Class vitamins and minerals
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Transcript of Class vitamins and minerals
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VITAMINS AND MINERALS Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MDASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGYSSIMS & RC.
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance
Cofactors, not energy
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant
D – we make it with sunlight, rickets, milk, Ca:P ratios
E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
K – contributes to blood clotting factor
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Vitamin A
Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) Antioxidant Stored in liver Important for sight
Deficiency causes ~ 500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide Xeropthalmia , dry eyes , dry skin etc
Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
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Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels
Only fat soluble vitamin we can make in the presence of sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol
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Vitamin D
Can be stored in fat tissues Elderly are at risk Targeting on intestinal mucous, kidney and renal
tubular Promoting absorbance of calcium and phosphor, Being beneficial to formation and calcification of
new bone Deficiency children—— rickets adults——osteomalacia
Toxicity -Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels
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Vitamin D defeciency
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Vitamin E
A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation”
reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements
Deficiencies are not well understood Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
response
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Vitamin K
Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors
Can be reactivated to continue biological action
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins
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Water Soluble Vitamins
B1, THIAMINE B2, RIBOFLAVIN B6, PYRIDOXAMINE B12 BIOTIN PANOTHENIC ACID NIACIN FOLACIN VITAMIN C
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Involved in carbohydrate metabolism Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system Deficiency causes Beri beri
B2- riboflavin Energy metabolism
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Water Soluble Vitamins
B6 - Pyridoxamine Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over
100 reactions
B12 – Development of red blood cells Hard for vegetarians to get
Folic Acid
Recently shown as very important for pregnant females to avoid birth defects
function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids
sources: yeast, alfalfa meal, full-fat soybeans deficiencies: anemia, large erythrocytes, pale
gills (fish) requirements: 1-4 mg/kg (fish, shrimp)
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin – Involved in fatty acid synthesis Deficiency causes skin disease and hair
loss
Panthothenic acid Found in many foods Essential for metabolism of
carbohydrates, protein, alcohol and fat
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Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool.
Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes
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Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)
Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death
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Minerals
Percent of Body weight Calcium 2% Phosphorus 1% Potassium 0.3% Sulfur 0.2% Sodium 0.1% Chloride 0.1% Magnesium 0.05% Iron 0.04%
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Minerals
Calcium 99% is structural ~25% absorption Vitamin D aids absorption 75% is obtained form dairy products Many products are fortified with it Built in youth, lost in maturity
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Calcium
Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences 1.5 million fractures each year 14 billion in direct health cost 25 million women at risk DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day
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Minerals
PHOSPHORUS Easily absorbed by the body Enhanced by Vitamin D Deficiency are rare
POTASSIUM A primary electrolyte in blood Associated with lower blood pressure Athletes
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Minerals
SODIUM AND CHLORIDE Added during processing Enhances flavor We consume 2X of what we need Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension ▪ High blood pressure
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Minerals
SULFUR Necessary for collagen formation
MAGNESIUM Abundant in plants
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Minerals
IRON Most common and easily preventable deficiency Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
developmental performance Poor absorption from plant sources Low iron causes anemia, especially in
menstruating women Toxicity