Classification of Fungi
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Transcript of Classification of Fungi
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Classification of Fungi
Fungi are classified according to their structure and method of reproduction.
The four main groups of fungi are: Common molds (Zygomycota) Sac fungi (Ascomycota) Club fungi (Basidiomycota) Imperfect fungi (Deuteromycota)
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The Common Molds
Familiar molds that grow on meat, cheese, and bread are members of the phylum Zygomycota.
Zygomycetes have life cycles that include a zygospore. A zygospore is a resting spore that
contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the mold's life cycle.
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Structure and Function of Bread Mold
Black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, is a zygomycete.
Black bread mold has two types of hyphae: Rhizoids are rootlike hyphae that
penetrate the bread's surface. Stolons are stemlike hyphae that run
along the surface of the bread.
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Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold Hyphae from different mating types fuse and
produce gamete-forming structures called gametangia.
- Mating type (N)
+ Mating type (N)
Stolon
Rhizoids
Gametangia
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Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold
Haploid (N) gametes produced in the gametangia fuse with gametes of the opposite mating type to form diploid (2N) zygotes. Zygotes develop into thick-
walled zygospores.
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Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold
In favorable conditions, the zygospore germinates, undergoes meiosis, and releases new haploid spores. Spores (N)
Sporangium
Zygospore (2N)
Zygospore (2N)
Sexual Reproduction
MEIOSIS
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Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold
Spores (N)
Sporangiophore
Rhizoids
Sporangium
Asexual Reproduction
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The Sac Fungi
The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores.
The life cycle of an ascomycete usually includes both asexual and sexual reproduction.
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
In asexual reproduction, spores called conidia form at tips of conidiophores. Conidiophores are
specialized hyphae.
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
Gametangia
- Mating type (N)
+ Mating type (N)
Hyphae (N)
Hyphae (N) + (N) During sexual reproduction,
haploid hyphae of two different mating types (+ and - ) grow close together.
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
The N + N hyphae then produce a fruiting body in which sexual reproduction continues.
The ascus forms within the fruiting body. Within the ascus, two nuclei of different
mating types fuse to form a diploid zygote (2N).
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
Ascus (N + N)Fruiting body (N + N)
Zygote (2N)
Asci
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
The zygote divides by meiosis, producing four haploid cells. In most ascomycetes, meiosis is followed by
mitosis, so that eight cells called ascospores are produced.
An ascospore can germinate and grow into a haploid mycelium.
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Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
Hypha (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
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The Sac Fungi
Yeasts Yeasts are unicellular fungi. Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding. Dry granules of yeast contain ascospores,
which become active in a moist environment.