Classification of Living Things -...
Transcript of Classification of Living Things -...
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Classification of Living
ThingsChapter 18
http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg
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REMEMBER
______________total of all the living things in an ecosystem
___________population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other
BIODIVERSITY
SPECIES
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Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far.
Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered
1.5 million
http://www.millan.net
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WHY CLASSIFY?
Identifies and names organisms
Groups organisms in a logical manner
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_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms
TAXONOMY
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Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships.
BIRD . . . ?
Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg
An animal with feathers
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A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar
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A good classification system:
Uses names that are _________
Can _____ as new data is discovered
Shows _____________ of organisms
UNIQUE
CHANGE
RELATIONSHIPS
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The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE
Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
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Aristotle’s system
Based on size of stem
PLANTS:Based on where they lived
ANIMALS:
By: Riedell
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Common names can varyExample:
puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar
. . . are all names for same animal
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism
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Common names vary
ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
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Common names can be misleading
Sea cucumber sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
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Common names can be misleading
In the United States,BUZZARD refers to a vulture.
In the United Kingdom,BUZZARD refers to a hawk
http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg
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By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.
Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.
Latin and Greek
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EXAMPLE: RED OAKQuercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
Names too hard and long to remember!
“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”
Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.
PROBLEMS:
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Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system
This system is still used today!
(1707-1778)
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
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Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels
OR ____________
Each organism has a two part scientific name
= _________________________
TAXONS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
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Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kids
Prefer
Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________–Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
GENUS NAME
SPECIES NAME
UNDERLINED ITALICS
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GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bearhttp://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif
http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg
Ursusarctos
Ursusmaritimus
Ursusamericanis
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Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
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MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
18-2
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In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________.
MATE
characteristics
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BUT. . .
which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?
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Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water?
OR with mammals because itbreathes air and makes milk for its young?
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Look at these 3 organisms:
LIMPETCRAB
BARNACLE
http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html
http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
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Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006
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LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !
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LIMPET
CRAB BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !
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LIMPET SNAIL
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS
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BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
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MODERN TAXONOMYGrouping organisms based on their evolutionary history =_____________________Evolutionary classification
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MODERN TAXONOMYThe study of an organism’sevolutionary history
= phylogeny
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____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
= __________________
CLADISTICS
Derived characters
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Derived characters can be usedto construct a diagram thatshows evolutionary relationshipsamong groups of organisms
= ________cladogram
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
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Derived charactersappear at branchesof the cladogramshowing where theyfirst arose.
Cladograms helpscientists understandhow one lineagebranched fromanother
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
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All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.DNA and RNA
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
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GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level.
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
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Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________
Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.
MYOSIN
http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg
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Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.
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American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
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DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
recent common ancestor
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Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time
A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
= ________________MOLECULAR CLOCK
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____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code.
Degree of _________
is an indication of how
long ago two species
shared a common ancestor
Mutations
dissimilarity
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
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Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”.
http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif
Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.
![Page 52: Classification of Living Things - Weeblymrpbiology.weebly.com/uploads/2/7/5/6/2756971/ch_18_1_and_2.pdf · Classification of Living Things ... Identifies and names organisms Groups](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030423/5aaaa8937f8b9a86188e4905/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show