Contents Master in English 2019.pmdSUPPORT MATERIAL (2021 2022)
Mr. H. Rajesh Prasad Secretary (Education)
Mr. U dit Prakash Rai Director (Education)
Dr. Rita Sharma Addl. DE (School & Exam.)
Coordinators
Sh. Sanjay Subhas Kumar Ms. Sunita Dua Sh. Raj Kumar Sh. Krishan Kumar DDE (Exam) OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam)
Production Team
Anil Kumar Sharma
Published at Delhi Bureau of Text Books , 25/2 Institutional Area, Pankha Road, New Delhi-110058 by Prabhjot Singh Secretary, Delhi Bureau of Text Books and Printed by Supreme Offset Press, New Delhi-110017
I would like to congratulate the members of Core Academic Unit and the
subject experts of the Directorate of Education, who inspite of dire situation due to
Corona Pandemic, have provided their valuable contributions and support in
preparing the Support Material for classes IX to Xll.
The Support Material of different subjects, like previous years, have been
reviewed/ updated in accordance with the latest changes made by CBSE so that the
students of classes IX to Xll can update and equip themselves with these changes. I
feel that the consistent use of the Support Material will definitely help the students
and teachers to enrich their potential and capabilities.
Department of Education has taken initiative to impart education to all its
students through online mode, despite the emergency of Corona Pandemic which
has led the world to an unprecedented health crises. This initiative has not only
helped the students to overcome their stress and anxiety but also assisted them to
continue their education in absence of formal education. The support material will
ensure an uninterrupted learning while supplementing the Online Classes.
H. RAJESH PRASAD IAS
(H. Rajesh Prasad)
Pr Secretary (Education)
The main objective of the Directorate of Education is to provide quality
education to all its students. Focusing on this objective, the Directorate is
continuously in the endeavor to make available the best education material, for
