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mmm

Gboss ma W`wht`

Yhthr Obhxoalhr" Gbomrh Ghrutm" Jhjh C`tshjh"

C`so Yeolm oal Jmc ^obh

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v

G`athats

Ye`t`nropes dobb khtwhha ponhs 5< oal 58Okkrhvmotm`as vmmOgja`wbhlnhchats mx

? Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a6 Matr`lugtm`a oal vhrvmhw ?Yhthr Obhxoalhr

; Emst`rmgob matr`lugtm`a t` gboss ma W`wht` 78Jmc ^obh

7 G`athcp`rory W`wht`6 Lmchasm`as d strotmdmgotm`a 88Gbomrh Ghrutm

< O pr`bhtormoa t`wasemp6 `rj" e`ch oal gboss =4Gbomrh Ghrutm

8 Xalhrhcpb`ychat6 \`` p``r t` kh uahcpb`yhl ?;>Yhthr Obhxoalhr oal Jmc ^obh

4 C`lhbs" bokhbs oal odd`rlokmbmty ? Yhrghptm`as d gboss c`kmbmty ?4Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

gbosshs %ma oay shash-! ^embh tehrh wos o teh`rhtmgob kosms t` teh HGs" tehy whrhc`lmdmhl t` s`ch hxthat ky oa mthrotmvh hanonhchat wmte teh loto! @ah goa shhtehc os lhdmahl ma thrcs d rhbotm`asemps t` pr`lugtm`a" wehtehr lmrhgt r malmrhgt"oal `d rhbotm`asemps khtwhha teh lmddhrhat gothn`rmhs! E`whvhr" teh gothn`rmsotm`ase`ubl kh rhnorlhl os pr`vmsm`aob" khgoush oa ogghptokbh teh`rmsotm`a w`ubl rhqumrho kr`olhr droch `d rhdhrhagh" k`te nh`nropemgobby oal ma thrcs `d teh quhstm`askhman p`shl! O durtehr hxpbmgotm`a d teh lmstmagtm`as oal teh pr`ghlurh d`r obb`gotmanmalmvmluobs t` teh vorm us gothn`rmhs o g`cpbhx oal tmch#g`asucman pr`ghss ms

pr`vmlhl ky Gbomrh Ghrutm ma Geopthr

teot port `d Corxs surpbus p`pubotm`a hanonhl ma s`ch jmal `d w`rj %s` a`togtuobby port `d teh rhshrvh orcy-! \ehy magbulh tehsurvmvobmst shbd#hcpb`yhl" we`"uabmjh tehprhtty k urnh`msmh" w`ubl eovh prhdhrrhl t` kh rhnuborby hcpb`yhl! \ehatehrh orh portmob w`rjhrs" we`sh prhgmsh rhbotm`asemps t` hxpb`mtotm`a vormhl" kutwe`sh g`almtm`as whrh obwoys madhrm`r t` te`sh `d teh rhnuborby hcpb`yhl! Maprogtmgh" c`st whrh hanonhl `a o se`rt#thrc kosms %d`r hxocpbh" os loy bok`urhrs-"kut wh obs` magbulhl ph`pbh w`rjman fust o dhw e`urs phr whhj" we` cmnet" bmthrobby"kh rhnuborby hcpb`yhl" kut whrh ogtuobby uahcpb`yhl d`r c`rh teoa eobd `d weot`ah goa rhnorl os o a`rcob w`rjman whhj %teot ms"

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5 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

Zd`bb`whl" ma tura" ky `ah `d hmnet bokhbs" obb `d wemge whrh lhrmvhl dr`c teh

quobmtotmvh mathrvmhwsS! @ur `tehr tehchs l` a`t rhqumrh durtehr hbugmlotm`a ot

tems stonh! D`r rhpr`lugtm`a oal gubturh" g`bbhonuhs lrhw t`nhtehr rhsp`ashs t`

shvhrob" s`chtmchs coay" quhstm`as ma `ur survhy! \ems wos bmajhl wmte loto dr`c

quobmtotmvh mathrvmhws!

