Classical Classical IndiaIndia

The State, Society, The State, Society, and the Quest for and the Quest for

SalvationSalvation

Janet ParejaJanet ParejaSignature School Signature School AP World HistoryAP World History

PataliputraPataliputra

Bodh GayaBodh Gaya

The The MAURYAN MAURYAN EMPIREEMPIRE(250 BCE)(250 BCE)

Establishment of States

• JanapadasJanapadas – earliest states– Urban capitals– Leadership – family lineage– Republics, monarchies…

– 16 Maha-janapadas – large N. states- 500-400 BCE– 4 dominant by 300 BCE

– 1 emerged as an Imperial Power: MaghadaMaghada

Meanwhile, along the Ganges River…

Kingdom of Kingdom of Magadha Magadha

500 BCE500 BCE

Location Location Wealth Wealth

• AgricultureAgriculture: : Best farm Best farm land near Ganges, Indusland near Ganges, Indus

• Trade:Trade:– Use Rivers, Bay of Use Rivers, Bay of

BengalBengal– CONQUESTCONQUEST: Filled : Filled

Alexander’s power Alexander’s power vacuumvacuum

Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya• 320’s BCE - 320’s BCE - may have met may have met

Alexander - certainly had Alexander - certainly had similar style, slightly later. similar style, slightly later.

• Legend: Vaishya class - Legend: Vaishya class - homeless homeless street boystreet boy. .

• Prepared for kingship by Prepared for kingship by KautalyaKautalya

• UNUSUALUNUSUAL that a ruler could that a ruler could come from a non-ruling castecome from a non-ruling caste

I. I. Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

KautalyaKautalya• Educated BrahminEducated Brahmin

• Personal Advisor and Personal Advisor and State MinisterState Minister

• ArthashastraArthashastra– Systematic proceduresSystematic procedures

to govern to govern unifiedunified India India

Benevolent DespotismBenevolent Despotism

ArthashastraArthashastra• ManualManual outlined administration outlined administration

of empire: of empire: – Uses of powerUses of power– Principles of governmentPrinciples of government– Overseeing trade & agricultureOverseeing trade & agriculture– Collecting taxesCollecting taxes– Maintaining orderMaintaining order– Providing for poor, sick, old, orphansProviding for poor, sick, old, orphans– Detailed duties of citizens –Detailed duties of citizens –

• Virtually all aspects of personal behaviorVirtually all aspects of personal behavior were considered a proper area for state controlwere considered a proper area for state control

– Conducting foreign relationsConducting foreign relations– Waging warWaging war

(Sometimes compared to Machiavelli’s (Sometimes compared to Machiavelli’s “The Prince”)“The Prince”)

Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya

• CONQUESTCONQUEST– West including West including

BactriaBactria– Military geniusMilitary genius

11stst CENTRALIZED & CENTRALIZED &

UNIFIED UNIFIED governmentgovernment

in Indiain India

Indian ArchersIndian Archers

• Massive bowsMassive bows– Same height as the archerSame height as the archer– Sometimes archer needed to use Sometimes archer needed to use

both hands just to draw the stringboth hands just to draw the string– One foot braced the weapon; one One foot braced the weapon; one

foot on the groundfoot on the ground

• Massive ArrowsMassive Arrows– Up to 9’ longUp to 9’ long– Pierced even strongest shield or Pierced even strongest shield or breastplatebreastplate

Elephant WarfareElephant Warfare

Well-disciplined Greek Well-disciplined Greek Phalanxes quailed before them!Phalanxes quailed before them! • PaintedPainted in bright colors in bright colors• Rice wineRice wine to increase aggressiveness to increase aggressiveness• Used Used tusks & bulktusks & bulk as weapon as weapon• Carried three soldiers & a handler w/ Carried three soldiers & a handler w/

spears, arrows, shieldsspears, arrows, shields• Used Used songs, music to soothesongs, music to soothe the the

elephants after fightingelephants after fighting• Trained using Trained using food and flowersfood and flowers as as

positive reinforcement for behaviors – positive reinforcement for behaviors – liked flowers best!liked flowers best!