enriching and elevating the educational standard of its students. The expert
faculty of various subjects undertook this responsibility and after deep
discussions and persistent efforts, came up with Support Material to serve the
purpose.
Every year the Support Material is revised/ updated to incorporate the
latest changes made by CBSE in the syllabus of classes IX to XII. The contents
of each lesson/chapter are explained in such a way that the students can
easily comprehend the concept and get their doubts solved.
I am sure, that the continuous and conscientious use of this Support
Material will lead to enhancement in the educational standard of the students,
which would definitely be reflected in their performance.
I would also like to commend the entire team members for their
contributions in the preparation of this incomparable material.
I wish all the students a bright future.
UDIT PRAKASH RAI, IAS
Near Vidhan Sabha,
(School/Exam)
Directorate of Education
Old Secretariat, Delhi-110054
SUPPORT MATERIAL (2021-2022)
ECONOMICS Urdu Medium
List of Members Who Prepared
Support Material for Economics
Block - Shalimar Bagh Delhi-88
Lect (Eco)
GBSSS, B-1
School, Delhi-110006
Lect (Eco)
Translator —— áW
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1 Economics-XII
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2Economics-XII
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5 Economics-XII
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6Economics-XII
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7 Economics-XII
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8Economics-XII
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9 Economics-XII
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13 Economics-XII
Zq-ÄÆfg)yh+~ˆ»g (ii)
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14Economics-XII
)eZ~zZµyz*ãJÅácÆfg)¾c*ŠHœ (v)
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16Economics-XII
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17 Economics-XII
