show sequence of evolutionBelieved to show sequence of evolution

Ancestral Character – evolved from a Ancestral Character – evolved from a common ancestor of both groupscommon ancestor of both groups Backbone – ancestral to both birds and Backbone – ancestral to both birds and

mammalsmammals Derived Character – evolved in an Derived Character – evolved in an

ancestor of one group but not of the otherancestor of one group but not of the other Feathers in birds but not in mammals Feathers in birds but not in mammals

Cladistics is based on idea that shared derived Cladistics is based on idea that shared derived characters show that 2 groups are closely characters show that 2 groups are closely related but ancestral characters don’trelated but ancestral characters don’t Lizards and dogs have the shared ancestral character Lizards and dogs have the shared ancestral character

of limbs, whales do not have limbs, but their of limbs, whales do not have limbs, but their ancestors didancestors did

But dogs and whales have the shared derived But dogs and whales have the shared derived character of mammary glands; not found in lizards or character of mammary glands; not found in lizards or lizard ancestors; dogs and whales are closerlizard ancestors; dogs and whales are closer

Cladogram – branching diagram that shows Cladogram – branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groupsevolutionary relationships among groups

Organisms that share derived characters are Organisms that share derived characters are grouped togethergrouped together

As groups evolve new derived characters As groups evolve new derived characters appear that weren’t there beforeappear that weren’t there before

Evolutionary SystematicsEvolutionary Systematics

Different traits given different degrees of Different traits given different degrees of importanceimportance

Using this produces a phylogenetic treeUsing this produces a phylogenetic tree