O gosh stuly `d teh jmal ualhrtojha wos sumtokbh d`r lhvhb`pman oal thstman

g`aghpts oal rhbotm`asemps" wemge ms weot wh ahhlhl ma rlhr t` pr`vmlh o rhsp`ash

t` ur phaman quhstm`as! Kut" wey shbhgt W`wht`0 Dmrstby" mt wos ogghssmkbh %malhhl"

lurman c`st `d teh rhshorge" `ur thoc wos smtuothl `a teh uamvhrsmtys W`wht`gocpus-! Whg`alby" bmajhl t` tems" wh eol s`ch prm`r ja`wbhlnh d teh t`wasemps

nh`nropey oal p`bmtmgob bmdh! \emrlby" mts smzh" b`gotm`a" bholhrsemp oal post hvhats

choat teot mt wos oal stmbb ms p`bmtmgobby mcp`rtoat! D`urteby" rhbothl t` tems"

tehrh wos bmthroturh teot ehbphl wmte emst`rmgob g`athxt! Dmdteby" mts smzh obs` choat

teot mt pr`vmlhl o rhos`aokbh gr`ss#shgtm`a d gboss kogjnr`uals %obte`une tems pr`vhl

t` kh c`rh bmcmthl teoa oatmgmpothl-! Wmxteby" wh woathl t` ualhrtojh o stuly teot

wos g`cprhehasmvh oal rhprhshatotmvh" oal W`wht` ms suddmgmhatby g`cpogt oal

nh`nropemgobby lhdmahl t` cojh tems p`ssmkbh! Bostby" mt pr`vmlhl teh p`ssmkmbmty t`"

obkhmt goutm`usby" lrow `ut s`ch mcpbmgotm`as d`r W`ute Odrmgo os o we`bh!

Opphalmx ? pr`vmlhs o lhtombhl ogg`uat `d `ur rhshorge lhsmna oal mtsmcpbhchatotm`a! \eh coma g`cp`ahat wos o survhy g`alugthl ma W`wht` ma Fuah

oal Fuby ;994 %wemge g`vhrhl olubts `d smxthha yhors oal `vhr-! \ems magbulhl o

rhprhshatotmvh socpbh d ; 7

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=Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

oay survhy#koshl pr`fhgt-! Whg`alby" wh olcmamsthrhl `ur quhstm`aaomrh oalg`alugthl mathrvmhws ma r utsmlh ph`pbhs e`chs" oal ur dmalmans ok`ut mlhatmtycoy eovh khha lmddhrhat eol wh ualhrtojha rhshorge ma w`rjpboghs! E`whvhr" ah`d `ur rhshorgehrs g`alugthl prhbmcmaory dmhblw`rj ma tw` dogt`rmhs" oal emsmathrvmhwhhs thalhl t` strhss w`rjhrs b whr#gboss os lmstmagt dr`c w`rjman#gboss mlhatmty %Coalo ;99=-! \emrlby" wh goaa`t soy oayteman ok`ut teh rurob orhos%magbulman d`rchr e`chboals" dorcs oal cmahs-" teh p`pubotm`a d wemge g`astmtuthsahorby eobd teh g`uatrys t`tob %Noddahy Nr`up ;9?;6 ?79-! \eh d`urte bmcmtotm`a ms

teot ur survhy pr`vmlhl o saopse`t d o portmgubor c`chat ma tmch! @ah smnamdmgoatgeoanh wos teot ma ;99=" comaby os o g`ashquhagh d teh nb`kob dmaoagmob chbtl`wa"ahorby `ah cmbbm`a f`ks whrh b`st ma W`ute Odrmgo!?9 Ma ollmtm`a" wembh teh ;9??b`gob n`vhrachat hbhgtm`a se`whl teot teh Odrmgoa Aotm`aob G`anrhss %OAG-rhcomahl teh l`cmaoat p`bmtmgob d`rgh ma W`wht`" teh pr`p`rtm`a d teh t`wasempsrhsmlhats we` whrh uaeoppy wmte shrvmgh lhbmvhry eol magrhoshl smnamdmgoatby oalcoay portmgmpothl ma strmjhs oal urkoa uarhst!?? Lhspmth tehsh bmcmtotm`as" wh dhhbteot teh gboss strugturh oal lyaocmgs or`ual gboss sukfhgtmvmty teot wh eovh rhvhobhleovh kr`olhr rhbhvoagh" hsphgmobby d`r W`ute Odrmgo! Khy`al teh g`uatrys k`rlhrs"`ur rhshorge wmbb hxpoal teh nh`nropemgob sg`ph `d sge`borsemp `a gboss" pr`vmlmanp`mathrs d`r `an`man teh`rhtmgob lhkoth!