Ye~8‡ì†V6, (b) ÇYe~8 (a)
Ye~8gzZV‚w†V6, (d) ¸òaZzZg (c)
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18Economics-XII
fs~ÐH¸òWæã»z7ì? X10
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19 Economics-XII
Ί+gZä+Îy+œ (d) Îy+œ (c)
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uât»g~ (b) Y (a)
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Šg`fs~ÃyÃZŠZœVì? X24
Ze°’ (b) 9Z{ (a)
21 Economics-XII
Ãy7ìX (Operating Surplus) Šg`fs~W6,|u&Òø F X25
™Zt (b) 1÷ (a)
o« (d) Ί (c)
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22Economics-XII
yz*y~zZµZ%O\g]{:~5ixyz*ã (ii)
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24Economics-XII
GE¾§bÅYñÏzzÌC: X5
CÐqÝ: (b)
Wæã§jÆfg)òWæã¥x™ä~áïZZŠZâ]ÅzŸs#ÙX X6
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ky»Vx™Zt (i)
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500 :yh+ (vii)
15 Ûz|#L (iii)
20 ÛÎŠÏ (iv)
5 çÙæŠ (v)
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250 {Øyw7ú (i)
–50 {Ø',WæZ] (ii)
400 Oø (c
:ZyZY] (v)
27 Economics-XII
10 çÙæŠ (ix)
FITA = 90 Crore (b) GDPFC = 2600 Crore (a) qç]h
ÛzyÐúZïWæã¥xÙX (b) Zzg (GDPMP) !*iZg76,ÀywaZzZg (a) fsWñzVÐ X6
EÒ†æ\…æµ1D
500 œ (i)
40 ',Wæ (ii)
90 !*¹Š*Ð{ØgzZVà (v)
300 Îy (vi)
400 Ί (vii)
50 fí{~p~ (xii)
FIFA = Ò†æ\ 120 GDPMP = Ò†æ\ 3050 qç]h
28Economics-XII
EÒ†æ\…æµ1D
30 ›âwÅŠgWæ (vi)
EÒ†æ\…æµ1D
22 œ»z (x)
5 )„”{œ (xii)
23 ‘oWæã (xiii)
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150 ‡ìuât»ZEw (iii)
120 {Ø!*ßZôL (iv)
220 {Øyw‡ìuât»g~ (vi)
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50 {Ø',Wæ (ix)
20 ÛzyÐ{Øz‚bWæã (xi)
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20 ΊÅZŠZ5 (viii)
200 Îy (ix)
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75 ŠgxãÜs (ii)
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Wæã¥xÙX (b) úZïц6,{ØywaZzZg (a) fs¥â]Ð X12
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12,000 Z' (ii)
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80 ÛzyÐ{ØúZïWæã (xi)
1050 5i}»Q: (xii)
GEÙX X16
700 †ŠbÐgzZVà (i)
200 o« (iii)
