Classification of Living Things
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Classification of Living Things
EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
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______________ total of all the different living things in an ecosystem
___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other
BIODIVERSITY
SPECIES
and produce fertile offspring.
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Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far.
Estimates = between ______million species yet be discovered
1.5 million
2-100
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WHY CLASSIFY?______________________organisms
______________________________
Identifies and names
Groups organisms in a logical manner
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_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms
TAXONOMY
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Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of_____________.
BIRD . . . ?An animal with feathers
relationships
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A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are _______.similar
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A good classification system: Uses names that are _________
Can _____ as new data is discovered
Shows _____________ of organisms
UNIQUE
CHANGE
RELATIONSHIPS
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The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.)
ARISTOTLE
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Aristotle’s system
Based on size of stem
PLANTS:Based on where they lived
ANIMALS:
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Common names can vary
Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for the same animal
By using a________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism.
universally accepted scientific name
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Common names vary
Chipmunk (US)Streifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)
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Common names can be misleading
Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!
Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!
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Common names can be misleading
In the United States,BUZZARD refers to vulture.
In the United Kingdom,BUZZARD refers to a hawk
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By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.
Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.
Latin and Greek
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EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
Names too hard and long to remember!
“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”
Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.
PROBLEMS:
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Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system
This system is still used today!(1707-1778)
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Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different classification groups OR ____________
Each organism has a two part scientific name
= _________________________
TAXONS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
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KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
Family Genus
Species
King PhilCameOverFromGreatSpain
The Classification Categories Include:
Just remember:
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Kingdom Phylum
Class Order
Family Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________–Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
GENUS NAME
SPECIES NAME
UNDERLINED ITALICS
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GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear
Ursusarctos
Ursusmaritimus
Ursusamericanis
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Binomial nomenclature
For example: Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
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MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
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In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________.
MATE
characteristics
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BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?
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Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water?
OR with mammals because itbreathes air and makes milk for its young?
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Look at these 3 organisms:
LIMPETCRAB
BARNACLE
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Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
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LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !
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LIMPET
CRAB BARNACLE
Look more closely!
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !
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LIMPET SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS
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BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS
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MODERN TAXONOMYGrouping organisms based on their evolutionary history =_____________________Evolutionary classification
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MODERN TAXONOMYThe study of an organism’sevolutionary history
= phylogeny
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____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
= __________________
CLADISTICS
Derived characters
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Derived characters can be usedto construct a diagram thatshows evolutionary relationshipsamong groups of organisms
= ________
cladogram
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Derived charactersappear at branchesof the cladogramshowing where theyfirst arose.
Cladograms helpscientists understandhow one lineagebranched fromanother
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All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.
DNA and RNA
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GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level.
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________
Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.
MYOSIN
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Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.
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American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
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DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
African vulture American vulture Stork
recent common ancestor
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Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time
A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
= ________________MOLECULAR CLOCK
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____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code.
Degree of _________is an indication of
howlong ago two speciesshared a common
ancestor
Mutations
dissimilarity
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Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”.
Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.