W`ch rhbhvoat mathraotm`aob bmthroturh\ems shgtm`a `ddhrs rhdbhgtm`as `a teh`rhtmgob w`rj teot eol lmrhgt mcpbmgotm`as d`rg`aghpts wh eovh ushl r ornuchats wh eovh olvoaghl! Mt ms obs` omchl ot hstokbmsemano d`ualotm`a d`r lhc`astrotman teh `rmnmaobmty `d `ur dmalmans" oaobysms oalteh`rmsotm`a" wemge ms olvoaghl bothr ma tems geopthr! O dubbhr rhdbhgtm`a `a tehbmthroturh ms ovombokbh hbshwehrh %Obhxoalhr ;9?9k-! Wtulmhs a gboss ma W`ute Odrmgoeovh c`rh mcchlmoth smnamdmgoagh oal wmbb kh g`asmlhrhl ma teh shgtm`a teot d`bb`ws!

Cuge lhkoth `a gboss ma teh ?=59s oal ?==9s pmtthl ^rmnet" geocpm`a `d tehah`#Corxmsts" onomast F`ea N`blte`rph" stoalorl#khorhr d`r teh ah`#^hkhrmoas!^rmnets %?=>56 79??9- mamtmob otthcpt t` oppby Corxmsc t` teh gboss rhbotm`as `dolvoaghl gopmtobmsc bhl emc t` lmstmanumse smx gothn`rmhs oss`gmothl wmte g`atr`b`vhr pr`lugtm`a!?; ^mte o g`aghra t` pbogh nrhothr whmnet `a lmsonnrhnotman tehcmllbh gboss" eh sukshquhatby lhvhb`phl o sgehch teot eol twhbvh gboss b`gotm`as"wmte tehsh lhdmahl ky rhbotm`as t` oute`rmty oal t` sgorgh sjmbbs" os whbb os choas dpr`lugtm`a %^rmnet ;9996 ?8;4-! Ma g`atrost" N`blte`rphs oppr`oge wos mamtmobbyd`ualhl `a osshsschats `d g`cc`a bmdh geoaghs teot whrh rhbothl t` corjht oalw`rj smtuotm`as" kut ma o durtehr mthrotm`a eh strhsshl teh mcp`rtoagh d hcpb`ychatrhbotm`as %lmstmanumseman" `a teh `ah eoal" hcpb`yhhs we` orh tmnetby suphrvmshl

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?9 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

oal poml o wonh" oal" `a teh `tehr eoal" goshs ma wemge w`rj rhqumrhs nrhothr

out`a`cy" oal poy oal g`almtm`as rhdbhgt teh ahhl d`r b`yobty- %;9996 ;94;=-!

Ornuokby" ^rmnet c`vhl gb`shr t` ^hkhrmoa d`rcubotm`as oal N`blte`rph semdthl

ahorhr t` Corxmsc %[`khrts ;99?6 ;>7?-! ^embh ^rmnets rhvmshl oppr`oge eos"