440 ‘oWæã (iv)
34Economics-XII
( 6 °Š~ÎZßVÆi) NVAFC = Ûz|# + Z6u~p~ – :ZEwya – ÛÎŠÏ – {Ø!*ßZôL X1
= 560 – (–30) + 1000 + 60 + 60
= Rs. 1710 Lakh
( 6 °Š~ÎZßVÆi) NVAFC = Ûz|# + Z6u~p~ – :ZEwya – ÛÎŠÏ – {Ø!*ßZôL X1
= 560 – (–30) + 1000 + 60 + 60
= Rs. 1710 Lakh
NVAFC = Ûz|# + Z6u~p~ – :ZEwya – ÛÎŠÏ – {Ø!*ßZôL X2
= 800 + (–50) –500 –30 + 40
= Rs. 280 Lakh
= 200 – 30 – (15 – 5) – 20
= 200 – 30 – 10 – 20
(a) §Tya = (iii) + (viii) + (i) + (ii) – (iv) – (vii) – (ix)
= 900 + 100 + 250 + (–50) – 80 – 90
= Rs. 1110 Crore
(b) ZŸ°Šg»§i = (iv) – (v) – (vi) – (vii) + (ix) + (x)
= 2100 – 800 – 80 – 100 + 10 + (–20)
= 2100 – 990
= 1500 + 500 + 300 + 400
GNPFC = GDPMP + NFiA – NIT
280 = 3050 + NFIA – 250
= Rs. 510 Crore
5i}»Q: (b)
= Rs. 400 crore
NNPFC Wæã§jÐ X9
= 1000 Cr
= 1000 Cr
= 500 + 100 + 80 + (–20) – 20
= Rs. 640 Cr
= 640 – 120 – 60 + 30 + 70 – 10
= Rs. 550 Cr
aZzZgÅ7 = NVAFC + ŠgxãÜs + NIT + ÛΊÏ
= 100 + 75 + (20 – 5) + 10
37 Economics-XII
= 800 + 200 + 150 + 100 + [(200 + 50) – 200]
= Rs. 1300 Cr
1400 = 1300 + 120 + 60
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39 Economics-XII
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40Economics-XII
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ëX CRR 0*k‡â;¦™**ƒ@*ì
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A!*iZg»¿ (d) Zܹ»£ (c)
ig''''»z*ìX X4
!*gR, (b) ñZ&] (a)
ÜzÜ (d) nŠ! (c)
#ŸËVÆfg) (d) zik,â1]Æfg) (c)
RBI (b) Z[
Zq-Tg‚w~igÆ·ƒÐì (a)
Zq-â1C‚w~igÆ·ƒÐì (b)
âgaJ-igÆfí{Ðì 31 (c)
Zq-Hg{z‰Ü~igÆfí{Ðì (d) Z[:
igg‡Ð%ZŠ:X X7
úZxÆ0*kŠø7[™ì (a)
#ŸËVÆ0*keZ&+e7i^ZzgúZxÆ0*kŠø7[™ì (c)
u»gÆ0*kŠø7[™ì (d)
(c) Z[:
¬@J (b) zik,â1] (a)
#ŸJ (d) Z[:
%œ/~JX X9
42Economics-XII
eße0*i^ (d) N*ìe0*i^ (c)
eZ&+e7i^ (a) Z[:
igg‡ (b) (Money Creation) igÅð (a)
™uÃø~ (d) eZ&+e0*i^ (c)
igÅð (a) Z[:
ß Z[:
ß Z[:
9 Z[:
zZáÎZÑ] 1
Å°pÉÀŸ/õGX CRR X2
tgCJÅÀ¦»z{Úƒì&gCJÃÑiòîg6,%œ/~JÆ0*k¦™**7,@*ìX Z[:
igg‡ÐH%ZŠì? X3
igg‡ÆÁÜÉÀŸ/õGX X4
JÑbHì?tg<gf$о§bZì? X5
z{ÑbT6,Ëo»%œ/~JˆgCËVÃîsæC£œÆaZŠJgŠêì²g<gf$z{Ñb Z[: ìT6,%œ/~JˆgCËVÃZyÆ¿æC£œÃqÝ™äÆaZŠJgŠêìX
LLÓ#ÖÆJóóÆîg6,%œ/~JÆ»xÅzŸs#ÙX X6
