CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS - University of...
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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
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DISCLOSURE
Relevant relationships with commercial
entities – none
Potential for conflicts of interest within this
presentation – none
Steps taken to review and mitigate potential
bias – N/A
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This lecture is designed to meet the following end-of-week learning objective:
1. Describe the broad group classification of microorganisms and the differences between bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites
2. Describe the classification of bacteria and fungi.
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MODULE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Describe a general scheme to classifying microorganisms
2. Differentiate the major different classes of microorganisms
3. Identify where common/important microorganisms (highlighted in this lecture) fit into the classification scheme
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RECOMMENDED READING
Engleberg et al (eds.) Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease (5th Edition), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2013
- Chapters 10, 31, 46, 51
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GENERAL DEFINITIONS
Microorganisms – an organism (form of life) of microscopic or submicroscopic size
Microbiology – the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms
Medical Microbiology – the branch of medicine that deals with microorganisms and their effects on human health
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Microorganisms
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites
(Ch. 10) (Ch. 31) (Ch. 46) (Ch. 51)
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RELATIVE SIZE OF MICROORGANISMS
Limits of
Resolution:
50,000-V
electron microscope
0.003 m
Light
microscope
0.2 m
Unaided
human eye
40 m
Protozoa & Fungi
4 - 40 m
Bacteria
0.1 - 10 m Viruses
0.03 - 0.3 m
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Size (m)
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BACTERIA - DESCRIPTION
Prokaryotic, single cell organisms characterized by the presence of a strong cell wall containing peptidoglycan
– single circular chromosome
– absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus
– absence of membrane-bound organelles
– divides by binary fission
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Bacterial Cell
Structure
Black JG. Microbiology Principles
and Explorations 5th Edition 2002
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Slide 11 Black JG. Microbiology Principles and
Explorations 5th Edition 2002
Binary Fission
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BACTERIA - CLASSIFICATION
• Divided into Gram-positive and Gram-
negative
• Divide by microscopic morphology
• Divided into aerobic and anaerobic based
on whether they can tolerate environments
with oxygen
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O2 Staphylococcus spp. Listeria spp. Neisseria spp. E. coli
Streptococcus spp. Corynebacterium spp. Moraxella spp. P. aeruginosa
Enterococcus spp. Bacillus spp. [Haemophilus spp. (coccobacilli)]
AnO2 Peptostrepto- Clostridium spp. Veillonella spp. Bacteroides spp.
coccus spp.
BACTERIA - EXAMPLES
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O2 Staphylococcus spp. Listeria spp. Neisseria spp. E. coli
Streptococcus spp. Corynebacterium spp. Moraxella spp. P. aeruginosa
Enterococcus spp. Bacillus spp. [Haemophilus spp. (coccobacilli)]
AnO2 Peptostrepto- Clostridium spp. Veillonella spp. Bacteroides spp.
coccus spp.
BACTERIA - EXAMPLES
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VIRUSES - DESCRIPTION
Acellular infectious particles consisting of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), unable to replicate without a host cell
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Black JG. Microbiology
Principles and Explorations 5th
Edition 2002
Viral Structures
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Slide 18
Viral Replication
Black JG. Microbiology Principles
and Explorations 5th Edition 2002
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Black JG. Microbiology Principles and Explorations 5th Edition 2002
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VIRUSES - CLASSIFICATION
• Divided into DNA vs. RNA viruses
• Sub-divided by:
– single-stranded, double-stranded, segmented nucleic acid
– presence/absence of envelope
– shape of capsid
• icosahedral (20 faces), helical, complex
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VIRUSES - EXAMPLES
Viruses
DNA RNA
Hepatitis B Hepatitis A, C, E, G
Herpesviruses Influenza A, B
Adenovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Parvovirus B19 HIV
Poxviruses West Nile Virus
Rotavirus
Norovirus
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VIRUSES - EXAMPLES
Viruses
DNA RNA
Hepatitis B Hepatitis A, C, E, G
Herpesviruses Influenza A, B
Adenovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Parvovirus B19 HIV
Poxviruses West Nile Virus
Rotavirus
Norovirus
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FUNGI - DESCRIPTION
Eukaryotic, uni- to multi-cellular organisms characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall predominantly made of chitin, mannan, and glucan that can reproduce asexually or sexually
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plasma membrane & cell wall
nucleus
mitochondria
microtubules
Fungal Cell Structure
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FUNGI - CLASSIFICATION
Divided into yeast and filamentous fungi (the latter also referred to as moulds)
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YEAST
• Single cells, ovoid or spherical
• Divide by budding
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FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (MOULDS)
Multi-cellular
Grow as microscopic,
branching, threadlike
filaments (hyphae),
collectively known as
mycelium
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Black JG. Microbiology Principles
and Explorations 5th Edition 2002
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (MOULDS)
Multi-cellular
Grow as microscopic,
branching, threadlike
filaments (hyphae),
collectively known as
mycelium
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FUNGI - EXAMPLES
Fungi
Yeast Moulds
Candida spp. Aspergillus spp.
Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Zygomycetes
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FUNGI - EXAMPLES
Fungi
Yeast Moulds
Candida spp. Aspergillus spp.
Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Zygomycetes
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PARASITES - CLASSIFICATION
Eukaryotic, uni- to multi-cellular organisms that live upon or within another living organism
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PARASITES - CLASSIFICATION
Divided into protozoa and helminths
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PROTOZOA
• One-celled eukaryotes bounded by only a cell membrane that reproduce asexually and sexually
• Divided into categories – Amoebae, ciliates, flagellates, coccidia,
microsporidia, sporozoa
• Divided by typical site of infection – Intestinal, blood, tissue, other
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HELMINTHS (WORMS)
• Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually
• Divided into categories
– Nematodes (round worms), cestodes (flat worms), trematodes (flukes)
• Divided by typical site of infection
– Intestinal, blood, tissue
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PARASITES – EXAMPLES
Parasites
Protozoa Helminths
Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica Ascaris lumbricoides
Giardia lamblia Taenia spp.
Blood Plasmodium spp. Schistosoma spp.
Other Sites Toxoplasma gondii Echinococcus spp.
Acanthamoeba spp.
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PARASITES – EXAMPLES
Parasites
Protozoa Helminths
Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica Ascaris lumbricoides
Giardia lamblia Taenia spp.
Blood Plasmodium spp. Schistosoma spp.
Other Sites Toxoplasma gondii Echinococcus spp.
Acanthamoeba spp.
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QUIZ
What are the four main classes of microorganisms?
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QUIZ
What are the four main classes of microorganisms?
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Parasites
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KEY MESSAGES
Microorganisms can be classified as follows: 1. Bacteria
– Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative – Cocci or Bacilli – Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
2. Viruses – DNA vs RNA
3. Fungi – Yeast vs filamentous fungi (moulds)
4. Parasites – Protozoa vs. Helminths
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MODULE OBJECTIVES
By now you should be able to:
1. Describe a general scheme to classifying microorganisms
2. Differentiate the major different classes of microorganisms
3. Identify where common/important microorganisms (highlighted in this lecture) fit into the classification scheme