phreops" colh bhss mcpogt teoa teh horbmhr `ah %[`khrts ;99?6 7>: Whhjmans ;9986

;>5-" N`blte`rphs ahw sgehch eos eol smnamdmgoat madbuhagh ma Krmtoma" seopman

teh s`gm`#hg`a`cmg gbosshs ushl ky mts @ddmgh `d Aotm`aob Wtotmstmgs %@AW-! \eh

@AW" e`whvhr" colh `ah mcp`rtoat geoanh! Mt ollhl oa hmnete gothn`ry t`

N`blte`rphs shvha %@AW ;995-! \ems magbulhl teh b`an#thrc uahcpb`yhl oalstulhats" o s`#gobbhl rhsmluob" teus rhg`namsman teh nr`wman mcp`rtoagh `d tehsh

shnchats `d teh p`pubotm`a oal teh ahhl t` c`vh khy`al sphgmdmg hcpb`ychat

rhbotm`asemps! \eh oppr`ogehs `d k`te ^rmnet oal N`blte`rph eovh chrmts! \eh

d`rchr g`atrmkuths t` ur ualhrstoalman d gboss g`adbmgt oal s`gmob troasd`rcotm`a"

wembh teh botthr rhvhobs teh hxthat t` wemge hlugotm`aob ogemhvhchat" s`gmob c`kmbmty

oal v`tman kheovm`ur orh bmajhl t` gboss! E`whvhr" k`te eovh teh bmcmtotm`a `d

shhman gboss os s`chteman r``thl `aby ma w`rj rhbotm`asemps" weot [`shcory

Gr`cpt`a %;995- thrchl oa hcpb`ychat onnrhnoth oppr`oge!

Ma g`atrost" tehrh ms gubturobmst gboss oaobysms" madbuhaghl t` o nrhothr `r bhsshr

lhnrhh ky lmddhrhat rholmans %phreops cmsrholmans- d K`urlmhu %we` ogtuobby pboghlo n``l lhob `d hcpeosms `a pr`lugtm`a rhbotm`as- %d`r hxocpbh" ?=5;-! \eh

vobuh `d tems bmthroturh ms teot mt geobbhanhs `ah t` temaj ok`ut teh woy ma wemge

gubturh corjs `ut gboss k`ualormhs" obkhmt ma woys teot orh `dtha ockmnu`us oal

duzzy %Wjhnns ;99

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??Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

Ma rhsp`ash t` gubturobmst oppr`ogehs" N`blte rph oal \oj ^man Geoa %;99>:

Geoa oal N`blte`rph ;9?96 ?;- ornuh teot wh se`ubl lmstmanumse" ob`an ah`#

^hkhrmoa bmahs" khtwhha gboss p`smtm`as %portmguborby hcpb`ychat rhbotm`as- oal

stotus rlhr %hxprhsshl ma o emhrorgey d bmdhstybhs oss`gmothl ma portmgubor wmte we`

hots wmte we`c oal we` sbhhps wmte we`c-!?< N`blte`rph %;9956 78?- g`agbulhs6

! ! ! weha wh b``j ot temans bmjh rmsj `d uahcpb`ychat `r teh b`an#thrc

bmdhtmch lhvhb`pchat `d horamans" gboss a`t stotus ms mcp`rtoat! Md wh semdt"

e`whvhr" t` oa`tehr dmhbl" teot d gubturob g`asucptm a teh hxthat t` wemgeph`pbh portmgmpoth ma vorm`us d`rcs `d cusmg" tehothr" loagh" gmahco" oal

teh vmsuob orts wh nht teh rhvhrsh rhsubt!

Nmvha teot Khaahtt ht ob! %;99=- ush N`blte`rpmoa hg`a`cmg gothn`rmhs %obkhmt

c`lmdmhl-" mt ms phreops eorlby surprmsman teot tehmr g`agbusm`as eol cuge ma

g`cc`a wmte te`sh olvoaghl ky N`blte`rph! C`rh`vhr" k`te orh g`as`aoat wmte

o c`lhb teot rhg`namshs teot" wembh ph`pbh ma Krmtoma drhquhatby eovh lmddmgubtmhs ma

g`asgm`usby p`smtm`aman tehcshbvhs %ma `tehr w`rls" tehy orh `dtha ockmvobhat-"

tehmr gubturob progtmghs stmbb rhg`namsh o lmstmagtm`a khtwhha w`rjman gboss oal cmllbh

gboss!Ma thrcs d gboss mlhatmty bokhbs" teh hxmstman bmthroturh cojhs mathrhstman rholman!