%œ/~JÓ#ÖÃz{X<}.â]ÛZë™@*ì#ŸJZLǃVÃÛZë™DX%œ/~ Z[: »»x™@*ìX,Æîg6,tu»g~VVÆ (Financial Advisor) Ó#ÖÆJZÐZzgâà
3ÂVÃW6,f$™@*ìZzgu»g~9Zä»ZOx™@*ìXZq-ZÐÆîg6,%œ/~Ó#ÖÆacg¨Å yh+zÛz|#Zzgu»g~ŒÛn»ZOx™@*ìX‚B„Ó#ÖÃoƒig~0*ÎVïäÆaÆ tg}ÛZë™@*ìX
zZáÎZÑ] 3-4
igŸg[Å°pÒyÙXoƒ°Š~VBÌŠØX X2
%œ/~J»»xLLÓ#Ö»JóóÅzŸs#ÙX X3
%œ/~J™Yg~™CìXzŸs#ÙX X4
¥x Initial depositìLRR = 25% gzBZzg 12000 »%ŸËVÆfg)ÀðÅe0*i^ X5
ÙX
44Economics-XII
a',zñ»gÑñYäzZá¿ÅzŸs#ÙX
‚ÄÅúÐ%ZŠ#ŸËVÅZk¤‰ÜÐìTÆfg)z{Z’Zð¦ÅãCŠ6,U*â~¦ÅzÝ Z[: ™DXU*â~¦ÅzÝ™**‚ÄÅúB@*ìX#ŸJÆfg)ÅYäzZàigÅú {mîgЊz!*ÂV6,«ƒCìX
Z’Zð¦ (i)
LRR (ii)
ìLRR = 20% (2) gz9 1000 = Z’Zð¦ (1) ÛnÙu~ – $h½5ÿ GI
GLigÅzŸs#: u~yaƒäzZàg¶Šz!*g{ËV~¦™Š~YCìX (3)
gz9ZŠJg 800 gz9gm,gzÆîg6,gÄ™ 200 gz9ìXJZk¦~Ð 1000 ây³Z’Zð¦ gz9u~yaƒäƈŠz!*g{J~zZ:¦ƒYNÐX#ŸJ 800 Š}Š,ÐXt
gz9ZŠJg 640 gz9gm,gzgÄ™ 160ª20% gz9» 800 gz9ƒYñÏXJZk 1800 ÅÀ¦ Š}Š,ÐXt»xŠz!*g{ÐJŦ~ZŸ†™}ÇZzgt¿Î@*gYg~gìÇXÀigÅúXƒÏ Zk»ç‚Ä¢d$Æfg)HYñÇX
45 Economics-XII
zZáÎZÑ] 6
ÐW\HÈBX°Š~VßVÆfg)igÅ𻿠(Money or credit reation) igÅð X1
ÅzŸs#ÙX
Šg`fsÅzŸs#ÙX X3
(Money Supply) igg‡ (i)
(Money multiplier) igŸg[ (ii)
46Economics-XII
WæãZzggziÇg»ç m^ …Òãß1ŸñÐÞÓ^l
ëXZÐÀZyZY]Å (AD) :Zq-u~Zâ}.â]ÅÀÔÃù¦Ô ÚrÛçÂo›×g
~**0*Y@*ìX
(F) ˜ZÝ»g~ (ii)
(G) ÓäZyZY] (iii)
AD = C + I ŠzøzZàu~
Zq-u~ZâZzg}.â]ÅÀg‡ù¦g‡BCìXù¦g¦Åig~7Äò Ú³rÛçÂo…‰‚V
aZzZgëXª¸òWæãåù¦g‡Æ',Z',ƒCìX
AS = C + S
C = F(Y) ÆÖ@·ZmêCÙ™@*ìX (C) ZzgÜs (Y) Üs·¶Wæã
Üs = C
Wæã = Y
·Zm = F
MPC qâðÜsgDy (ii)
Zz‰ÜsgDyÃù¦ÜsZzgù¦WæãÅÚÅ~ªCÙHY@*ìX ]扼‘†Í…qv^áV
Break even point C=y
‰1ÚjÃ×Ð]aÜÞÏ^½ APC
APC > 1 Z»ðÐic*Š{ƒ@*ìZ#J-ÜsÔòWæãÐic*Š{ƒ@*ìX APC (i)
ÔÜsòWæãÆ)z~ƒ@*ìX APC = 1 (ii)
ÜsòWæãÐÁƒ@*ì APC < 1 (iii)
ÁƒCYCìX APC Wæã~ZŸ±Æ‚B‚B (iv)
LÌ#7ƒ$ËÔYèWæã»#R6,ÌÃðZEwƒ@*ìX APC (v)
:ZkÐ%ZŠÜs~p~ÅWæã~p~ÐÚìX (MPC) u^n^ño‘†Í…qv^á
‰1ÚjÃ×Ð]aÜÞÏ^½ MPC
Z¤/åyh+WæãÜsƒYCìA$ Ò1…Ún^á…aj^a1! 1 ÒoÎnÛk‘ˆ]æ… MPC X1
MPC = 1 ª C = Y
pZ¤/å'×h+WæãÅY™àYCìÂ
MPC = 0.1 ª C = 0
]Ún†Ò1ÚÏ^e×1‡m^åaçioa1! MPC ƆmgÒo X2
¾d$¿ZKWæã»ic*Š{zya™©8ì²Z÷¿ZKWæã»Ázya™@*ìX
48Economics-XII
WæãÆ(,"Æ‚B‚B(,fìX APS X4
:YZzgWæãÆ·ZmêCÙ™@*ìX e3kiË^ÂØ
S = f (Y)
m^
MPS Zzg APS Y·¶Šzn»ƒ@*ì:
ÅS:] (APS) ]扼e3k…qv^á
