class lecture of masonry design

7/29/2019 class lecture of masonry design

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CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Masonry Structures, slide 1-1

Module 1:

Evolution of Masonry as a

Structural Material


Introduction

The use of masonry as a structural material:

is as old as masonry itself was the predominant building material in many far-

separated cultures

took a secondary role with the coming of modern steel andconcrete construction

has been neglected in spite of its image as a strong anddurable material.


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Early Uses of Structural Masonry

Etemenanki Ziggurat

Babylon, pre-Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC to 323 BC

height 91 meters

And they said one to another, Go

to, let us make brick, and burn

them thoroughly. And they had

brick for stone, and slime had they

for mortar.Genesis 11:1-9

Credit: Wikimedia Commons



Constructed without cranes,pulleys or lifting tackle.

Huge stones dragged and liftedfrom a quarry or manufactured inplace with limestone concrete.

No mortar or adhesive was used. ~ 100,000 workers.Pyramid of Khufu at El Giza

height 147 meters

c. 2600-2480 BC

Credit: GreatBuildings.com


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Credit: Mojtahedi

Citadel of Arg- Bam

c. 500 BC

Largest adobe building in theworld until December 26, 2003.

Non-baked clay bricks. Walls were 6-7 meters high and1.8 km long.


Bam Citadel


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Bam Citadel


Bam Citadel


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Bam Citadel


Bam Citadel


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Bam Citadel


Bam Citadel


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Bam Citadel


Bam Citadel


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Greeks (1000 to 700 BC) usedmassive, precisely cut limestoneblocks without mortar.

Greeks understood principlesof masonry arch.

Greek temple in Sicily

Doric order

C 550 BC


Applications in China

Great Wall of China

6 to 15m. tall4.6 to 9.1m wide at base

ave. 3.7 m wide at top

The Great Wall of China wasconstructed from 221 to 204 BC.

The wall winds 2400 km fromGansu to the Yellow Sea, and isthe longest human-made structurein the world.

The wall is constructed of earthand stone with a brick facing inthe eastern part.


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Romans refined arch, vaultand dome construction.

Constructed with concrete,terra cotta and fired claybricks.

Cut stone masonry with nomortar.

Units weigh up to 6 tons.Lifted with block and tackle.

Pont du Gard Aqueduct

near Nimes France

19 BCheight = 49 m, length = 275 m


Early Masonry in the Americas

Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan Mexico100 BC to 300 AD

66-m. high

Credit: Suvi Korhonen

Little known about builders.3rd largest pyramid in world. City larger than Rome at 31 km2. Abandoned about 700 AD.


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Early Masonry in the Americas

Pueblo Bonito

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

10th Century AD

sandstone and mud mortar

Anasazi adobe construction. 600-800 rooms. 800 1200 people. Up to 5 stories. Core and veneer masonry.


Byzantine Architecture

Huge domed churches werebuilt on a scale far larger thanachieved with the Romans.

Innovative Byzantinetechnology allowed architects todesign a basilica with an immensedome over an open, square space.

Islamic architects developed arich variety of pointed, scalloped,horseshoe and S-curved archesfor mosques and palaces.

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

constructed 532-537 ADdome fell after earthquake in 563


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Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance

Santa Maria degli Angeli

Firenza, Italy

constructed 1420-61 AD39 m. in diameter, 91 m. high

Filippo Brunelleschi

With Romanesque architecture(10th to 12th century), large internalspaces were spanned with barrelvaults supported on thick, squatcolumns and piers.

Gothic architecture (12th to 16thcentury) used a pointed arch whichminimized outward thrust andresulted in lighter and thinner walls.

Renaissance architecture wasinfluenced by the round arch, thebarrel vault, and the dome.


Early Forms of American Masonry

Monadnock Building, Chicago17 stories, 60 m. tall

D. Burnham and J. Root

Worlds largest office building in 1893. One of the tallest load-bearing brickbuildings in the world today.

Walls are 6 feet thick at base.


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Existing URM Buildings


Vulnerable Construction

1886 Charleston, South Carolina 1996 Yunnan Province Earthquake, Lijiang

1994 Northridge Earthquake


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Common Forms of American Masonry

Cavity Wall Construction

Credit: Masonry Advisory Council

Columbian CondominiumsChicago, 48-stories


Common Forms of American Masonry

Excaliber Hotel, Las Vegasc. 1996

Tallest structural masonrybuilding at 28 stories.

Reinforced concrete blockconstruction.

High-lift grouting.


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Reinforced Clay-Unit Masonry

Credit: J. Tawresey


Reinforced Concrete Masonry

Credit: Commercial Concrete Masonry


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Prestressed Masonry

Credit: Masonry Magazine


Mortarless Masonry Block

Credit: Boral

Credit: Boral


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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry


Hybrid Masonry

H

Use masonry as a replacement for steelbracing.

Masonry can be used as conventional backup for brick veneer.

Proactively adjust lateral strength andstiffness.

Adaptable to new performance-basedseismic design approaches.


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Free-Form Masonry

Church of Jesus Christ the Worker, Atlantida, UruguayStructural Engineer: Eladio Dieste


Green Buildings

energy efficient

sustainableenvironmentally friendly

Credit: Brick Industry Association

Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design


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Building Information Modeling

geometryspatial relationsgeographic informationquantitiescomponent properties

Credit: SOM


Rational Structural Design

Masonry compressive strengthstandardized by 1910.

Empirical design still prominent throughfirst half of twentieth century.

Research on structural masonry done at theStructural Clay Products Association andPortland Cement Association.

BIA in the 1966 and NCMA in 1970developed standards for structural design of

brick and block.code of HammurabiBabylon, 1780 BC


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Recent Code Developments

TMS developed first standard for brick/block masonry, and became Chapter 24 of1985 UBC. Further revised in 1988,1991, 1994 and 1997 (as Chapter 21) ledto 2009 International Building Code.

ACI-ASCE 530 code published in 1988.Further revised in 1992 and 1995 as MSJCcode current version is 2008.

Strength design introduced into 1985UBC.

New chapter on strength design in 2002and 2005 MSJC.

MSJC Building Code

Requirements for Masonry


Masonry Seismic Provisions

Chapters 8 and 8A of NEHRPRecommended Seismic Provisions forNew Buildings (FEMA 222A, 1994) ledto FEMA 450 (2003)

Appendix C of NEHRP Handbook forSeismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings(FEMA 178, 1992)

FEMA 273/356 Guidelines forSeismic Rehabilitation of Buildings ledto ASCE 41

NEHRP Provisions for

New Buildings

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