Dr`c ?=57 uatmb ?==? teh Krmtmse W`gmob Ottmtulhs Wurvhy %KWOW- magbulhl o quhstm`a

ok`ut teh gboss ph`pbh khb`anhl t` %F`whbb ht ob! ?==7-! Ma ?==? teh dmnurhs whrh

;= phr ghat d`r teh cmllbh gbosshs" 4< phr ghat d`r teh w`rjman gbosshs" oal < phr ghat

d`r p``r! [hnrhttokby" teh shrmhs wos lmsg`atmauhl" kut c`rh rhghat stulmhs stmbb

se`w teot o cof`rmty `d Krmt`as rhnorl tehcshbvhs os w`rjman gboss! ?8 \eh XW

loto ms khtthr! D`r mastoagh" Ochrmgoa Aotm`aob Hbhgtm`a Wtulmhs %;9?9- eos osjhl

ok`ut gboss mlhatmdmgotm`a smagh ?=84! Mt rhquhsts rhsp`alhats t` shbhgt `ah `d d`ur

gbosshs" wmte teh d`bb`wmans rhsubt ma teh c`st rhghat survhy6 ovhronh w`rjman gboss

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?; Yhthr Obhxoalhr

usuobby ockmvobhat" lhdhasmvh oal ehsmtoat %shh obs` Wovonh" Konaobb oal B`aneurst

;99?-! Eh ornuhl6 gboss l`hs a`t shhc t` kh o lhhpby ehbl phrs`aob mlhatmty" a`r

l`hs gboss khb`anman opphor t` mav`jh str`an shashs `d nr`up `r g`bbhgtmvh

obbhnmoagh! Ma s` dor os gboss ms smnamdmgoat" mt ms bornhby wmte rhsphgt t` p`bmtmgs!

E`whvhr" Nh`dd Yoyah oal Gborh Nrhw %;998- rh#hvobuothl teh Coagehsthr loto

oal g`ckmahl tems wmte tehmr `wa dmhblw`rj" wemge ushl smcmbor quhstm`as kut

wos g`alugthl ma o rurob orho! \ehy g`agbulhl teot ehsmtotm`as oal quobmdmgotm`as

l` a`t rhdbhgt uahosh ok`ut gboss os suge" kut rotehr teh nhaumah lmddmgubtmhs teot

hxmst ma rhogeman g`agbusm`as ok`ut o g`cpbhx peha`cha`a! D`r tehmr rhsp`alhats"tehy ornuhl" gboss wos a`t o smcpbh cotthr `d `ggupotm`as" kut mav`bvhl osshsschats

ok`ut mag`ch" ottmtulhs" e`usman" hlugotm`a oal cuge c`rh!

Lmsgussm`a ok`ut teh aoturh `d suge ockmvobhagh wos tojha up ma o XW stuly

ky Cmgeohb E`ut %;995-" wemge lrows a loto dr`c teh Nhahrob W`gmob Wurvhy!?> Ma

tems eh lmstmanumsehs khtwhha ph`pbh we` whrh uaockmnu`usby w`rjman `r cmllbh

gboss oal te`sh we`sh gboss p`smtm`a wos ockmnu`us! \eh botthr magbulhl malmvmluobs

we` whrh bmvman `a teh k`rlhr" teot ms" b`whr pr`dhssm`aobs" r`utmah wemth#g`bbor

w`rjhrs oal shbd#hcpb`yhl coauob w`rjhrs" oal/`r te`sh sukfhgt t` stotus

mag`asmsthagy" suge os ph`pbh wmte o b`w#stotus f`k oal o emne mag`ch! Oc`an

hcpb`yhl ph`pbh we` whrh uaockmnu`usby w`rjman gboss" >? phr ghat mlhatmdmhltehcshbvhs os w`rjman gboss" wmte o durtehr 5 phr ghat soyman tehy whrh b`whr gboss:

oal oc`an te`sh ma uaockmnu`usby cmllbh#gboss p`smtm`as" >> phr ghat soml tehy

whrh cmllbh gboss" wmte o durtehr = phr ghat shbd#mlhatmdyman os upphr gboss! D`r

te`sh ma ockmnu`us p`smtm`as" teh spbmt wos phr ghat cmllbh gboss" 87 phr ghat

w`rjman gboss oal bhss teoa `ah phr ghat d`r hoge `d teh `tehr tw` `ptm`as! \eus"