LÌZ»ðc*Z»ðÐic*Š{7ƒ$ËYèYLÌWæãÆ)z~c*WæãÐic*Š{7ƒ$ËX APS X1
S = 0 ì C = Y #ƒ$Ëì:)z~R`6,Z# APS X2
tƒ$ËìYèu~**Y APS tc*Z»ðÐÁƒ$ËìX)z~R`Ðn APS X3
ƒ$ËìX (Dissaving)
Wæã~ZŸ±Æ‚B‚B(,fìX APS X4
:Wæã~p~ÆË~Y~p~ÆÚƒÃqâðYgDy (MPS) u³^n^ñoe3k…qv^á
ëX
49 Economics-XII
S = Y Z¤/å'×h+WæãÅY™àYCìA$ MPS = 1 X1
S = 0 Z¤/å'×h+WæãÔÜs™àYCìA$ MPS = 0 X2
ZzgZz‰YgDy~!*bm (APC) Zz‰ÜsgDy
tåZ(„ƒ@*ìYèWæãÃc*ÂyaHY@*ìc*QWæãÅYÅYCìX APC + APS = 1
Y = C + S
1 = APC + APS
»qݦåZ»ðÆ',Z',ƒ@* APS Zzg APC Zk§b APS = 1 – APCc*APC = 1– APS ª ìX
ZzgqâðYgDy~g (MPS) qâðÜsgDy
ÌMPS ÐÁƒ@*ìZka 1 嵃@*ìZzg MPC Z(åƒ@*ìYè MPC + MPS = 1
ÐÁƒ**ecX 1 µZzg
Є™ä6, Y ŠzâV§s
1 = MPC + MPS
MPC = 1 – MPS
MPS = 1 – MPC
Æ',Z',ƒ@*ìX 1 »qÝ-$4pî GI MPS Zzg MPC Zk§b
ZÝ»g~Æp6uâ5ZU*P‰áÔWÑ]ÔZziZgz){Åyh+6,ya™**XZkÆpu
Æfí}~ZŸ†™**ìX
pŠUgZÝ»g~ X2
tz{ZÝ»g~윾äÆ_."ÐÅYCìXZk§bÅZÝ»g~»Wæã i†Ænfo]‘ØÒ^…pV X1
ЦJmƒ@*ìX
tz{ZÝ»g~ìWæãÅRÐOW,7ƒ@*ªÜsœ¾äÆ_." ì³çÚ³íj^…]‘ØÒ^…pV X2
Ð7HY@*X
ZÝ»g~ÅqâðZqÃZÝ»g~Å°Z»ðÆÎäÐqÝ ]‘³ØÒ³^…pÒ³ou³^n^ño]a×nkV
ƒäzZáœÅµÑbÅ~zZãHYYìX
u~ƒZ3ÿXL{:Æfg)Zq-æ]~ÎY™ä»µ/æ]ÆÑzq~¯c* V ÚjçÎÄe3k
Y@*ìZÐáµYëX
u~ÛñVÆfg)Zq-æ]~ÎZÝ»g~™ä»µ/æ]ÆÑzq Új³çγÄ]‘ØÒ^…pV
~¯c*Y@*ìQÐáµÈZÝ»g~ëX
}YÐ%ZŠWæã~ÐX™g¿ˆZkg¶ÐìTÅ+Bh4ï G
GEæ]Æ{86,Å i³Ã³Ûn×oe3kV
YCìX
ÇZÝ»g~Ð%ZŠZÝ»g~6,ƒñZkyaÐìZÝ»g~ƒYä6,c* i³Ã³Ûn³×³o]‘ØÒ³^…pV
æ]ÆWy~Y™Y@*ìX
tå AD = ASc*S = I WæãÅáZiyRz{WæãRì˜Vù¦ÔaZzZgÅRÆ',Z',ƒCìª
gziÇgÅßg]~c*ÁgziÇgÅßg]~ƒ$ËìX
51 Economics-XII
gzZVig~'׊zg~ÅÑb6,gziÇgïg;ìZzgz{¿»xÌ™äûgìX
t"gziÇg~ÅZ+ßg]ìZ#‡.ÞßvñŠ{gzZV'׊zg~ÅÑb6, …•³^Ò³^…]Þ³äe1…æ‡+^…pV
»x™äûg7ƒDX
t"gziÇg~ÅZ+qªì˜V»x™äÆpZéq‡.ÞßvgzZV Æn†…•^Ò^…]Þäe1…æ‡+^…pV
'׊zg~ÅÑb6,»x™äÆpZéqpZ7»x7ïg;ìX
ÐÁƒ@*ìX AS ågziÇgÅR6,£/ AD bz~"gziÇg~z{qªìT~
ZÝ»g~~p~ÆË~Wæã~p~ÅÚÃZÝ»g~Ÿg[ëX ]‘ØÒ^…p•^…hV
Ðic*Š{ƒYñÂQÐiZZ+ÔëX AS ÔågziÇg6,ù¦g‡ (AD) Z#ù¦Ô
ågziÇgÅR6,ù¦g‡ÐÁƒCìZСÒ3ŒÒï GGEëX (AD) Z#ù¦Ô
ZÛZïÜÔÇù¦ÔZzgågziÇgÂZiyïñgppÆa¢zg~ìù¦ÔÆÖ@»Ûtƒ@*
ìXtù¦ÔÆiZZ+ÅeöìX $¨Ò5Ðö GG
GÜÇù¦ÔZzgågziÇgÂZiyïñgppÆa¢zg~ù¦ÔÆÖ@»Ûtƒ@*ìt
ù¦Ô~¶ÅeöìX
igg‡~p~ Óäya~p~ ƒV~p~
iZZ+ÔÔÃ9™äƧj
ig¦§j â1C§j XJÑb~ZŸ† 1 XƒVÅlZg~ZŸ† 1
~ZŸ† CRR X2 Xu»g~ZyZY]~¶ 2
~ZŸ† SLR X3 Xu»g~ŒÛn~ZŸ† 3
XA!*iZg~u»g~ 4
Å–~ Securities