Peace Treaty w/ Greek PersiaPeace Treaty w/ Greek Persia Negotiated or won?Negotiated or won?

Seleucus agreed:Seleucus agreed:– Forces taken out of Punjab.Forces taken out of Punjab.– 3 rich provinces added to the 3 rich provinces added to the

Mauryan Empire.Mauryan Empire.– One of Seleucus’ daughters sent to One of Seleucus’ daughters sent to

wed Chandragupta.wed Chandragupta.

Chandragupta agreed:Chandragupta agreed:– Sent Seleucus a troop of 500 Sent Seleucus a troop of 500

magnificent war elephants.magnificent war elephants.– Agreed to the border of the Hindu Agreed to the border of the Hindu

Kush Mts as border for Indian Empire.Kush Mts as border for Indian Empire.

Chandragupta Maurya built a Chandragupta Maurya built a

Bureaucratic Administrative Bureaucratic Administrative SystemSystem

in a in a

Strong Central GovernmentStrong Central Government

Similar to those developed by Persia and ChinaSimilar to those developed by Persia and China

Chandragupta steps down…Chandragupta steps down…

• Legend: abdicated to become Legend: abdicated to become ascetic - Starved himself to ascetic - Starved himself to death?death?

• Son - 297 BCE: BindusaraSon - 297 BCE: Bindusara– Added most of Southern India to Added most of Southern India to

empireempire

• Grandson: Grandson: Asoka: Asoka:

High Point of Mauryan High Point of Mauryan EmpireEmpire

AsokaAsokaReign: 268 – 232 BCEReign: 268 – 232 BCE

Began as a Began as a

CONQUERORCONQUEROR - Defeated the rich Defeated the rich Republic Republic

ofof KalingaKalinga to control to control principal trade routesprincipal trade routes

– Bloody campaignBloody campaign

Defeat of Kalinga

• 150,000 Kalingan POWs

• 100,000 soldiers died

• 300,000 regular citizens died in the slaughter…

Ashoka’s New GovernmentAshoka’s New Government

• RejectedRejected cynical cynical ArthashastraArthashastra..

• Adopted Buddhist law of non-violence Adopted Buddhist law of non-violence (Ahimsa)(Ahimsa)– government based on morality & social government based on morality & social

compassioncompassion

the “king holds his power in trust for all living the “king holds his power in trust for all living creatures.”creatures.”

““The slaughter, death, and carrying The slaughter, death, and carrying away of captive people is a matter of away of captive people is a matter of profound sorrow and regret to His profound sorrow and regret to His Sacred Majesty.” Sacred Majesty.”

Ashoka adopted the path of nonviolence…Ashoka adopted the path of nonviolence…Converted to Buddhism…. Converted to Buddhism…. Why? Why? It this Believable? It this Believable?

What was Ashoka’s Motive?What was Ashoka’s Motive?• Righteous and Just?Righteous and Just?

– History of spirituality in his familyHistory of spirituality in his family– Society was turning to asceticism & Society was turning to asceticism &

Buddhism and away from castes and Buddhism and away from castes and traditional Hinduismtraditional Hinduism

• Shrewd & Practical?Shrewd & Practical?– As master of 50 million diverse people, As master of 50 million diverse people,

separated by great distances, different separated by great distances, different languages, religions, customs, sometimes languages, religions, customs, sometimes fierce feelings of independence… Perhaps fierce feelings of independence… Perhaps he believed India needed a common and he believed India needed a common and NEW identity and purpose…NEW identity and purpose…

Ashoka’s LegacyAshoka’s Legacy• GovernorGovernor: : StabilityStability

– Well-organized bureaucracy Well-organized bureaucracy – Absolute but benign monarchAbsolute but benign monarch

• EmpireEmpire – Ruled most of the subcontinentRuled most of the subcontinent

• Expanded EconomyExpanded Economy– Agriculture: IrrigationAgriculture: Irrigation– Trade:Trade: Supported regional & Supported regional &

international trade – Silk Road!international trade – Silk Road!

