Classical Imperial India:Classical Imperial India:Expansion & CollapseExpansion & Collapse

A. The Mauryan Empire (324 B.C.E.–184 B.C.E.)A. The Mauryan Empire (324 B.C.E.–184 B.C.E.)

1. Agricultural & iron production

2. Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire founded by ChandraguptaChandragupta

-Kautilya: Kautilya: a Machiavellian Brahmin & advisor -wrote book of political statecraft-network of spies

3. Imperial governmentImperial government:-large army-25% percent tax on all goods

5. most famous Mauryan emperor: AshokaAshoka (r. 269–232 B.C.E.)

- shaken by carnage in brutal war & converted to Buddhism- inscribed Buddhist policies throughout empire on rocks & pillars ( “rock edicts”“rock edicts”)- built extensive roads

B. Commerce & CultureB. Commerce & Culture

1. The Mauryan empire collapsed in 184 B.C.E. due to: political political

fragmentationfragmentation

2. Economic development: creation of guilds & merchants

3. Cultural developments: creation of epic Indian literature:

– Ramayana– Bhagavad Gita

C. The Gupta Empire (320 C.E.–550 C.E.)C. The Gupta Empire (320 C.E.–550 C.E.)

1. Gupta Empire Gupta Empire conquered north & central India, lead by Chandra Gupta IIChandra Gupta II

-iron deposits, state monopolies, 25% agricultural tax

2. army controlled core of empire, but provincial provincial administration left to governorsadministration left to governors (hereditary)

3. lack of military force created “theater-statetheater-state”

- redistributing wealth from trade & elaborate ceremonies

4. Achievements:

- math & astronomy - invented our “Arabic” numerals- concept of “zero”- Chinese monk Faxian’sFaxian’s travel journal

through Gupta India

5. Women’s rights: NO inheritance or property… treated like lowest varna

- married very young- widow may be required to burn herself

on her husband’s funeral pyre (satisati)

6. dominated by dominated by HinduismHinduism & classic form of Hindu temples & classic form of Hindu temples

7. Gupta India linked by extensive trade networks

8. 550 C.E Gupta empire collapsed under rule of local princes rule of local princes & financial burden of defense & financial burden of defense against HUNSHUNS

Extensive Trade: 4Extensive Trade: 4thth c. c. Extensive Trade: 4Extensive Trade: 4thth c. c.

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

Out of India:

cotton,rice,wheat, &SPICES

Into India:

horses,gold,ivory,silk, &SPICES

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

ROMANS, HAN & GUPTAROMANS, HAN & GUPTA

Economic

Social

Political

South East Asia 50-1025 C.E.

A. Geography and Resources1. Southeast Asia has three

geographical zones: (1) the Indochina mainland, (2) the Malay Peninsula, and (3)

the islands.

Area influenced by China and India

2. Natural resources : fertile agricultural lands, dependable monsoon rains, and

several growing seasons a year.

Supports large dense population

B. Early Civilization

1. Early inhabitants practiced swidden (slash and burn) agriculture and domesticated important crops and animals, including rice, soybeans, sugar cane, chickens, and pigs.

2. Southeast Asia received waves of migrations of Malay peoples from southern China.

1. Malay migrations continued into the Pacific Islands and into the Indian Ocean.

2. Early Malay groups in Southeast Asia lived in small villages, manufactured bronze tools, and were organized in small political units.

C. Migration

3. The first large states S.E. Asia emerged due to strategic location for trade between Asia and India.

Trade brought business and Hindu/Buddhist culture.

4. Funan: First major state to appear.

1. Located on Sumatra dominated new southern trade route through modern Malaysia and Indonesia.

2. Political system: Unites four different ecological zones and their local rulers under the authority of the Srivijayan king.

Four zones were: (1)Core of Musi River, (2) the upland Sumatran interior(3) river ports(4) Fertile rice lands of central Java.

C. Srivijayan Kingdom

3. Kings kept control through a combination of military power, diplomacy, control of trade, and the techniques of the theater-state.

Kings though to have magical powers Patronized monasteries and schools.

4. Indian culture influenced Srivijayan concepts of kingship and government.

Hinduism/ Buddhist became the dominant faiths of the region.

Srivijayans borrowed from Indian civilization and adapted ideas to their own culture and needs.

D. Decline

5. Changes in trade routes led to the decline of Srivijaya in the eleventh century. The capital was destroyed in 1025 by the Chola kingdom.