~¶ SLR X3 ¶ Xu»g~ŒÛn~ 3
XA!*iZg~u»g~ 4
Ãyh+** Securities
Zq-°Š~VwÅæŠÐZz‰ÜsgDyZzgqâðÜsgDy~ÛtzZãÙX X2
ågziÇgÔgŸ»gZ:"gziÇg~Zzg)gŸ»gZ:"gziÇg~ÆŠgxyÛtzZãÙX X3
53 Economics-XII
aZzZgÔgziÇgZzg76,iZZ+ÔÆZW,ÿUzZãÙX X5
ƒCìX 0 ƒ@*ìÂqâðÜsgDyÅŠg 1 ZÝ»g~¢d$Z# (i)
Zz‰YgDyÅŠgLÌ#ÐÁ7ƒ$ËX (ii)
Z#qâðÜsgDy#ƒCì¢d$ÅŠgÌ#ƒCìX (i)
Ðic*Š{7ƒ$ËX 1 Zz‰YgDyÅŠgLÌ (ii)
ŠwZ[zZáÎZÑ] WæãZzggziÇg³™äÆZßwÅãCŠì: X1
Ço{ (b) áµo{ (a)
)z~ì: MPS X2
)gŸ»gZ:"gziÇg~ (b) 7æ{"gziÇg~ (a)
ñŠ"gziÇg~ (d) gŸ»gZ:"gziÇg~ (c)
54Economics-XII
qgz!*Ñ~ÐÃð7 (d) gziÇgÅR~Ãðp~7 (c)
ÜsâZq-¦Sƒ@*ìYè X5
ŠzâVÖ MPC Zzg APC (b) (,kì MPC QQìZzg APC (a)
(,kì MPC LgLìZzg APC (d) LgLì MPC QQìZzg APC (c)
%œ/~JZÛZïÜÃNzw™@*ì: X6
g<gf$~ZŸ±Æfg) (b) JÑb~ZŸ±Æfg) (a)
qgz!*ÑX (d) ~ZŸ±Æfg) LSR (c)
ÆŠgxyz9ÃNzw™äÆâ1C§j: AS Zzg AD ågziÇgR6, X7
qâð¢zgc*] (b) ÑbJ (a)
',Z{gZ„»ggzZð (d) u»g~ZyZY] (c)
~7+M‡ìƒYñÂZÐë: AS Zzg AD Z¤/ågziÇgÂZiy~ X8
¾gziÇgÂZiy (b) iZZ+ågziÇgÂZiy (a)
ŠzâV (b) Zzg (a) (d) ÂZiy‡ìgìÇ (c)
™zhgz9»ZŸ†ƒY@*ìÂZÝ»g~ 500 ™zhgz9ÆZŸ†ÐòWæã~ 1000 Z¤/ZÝ»g~~ X9
Ÿg[ÅŠgƒÏ:
7R6, (b) aZzZgR6, (a)
Šg`fs~ÃytƒYìX X11
APS (b) APC (a)
MPS (d) MPC (c)
7R6,ZzgÜs (b) WæãZzgY (a)
WæãXYZzgÜs (d) WæãZzgÜs (c)
6,«ìX²!*ßZôfs~¾6,X MPC uât»g~Ÿg[ÅŠg!*ßZô7g6, X13
MPS (b) APC (a)
ÃðÌ7 (d) APS (c)
Šg`fs~Ãy9ì? X14
Šg`!*ÑX (d) (c)
**³Ô (b) iZZ+Ô (a)
Šg`!*ÑX (d) ZÛZ¦Ü (c)
ìŸg[ÅŠg'' MPC = 0.75 Z# X16
K = 5 (b) K = 4 (a)
K = 3 (d) K = 2 (c)
56Economics-XII
(b) (a)
(d) (c)
ŠgWæ = ',Wæ (b) uât»g~ = Y (a)
Šg`!*ÑX (d) ya = Wæã (c)
Šg`fsÁßg]~uât»g~Ÿg[Åz=¤/+ƒÏ? X19
MPC < MPS (b) MPC = MPS (a)
MPC = O (d) MPC > MPS (c)
~(Break-even point) ®s X20
qç]e^l (c) X3 (c) X2 (a) X1
(d) X6 (c) X5 (c) X4
(c) X9 (d) X8 (c) X7
(d) X10
zZáÎZÑ] 1
´çâ]~ù¦g‡ÐH%ZŠì? X1
Zq-uÅXaZzZg~Z»ÇVÆfg)Zq-ºmæ]~X¬Zâz}.â]Ƶ/ÈaZzZgÅ Z[: ÀŠgÃù¦g‡ëX
57 Economics-XII
ågziÇg»ÈCX X3
ZkÐ%ZŠuÅZ+qªìT~CÙZq-¿‡.ÞìZzgñŠ{ig~'׊zg~ÅÑb6,»x™ä Z[: Æa»gìÃgziÇgïY@*ìX
Å°pÉÀŸ/õGX CRR X4
#ŸËVŦ»z{ÚƒìZ¹%œ/~JÆ0*kgƒ@*ìX CRR Z[:
g<gf$Å°pÙX X5
Ðic*Š{YV7ƒ$Ë? 1 qâðÜsgDyÅŠg X6
YèÜs}p~Wæã~p~Ðic*Š{7ƒ$ËX Z[:
zZáÎZÑ] 3-4
gŸ»gZ:Zzg)gŸ»gZ:"gziÇg~ÆŠgxyÛtCX X1