Ashoka’s RoadsAshoka’s Roads

• CComfortomfort for travelers for travelers::– Inns, trees, wells …Inns, trees, wells …

– Secure - patrolled by Secure - patrolled by military & used for quick military & used for quick deploymentdeployment

– Regional & international Regional & international tradetrade

– Communication inside Communication inside Empire & w/ outside worldEmpire & w/ outside world

Connected to Connected to Silk RoadsSilk Roads

Rock and Pillar EdictsRock and Pillar EdictsMessages from Asoka to hisMessages from Asoka to his

““children:” children:” – Issued imperial Issued imperial decrees (laws).decrees (laws).– ntentions to be ntentions to be fair, just, & humane fair, just, & humane

leaderleader– Desired Desired “every“every kind of welfare and kind of welfare and

happiness both in this world and the happiness both in this world and the next” next” for his people. for his people.

– Issued imperial Issued imperial decrees (laws).decrees (laws).– Encouraged subjects in Encouraged subjects in Buddhist valuesBuddhist values

StandardizationStandardization: : Writing & Coinage Writing & Coinage

• His language was His language was MagadhiMagadhi; his script, ; his script, BrahmiBrahmi – but used – but used PrakritPrakrit as official tongue as official tongue of the Empire: of the Empire: understood by most understood by most people. people.

Universal Health Services

• Free hospitals

• Free veterinary hospitals

Missionary Envoys included his own children

Decline of Mauryan Dynasty Decline of Mauryan Dynasty

Death of Ashoka …Death of Ashoka …

Financial problemsFinancial problems::– Army & bureaucracy expensive to maintainArmy & bureaucracy expensive to maintain– Irrigation & Road projects expensiveIrrigation & Road projects expensive– Payments outstripped tax revenue…Payments outstripped tax revenue…

Large Regional Kingdoms Large Regional Kingdoms

• TRADE INCREASEDTRADE INCREASED• ORDER MAINTAINEDORDER MAINTAINED

• TRADE as unifier in wealthy TRADE as unifier in wealthy kingdoms, not governmentkingdoms, not government

Raja & Rani

After Ashoka…

II. II. The Gupta DynastyThe Gupta Dynasty

Chandra GuptaChandra Gupta (335- 375 CE), Founder (335- 375 CE), Founder

Forged Forged marriage, political & trade alliancesmarriage, political & trade alliances with powerful Ganges River families with powerful Ganges River families Dynastic Dynastic KingdomKingdom

– Second largest Indian EmpireSecond largest Indian Empire– Capital- state of MagadhaCapital- state of Magadha – In later generations conquered to add territory, or In later generations conquered to add territory, or

established tributary alliances established tributary alliances

Kings or CEO’s?

Gupta EmpireGupta EmpireStability & Stability & ProsperityProsperity

LOCALISM:LOCALISM:

Ruled through Ruled through local elites and local elites and Institutions - Institutions -

HINDUISMHINDUISM

Gupta DeclineGupta Decline

• White HunsWhite Huns (Hephthalites)(Hephthalites)

– Nomads from Central Asia- invaded BactriaNomads from Central Asia- invaded Bactria– Established kingdoms Established kingdoms insideinside Gupta Empire Gupta Empire– Gupta Dynasty continued in name onlyGupta Dynasty continued in name only

• Weak central government - usurped by local Weak central government - usurped by local

governorsgovernors• Defense against Huns too expensive and difficultDefense against Huns too expensive and difficult

FIN

II. Economic & Social II. Economic & Social DevelopmentsDevelopments

1. 1. EMERGING TOWNSEMERGING TOWNS

Growing Trade Increasing Wealth More Money Spent on Urban Development

Jodpur, Rajasthan

2. 2. Silk RoadsSilk RoadsA. Exports A. Exports fromfrom India: India:

– CottonCotton– AromaticsAromatics– Black pepper, Black pepper,

ie.: to Romeie.: to Rome– PearlsPearls– GemsGems

B. B. Silk Road Silk Road Imports to IndiaImports to India

• HorsesHorses

• Bullion from WestBullion from West

• Silk from ChinaSilk from China

3. 3. Sea TradeSea Trade• Monsoon winds & Monsoon winds &

Indian OceanIndian Ocean mastered!mastered!

– EASYEASY & FAST& FAST to any port on to any port on Indian OceanIndian Ocean

– SAFESAFE – avoid bandits on – avoid bandits on landland

– Carry heavier & more cargo: Carry heavier & more cargo: Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scale

SO MUCH CHANGE!SO MUCH CHANGE!Oh, Noooo! TOOooooo FAST!!Oh, Noooo! TOOooooo FAST!!

Merchants getting rich: Merchants getting rich: As rich as the higher castes!!!As rich as the higher castes!!!

What to DO?!?!What to DO?!?!

CHALLENGES to CHALLENGES to Traditional Indian Society Traditional Indian Society

• VaishyaVaishya too wealthy too wealthy

• Buddhist fervor of lower Buddhist fervor of lower castescastes

• Leadership of Rulers:Leadership of Rulers:– Buddhist??Buddhist??– Distant from the People rather than Distant from the People rather than

local rajaslocal rajas

• Long Distance Trade & Long Distance Trade & TravelTravel

MUST Slow Down Pace of MUST Slow Down Pace of Social ChangeSocial Change

““Save Our Traditions” Save Our Traditions”

– Maintain Stable Maintain Stable PatriarchalPatriarchal Families, Ie: RamayanaFamilies, Ie: Ramayana

– Maintain Maintain CasteCaste / Social Order in / Social Order in society, Ie: Bhavad Gitasociety, Ie: Bhavad Gita

• Powerful PatriarchsPowerful Patriarchs– Extended multigenerational- Extended multigenerational-

upper castesupper castes– Nuclear family- in lower castesNuclear family- in lower castes

• Subordinate Subordinate Women Women Exalted wives were devoted to Exalted wives were devoted to

husbands (Ramayana)husbands (Ramayana)

– Child marriage commonChild marriage common

–SatiSati

III. Culture

Golden Age of LiteratureGolden Age of Literature

• Epic Poems - Moral & Social Lessons

– MahabharataMahabharata, incl. , incl.

Baghavad - GitaBaghavad - Gita– RamayanaRamayana

• Secular: • Kalidasa - 5th c. CE

– 2 epic poems

– Short lyrical poem, MeghadutaMeghaduta – The Cloud Messenger

• Great drama,

ShakuntalaShakuntala – “One who is brought up by Birds”

– Story of the Ring Story of the Ring

– 1st Sanskrit drama translated into western languages

Classical Art & ArchitectureClassical Art & Architecture

• Rock-cut ArtRock-cut Art– Temples– Statues

From Sun Temple in Konark

Temples Temples

Buddhist StupasBuddhist Stupas

Ashoka Stupa

FrescoesFrescoes• Organic pigments.

• Homes, temples, caves

(Ajanta Caves)(Ajanta Caves)• Hindu & Buddhist themes, some court

scenes

Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

LEGACIES of Classical IndiaLEGACIES of Classical India

• Interregional trading zone Interregional trading zone that continued that continued after the Empire fell.after the Empire fell.

• Hierarchical Society - caste system and Hierarchical Society - caste system and regional states remained for centuries.regional states remained for centuries.

• Mahayana Buddhism and devotional Mahayana Buddhism and devotional Hinduism Hinduism profoundly influenced the religious profoundly influenced the religious life of Asian peoples over the long term of life of Asian peoples over the long term of history.history.

