Classification. Biological Species Concept Species: populations of organisms having common...
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Transcript of Classification. Biological Species Concept Species: populations of organisms having common...
Classification
Biological Species Concept
Species: populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other
3 Domains from common ancestry
Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera-Prokaryotes)
Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes)
Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdoms- Eukaryotes)
5 Kingdoms (6 ?)
Monera ? Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Six Kingdoms Recently, biologists recognized that Monera
were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
The Tree of Life Evolves
Changing Number of Kingdoms
Introduced Names of Kingdoms
1700’s
Late 1800’s
1950’s
1990’s
Plantae Animalia
Protista Plantae
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae
Eubacteria Archae-bacteria
Animalia
Animalia
AnimaliaProtista Fungi Plantae
Taxonomy of the Gray Wolf
MARINE BIOLOGY
Microbial World
Primary Producers How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Starts with the producers (autotrophs) organisms that convert energy from the
sun or chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules
2 methods Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera)
Smallest and structurally simplest organisms.
Contain cell wall and cell membrane No nucleus or most organelles Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea
BACTERIA
I.D. by shapes- spheres, spirals and rods
Many are helpful in breaking down waste
Detritus-dead organic matter
Decay Bacteria break down waste products (detritus) and release nutrients into environment
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic Once known as
blue-green algae Also cause red tide
Archaea
Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life
Live in extreme environments Examples : Sulfur springs,
Hydrothermal vents
Chemosynthesis Bacteria use inorganic compounds
from within the Earth to produce carbohydrates
Locations: thermal vents and hot springs
Possible beginning of life
Metabolism
Autotrophs- make own organic compounds
Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic matter through respiration (decomposers)-aerobic and anaerobic
Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate (used by primary producers)
Protist (Kingdom Protista)
A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.
Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago.
Classified by how they obtain nutrition.
Animallike Plantlike Funguslike
Plantlike Protist
Unicellular algae photosynthetic pigments Classify by the type of pigments they
contain (green, brown, or red-chloroplasts)
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae), Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes
Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!)
Diatoms #1 unicellular frustule – glassy
shell The frustules
contain silica which cannot decompose
Yellow/brown- carotenoid pigments
Cold water primary producers
Diatoms
Cell wall forms “box like” structure.
Many have spines or ribs
Reproduction
Dinoflagellates #2 Unicellular w/ 2
flagella 50%
photosynthetic 50% heterotrophs Cell wall protected
by plates made of cellulose
Many are bioluminescent
Bioluminescence
Flashlight fish
Dinoflagellates
Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food particles.
Reproduce by cell division Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide
Red Tide During a “bloom” of
organisms the numbers are so great that it turns the water red.
Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fishParalytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.
If eaten can cause paralysis or death
Fish kills
saxitoxins (neurotoxins from dino’s causing paralysis)
As bacteria decompose the dead fish, more oxygen is used up causing more fish to die.
Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-
parasiteslesions
Zooxanthellae
Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that provide food for their host organism (symbiotic with reef corals)
The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.
What type of relationship is this ? Examples of host organisms:
jellyfish, coral, and mollusks.
Euglenophytes #3 Plant-like protists They use two flagella
for movement Does not have a cell
wall Do have a cell
membrane called a pellicle
Finds sunlight by the use of a cluster of pigment known as the eyespot
Chrysophytes #4
Plantlike protists that contain gold colored chloroplasts.
Reproduce asexually and sexually Example: Yellow green algae Star-shaped internal silica skeleton
Animal-like Protists Protozoa- “First
animals” (protozoans)
Heterotrophic and ingest food like animals
Unicellular Phyla based on how
they move Zooflagellates,
Forams, Radiolarians, Ciliates, Sarcondina
Zooflagellates #1 Swim using
flagella Absorb food
through their cell membranes
Most reproduce asexually- binary fission
Some sexually - meiosis
Foraminiferans #2
Called forams Shell called test Chambers in the shell which get
larger as it grows TEST is made of calcium carbonate Contain pseudopodia-extensions of
cytoplasm used to trap diatoms for food
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians #3
Shells are made of silica and form sediments (ooze) covering ocean floor after settling
Most are microscopic but can form colonies up to 10 feet in length!
Ciliophora #4 Ciliates Named for cilia,
hairlike projections used for movement.
Found in freshwater and saltwater
Posses a thick outer membrane, the pellicle, that surrounds the cell membrane that gives the Paramecium its shape.
Nutrition of Paramecium
The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.
The food is forced into food vacuoles Digestive enzymes break down the
food Undigested food is removed through
the anus
Internal Anatomy of Paramecium
Contain two nuclei A large macronucleus that controls
respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.
A small micronucleus that controls reproduction and contains a reserve copy of genes.
Sarcondina #5 Amoeba Shape is
constantly changing due to flowing cytoplasm
By pushing the plasma membrane it is able to form feetlike projections to help it move- pseudopodia
Nutrition of Amoeba
Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole.
The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans.
Fungus-like Protists
Multicellular (some unicellular) Heterotrophs Decompose detritus Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Recycle organic material
Cellular Slime Molds
Live as free living cells Form a slug-like colony that
functions as one organism. Releases spores for reproduction
Acellular Slime Molds
Begin as amoeba-like cells Eventually fuse together to form
plasmodia These structures can grow to 10 feet
in diameter
Plasmodium
Sporozoans
Parasitic protists Reproduce using sporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a
host and lives as a parasite.
Diseases Malaria: Caused by a sporozoan
Plasmodium The sporozoan is carried in the saliva of
the female mosquito The sporozoites enter the bloodstream
and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.
The red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream
2 million people die each year from malaria.
More Diseases
African sleeping sickness Amebic dysentery Giardia
Multicellular Plantlike Protists
Red, Brown, and Green Algae
Red Algae
Phylum Rhodophyta Largest group of seaweeds Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins- red
pigment Most multicellular Chondrus crispus- Irish moss
Brown Algae Phylum Phaeophyta Largest and most complex seaweeds Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin-
yellow/brown pigment Multicellular Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Fucus- Rockweed Sargassum Kelp
Giant Kelp
Kelp
Kelp
Rockweed
Rockweed
Holdfast
Competition for space
Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta Cellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & b Stores food as starch
Unicellular Green Algae
Chlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet
soil, etc.
Sea lettuce- Ulva
Human uses of algae
Seagrasses
Horizontal stems called rhizomes
Roots and shoots come from stems
Pollen carried by water currents instead of insects
Halophytes-salt-tolerant (salt marsh)
Mangroves
Trees and shrubs that live on tropical and subtropical shores
Thick leaves to reduce water loss
Seed germinate while still attached to parent tree
Pencil shaped seedlings that drop off
EXAM SLIDES
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