t"gziÇg~ÅZ+ßg]ìT~ßvñŠ{gzZV'׊zg~ÅÑb6,»x …•³^Ò^…]Þäe1…æ‡+^…pV Z[: ™äûg7ƒDXz{ZK%èÐ"gziÇgX
t"gziÇg~ÅZ+qªì˜V»x™äÆpZéq‡.ÞßvgzZV Æn†…•^Ò^…]Þäe1…æ‡+^…pV
'׊zg~ÅÑb6,»x™äÆa»gpZ¹»x7ïg;ìX
ìXu~ZÝ»g~ZyZY')4è G
G 0.75 = (MPC) Zq-u~qâðÜsgDy X2
™zh»ZŸ†ƒ@*ìXòWæã~ÀZŸ†¥xÙX 75
58Economics-XII
Z[:
gz9 700 ìXZ¤/ZÝ»g~ C = 300+0.8Y Zq-uÂZiy~ìXZk»Üs·¶ X3
ƒÂ¸òWæã¥xÙX C = 300 + 0.8Y Z[:
Y = C + 1
CqgzfsÒ**]9c*ß?Z[ÅzzÌÒyÙX X4
Z#qâðÜsgDy#ìÂZÝ»g~¢d$ÅŠgÌ#ƒÏX (i)
Zz‰YgDyLÌ#ÐÁ7ƒ@*X (ii)
Ðic*Š{ƒÏX 5 ƒÂZÝ»g~¢d$ÅŠg MPC > MPSZ# (iii)
ÅŠgLÌt7ƒCX (MPS) qâðYgDy (iv)
ƒ@*ìÂqâðÜsgDy#ƒ@*ìX 1 Z#ZÝ»g~¢d$ (v)
Ðic*Š{7ƒ$ËX 1 Zz‰YgDyÅŠg (vi)
ì ƒC 1 Ý»g~¢d$ÅŠg ZK = 1/1–MPC = 1/1–0 = 1 ì MPC = 0 ß:YèZ# (i) Z[:
tƒ@*ìX APS ß:YèZ#**ƒC (ii)
ƒX MPC > 0.8 9:Z¤/ (iii)
m^
59 Economics-XII
Ðic*Š{:ƒX 0.8 Ðic*Š{ƒp 0.5 ÅŠg MPC 9:Z¤/ Ì#ƒÇX MPS ƒÂ S = 0 ƒ@*ìXZ¤/ MPS = S/Y 9:Yè (iv)
K = 1/1–MPC = 1/1–0 = 1 9:Yè (v)
ƒ@*ìX APC + APS = 1 9:Yè (vi)
ZÝ»g~¢d$ZzgqâðÜsgDy~mÅzŸs#ÙX X5
ZzgZÝ»g~¢d$~¦JmìXZ¤/(,SƒðWæã»ic*Š{ MPC tªCÙ™@*ì K = 1/1–MPC Z[:
6,yaHYñÇÂZÝ»g~¢d$ÅŠgÌic*Š{ƒÏX consumptionz
zXc*Y@*ìX 20% ™zh»tŠZ½z¯@*ìZzg'×h+Wæã» 30 Zq-u»YÈ X6
YZzgÜs·¶¥xÙX
C = C + by S = –30 + 0.2 Y
C = 30 + 0.8 Y
u~ºÔÊzg™ä~qgzfs»gzwÒyÙX X1
JÑb (ii) î!*iZg»ggzZð (i)
%œ/~JÆfg)A!*iZg~u»g~_5½3ð GGg¸Åyh+zÛz|#ÃA!*iZgÅ»ggzZðëX Z[:
Z#ºÔÅßg]~%œ/~Jcg¸Ãyh+@*ìÂZâ„7Å×g¶#ŸËVÃq݃C ìXíËVÅŒÛnŠ¶ÅRö~ZŸ†ƒY@*ìZzgù¦Ô(,"кÔ~‡JgWY@*ìX
60Economics-XII
&45ë EEGÑbΊÅz{ÑbìT6,%œ/~J#ŸËVÃŒÛnÛZë™@*ìXºÔÅßg]~%œ/~ JÑjVÃÁ™ŠêìXZkÐ#ŸJŒÛçV6,ΊÅÑb~¶ÑDíßvic*Š{ŒÛnfe TÐù¦Ô~ZŸ†ƒ@*ìX
u~iZZ+ÔÊzg™ä~qgzfs»gzwÒyÙX X2
JÑb (ii) ?!*iZg»ggzZð (i)
Z#iZZ+ÔÅßg]aZƒYCìÂ%œ/~Jcg¸ÃÛz|#™ŠêìXZ#ßvZ¹yh+™sB Z[:
Æfg)ZŠZ5™DÂ#ŸËVÐig%œ/~JÆ0*k`Y@*ìXíËVŦÁƒYC
ìZzgZyÅŒÛnŠ¶ÅRö~¶WYCìZzgz{ÁŒÛnŠïTÐù¦Ô~¶WCìX iZZ+ÔÅqªÃŠg„™äÆa%œ/~JÑjV~ZŸ†™ŠêìXZkÐ#ŸJŒÛçV6,
ΊÅÑb~ZŸ†™ä6,6gƒYDíßë Y
HnfeTÐù¦Ô~¶WCìX Zq-u~ZÛZïÜŠzg™ä~qgzfs»gzwÒyÙX X3
u»g~ya (i)
LRR (ii)
ZÛZïÜc*ºÔÅßg]~u»gÃúZòya~ZŸ†™**ec†êqgÂVÅyÔøVZzg (i) Z[:
vÃVÅyz){XZkÐgziÇgÅR~ZŸ†ƒÇíWæã~ZŸ†ƒÇ]yh+~ZŸ†»
:L¶ÇXZk§bù¦Ô~ZŸ†ƒÇX
Ð%ZŠ¦Åz{²+‚ì&#ŸJ‡ây×~Å~%œ/~JÆ0*kc* LRR (ii)
ZL0*kgnpXZÛZïÜÅßg]~%œ/~J¦Å²+ÑbÁ™ŠêìíËVÆ
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