III. RELIGIONS OF III. RELIGIONS OF SALVATION in Classical SALVATION in Classical

IndiaIndia

JainismJainismBuddhismBuddhism

Emergence of Popular Emergence of Popular HinduismHinduism

Modern Challenges for Vedic Modern Challenges for Vedic HinduismHinduism

• Traditionally Priest CenteredTraditionally Priest Centered– Aryan nomadic herding culture– Ritual sacrifices offered by brahmins for abundant harvests & herds– Priests rewarded: Tax exemption, Hefty fees,

Gifts

• New economy = Trade & New economy = Trade & Manufacturing… Manufacturing… – Over-ritualization & priest-Over-ritualization & priest-

centered centered quality of religion became less relevant or resented

Time of Rapid Change:Time of Rapid Change:66thth and early 5 and early 5thth Centuries BCE Centuries BCE

• Atheistic materialism– Charvaka sectCharvaka sect

OR ASCETIC: Intense spirituality as reaction against Brahmin-centered practice:

– Jainism, Buddhism– new directions & innovations in Hinduism

1. 1. Vardhamana MahaviraVardhamana Mahavira

• Mahavira = “the great hero”Mahavira = “the great hero”• B. 540 BCE – N. India – prominent

Kshatriya family

• Left home at age 30 to seek salvation– Escape the cycle of incarnation

• 12 yrs.- ascetic life wandering Ganges Valley; gained enlightenment.

• Abandoned worldly goods, taught asceticascetic doctrine to others. Disciples spread his message.

How to tell How to tell Mahavira from Mahavira from Buddha???Buddha???

JainismJainism

• EverythingEverything has a soul has a soul

– While trapped in bodies

sufferingsuffering

• ““Purification” Purification” from selfish behavior – Shed bad Karma from other lives– Release from “prison” of body to attain a state

of bliss.

- nonviolence to all living things- nonviolence to all living things– Swept ground, – wore masks, – filtered water, – vegetarian..

• Ascetic doctrine of detachmentdetachment from the world: Abandon worldly goods, even clothes

• MMissionariesissionaries: : Monastic order to spread ideas

• JinaJina (“the conqueror” (“the conqueror”))

Appeal of JainismAppeal of Jainism• No caste or No caste or JatiJati

Popular w/ lower castes incl. merchants, scholars, literary figures...

– High moral standards / sensitivity

• Significance? Popularized idea of AhimsaSignificance? Popularized idea of Ahimsa– Buddhists & Hindus later– Prominent reformers of 20th century: MLK, Gandhi

2. Early 2. Early

BuddhismBuddhism

Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama

b. 563 BCEb. 563 BCE

Siddhartha Siddhartha GautamaGautama

– KshatriyaKshatriya: : Father governed small tribal state at foot of Himalayas

– Married young– PamperedPampered, , life of luxury- father never wanted him to

know misery– Shocked when learned that misery exists:

• Saw old man, sick man, corpse on way to cremation, ascetic monk…

– Age 30 - Age 30 - Gave up position, wife & inheritance to wander & seek seek salvation through asceticism.salvation through asceticism.

Wandered Ganges Valley as a Wandered Ganges Valley as a

mendicantmendicant … …Searched for:

1.Enlightenment

2.2.Explanation Explanation for sufferingfor suffering

Tried:– Meditation – Extreme asceticism

Bodh GayaBodh Gaya

“Sage of the Sakyas”

““BuddhaBuddha””

• Bo tree Bo tree in Bodh Gaya

• ““The Enlightened One” The Enlightened One” – Why is there suffering?– How can suffering be

eliminated?

““The Middle WayThe Middle Way””Not Asceticism, nor Self Indulgence

•AHIMSAAHIMSA•Four Noble Truths•Noble Eightfold Path•Nirvana

Gautama was the 7th Buddha: He believed

There had been many Buddhas & will be

more – about each 5,000 years.

Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths1. All life is sufferingsuffering /

discontentment.

2. People create this suffering by desiringdesiring worldly pleasures.

3. If people set their feelings free and abandon material hopes then suffering will end.

4. Follow the Eightfold Path to eliminate sufferingeliminate suffering.

Noble Eightfold PathNoble Eightfold Path• Right Views – positive attitude about everyone

• Right Thoughts – Sympathy & understanding

• Right Speech – no lying, hurtful comments

• Right Action – no killing, hurting, or taking what is not given

• Right Occupation – no cheating or injuring others

• Right Effort – seriously follow Buddha’s teachings

• Right Mindfulness – aware of & responsible for consequences of one’s actions

• Right Concentration – tranquility found in meditation & following Buddha’s teachings

““Turning of the Wheel of the LawTurning of the Wheel of the Law””

• First Public announcement First Public announcement of his doctrine (sermon)of his doctrine (sermon)– Deer Park near Benares Deer Park near Benares

• Community of monks– Owned nothing– Wore saffron robe & carried begging

bowl

• Died after 40 years40 years traveling, teaching, begging, at age 80 in 483 BCE.

Final message: : Decay is inherent in all component things! Work out your salvation with diligence!”

Missionary Religion of SalvationMissionary Religion of Salvation

• Ganges Valley Ganges Valley – Peace, piety, equality, Peace, piety, equality,

humilityhumility

• Monsoon Season Monsoon Season – Lived in communities of Lived in communities of

“monks” “monks” – Model for later Monastic Model for later Monastic

LifeLife

Bhutan

StupasStupas• Buddha cremated

ashes in eight stupas

• Ashoka re-distributed among several thousand stupas he built throughout India.

Great Stupa in Katmandu, NepalGreat Stupa in Katmandu, Nepal

StupasStupas

Stupas Stupas

Dhammakaya Stupa, Thailand Dhammakaya Stupa, Thailand

Stupa Stupa East = Pagoda East = Pagoda

Today many pagodas have secular usages

Buddhist TemplesBuddhist Temples

At Bodh Gaya, India

Thailand

University at NalandaNalanda

Pali CanonPali Canon – Sacred Book of – Sacred Book of Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism

• Buddha’s speeches for the masses

• ORAL Dialogues, Parables, Anecdotes, Metaphors…• Written by his followers AFTER he died.

•

““Nothing Remains Nothing Remains the Samethe Same””

“Change is inherent in all things… “

ReincarnationReincarnation

• Rebirth is Rebirth is notnot desirable desirable… associated … associated with bad KARMA from a previous life. with bad KARMA from a previous life.

• To transcend the wheel of rebirth one To transcend the wheel of rebirth one must must conquer desires, delusions or conquer desires, delusions or hatredhatred on earth to attain Nirvana. on earth to attain Nirvana.

““NirvanaNirvana””

““deathlessness”deathlessness”

““The liberated mind that The liberated mind that no longer clings”no longer clings”

****Appeal of BuddhismAppeal of Buddhism****• No No brahmin or complicated brahmin or complicated

ritualsrituals..

• Holy sites Holy sites for Pilgrimagesfor Pilgrimages- - – Bodh GayaBodh Gaya, where he received , where he received

enlightenment and enlightenment and Deer ParkDeer Park where he preached first sermon.where he preached first sermon.

– StupasStupas- shrines housing relics of - shrines housing relics of

Buddha & the first disciples.Buddha & the first disciples.

• Organization of the movement: Organization of the movement: – MonasteriesMonasteries

****Appeal of BuddhismAppeal of Buddhism****• No caste No caste or or jati or jati or socialsocial distinctions.distinctions.

• No rigorous asceticism No rigorous asceticism like in like in Jainism.Jainism.

• Language – Language – VERNACULARVERNACULAR - did - did not not use Sanskrituse Sanskrit of of brahminsbrahmins and Vedas and Vedas

Divisions / SectsDivisions / Sects

Modern Buddhist temple In California

• Mahayana Mahayana BuddhismBuddhism– Carries MOST Carries MOST

BuddhistsBuddhists– The Greater VehicleThe Greater Vehicle

• Theravada Theravada (Hinayana) (Hinayana) BuddhismBuddhism– Carries fewer Carries fewer

Buddhists to NirvanaBuddhists to Nirvana– The Lesser VehicleThe Lesser Vehicle

Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism

• Very Very individual endeavor – ultimate individual endeavor – ultimate individual responsibilityindividual responsibility

• Meditation & Meditation & MonasticismMonasticism

• AHIMSAAHIMSA

• All things are transitoryAll things are transitory

• Philosophy / PsychologyPhilosophy / Psychology– No deities / “saints”No deities / “saints”

Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism33rdrd to 1 to 1stst Century CE: Century CE:

PopularizationPopularization of of Buddhism = Easier to Buddhism = Easier to followfollow

1. Some began to

worship Buddha Buddha as Divineas Divine

WHY? Easier to understand who he was and to understand the importance of his message.

2. 2. BoddhisatvaBoddhisatva: : “Enlightened Being”“Enlightened Being”

• Below Buddha status• Reached spiritual perfection Reached spiritual perfection

& merited Nirvana, but & merited Nirvana, but chosechose to to delay to help others: Compassionate.

• Could perform good deeds for their less spiritual brothers.

• Served as inspiration, role models, spiritual examples of excellence on earth

3. 3. Buddhist monasteries Buddhist monasteries began to receive gifts from began to receive gifts from wealthy individuals and wealthy individuals and regarded these regarded these Acts of Acts of generosity as generosity as meriting salvation.meriting salvation.

So, wealthy people/merchants:So, wealthy people/merchants:• Enjoyed comforts of the Enjoyed comforts of the

world, world, • Avoided sacrifices Avoided sacrifices

demanded by early Buddhist demanded by early Buddhist teachings /Jainiststeachings /Jainists

• Still ensured their salvationStill ensured their salvation.

MahayanaMahayana

TheravadaTheravada

ZenChan

Tantric

Mahayana Buddhism SpreadMahayana Buddhism Spread• 11stst Century BCE Century BCE• Spread to wealthier classesSpread to wealthier classes• Central Asia, China, Korea, JapanCentral Asia, China, Korea, Japan

Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism• 500 BCE500 BCE• Practiced in poorer areasPracticed in poorer areas• Still exists in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and other Still exists in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and other

parts of Southeast Asia. parts of Southeast Asia.

Major World Religions TodayMajor World Religions Today

Tibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism• Dalai Lama: Dalai Lama: • Tenzin GyatsoTenzin Gyatso, 14th

Dalai Lama, b. 1935

• Living Buddha, the incarnation of the Buddha of Compassion.

Dalai Lama Dalai Lama in in IInnddiiaannaa??

Quotes from the Dalai LamaQuotes from the Dalai Lama• There is no need for temples, no need for complicated philosophies. My brain and my There is no need for temples, no need for complicated philosophies. My brain and my

heart are my temples; my philosophy is kindness. heart are my temples; my philosophy is kindness.

• Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions. Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions. I find hope in the darkest of days, and focus in the brightest. I do not judge the universe. I find hope in the darkest of days, and focus in the brightest. I do not judge the universe.

• My religion is very simple. My religion is kindness. My religion is very simple. My religion is kindness.

Old friends pass away, new friends appear. It is just like the days. An old day passes, a Old friends pass away, new friends appear. It is just like the days. An old day passes, a new day arrives. The important thing is to make it meaningful: a meaningful friend - or a new day arrives. The important thing is to make it meaningful: a meaningful friend - or a meaningful day. meaningful day.

• The ultimate authority must always rest with the individual's own reason and critical The ultimate authority must always rest with the individual's own reason and critical analysis. analysis.

FINFIN