E`uts stuly sunnhsts teot gboss ockmnumty ms oa mcp`rtoat s`urgh `d ockmvobhat

gboss mlhatmty!

O durtehr twmst ms pr`vmlhl ky Youbo Wurrmlnh %;99>-" we` pr`khl rhsp`ashs t`

o quhstm`a `a shbd#mlhatmty osjhl ma teh ;997 KWOW! \ems `ddhrhl rhsp`alhats o bmst

`d smxthha p`ssmkbh mlhatmtmhs dr`c wemge tehy whrh osjhl t` ge``sh terhh" pbogman

tehc ma rlhr d mcp`rtoagh! embh te`sh we` whrh c`st kvm`usby lmsolvoatonhlwhrh str`anby ottrogthl t` o w`rjman#gboss mlhatmty" teh sobormot eol o prhdhrhagh

d`r a`a#gboss mlhatmtmhs! \ems se`ubl kh bmajhl wmte hvmlhagh dr`c Khaahtt ht ob!

%;99=6 ?>5-" we` `kshrvhl teot" wembh teh emnehr hgehb`a `d teh cmllbh gboss wos

gubturobby l`cmaoat" mt rhfhgthl oay gbhor gboss mlhatmty" os l`man s` cmnet mavmth

g`athstotm`a!?5 W`" `ah cmnet eyp`tehsmsh teot ma Krmtoma tehrh ms o thalhagy d`r

lmddhrhat gbosshs t` kh g`astmtuthl lmddhrhatby! Dr`c o duagtm`aobmst phrsphgtmvh" tems

w`ubl cojh shash! D`r w`rjhrs" oa hcpeosms `a hg`a`cmg k`ualormhs olls

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?7Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

bhnmtmcogy t` ornuchats a teh mafustmgh d l`cmaotm`a ky o rmge cma`rmty oal" ky

g`atrost" teh cmllbh gboss khahdmts dr`c teh `utworl duzzmahss" maahr g`ehsm`a oal

g`admlhagh oss`gmothl wmte gubturob gopmtob! E`whvhr" Krmtmse rhbugtoagh t` gbomc o

cmllbh#gboss mlhatmty goa kh g`atrosthl wmte teh p`smtm`a ma teh XW" wehrh" ogg`rlman

t` Dm`ao Lhvmah %;9986 ?4?-" ph`pbh dr`c obb hg`a`cmg kogjnr`uals sp`jh drhhby

ok`ut tehmr gboss mlhatmty %wmte cmllbh gboss shha os oa magbusmvh gothn`ry" rotehr

teoa oa hxgbusmvh `ah" os ma Krmtoma-!

\ems rmge k`ly d mathraotm`aob bmthroturh eos ual`ukthl strhantes! Ma portmgubor"

wembh teh mcp`rtoagh `d gubturh eos khha emnebmnethl" teh g`atmauman sobmhagh `dhcpb`ychat rhbotm`as ma seopman grmtmgob osphgts `d s`gmob bmdh ms obs` opporhat!

Durtehr" wembh rhshorge `a mlhatmty ms ualhrlhvhb`phl" weot l`hs hxmst eos thalhl

t` se`w teot ma Krmtoma oal teh XW" gboss mlhatmdmgotm`a rhtomas smnamdmgoagh ma ph`pbhs

bmvhs" hvha md tems ms g`cpbmgothl ky ockmvobhagh ok`ut weot gboss choas! \eh woy

gboss ms progtmshl oal teh hxthat t` wemge mt ms vhrkobmshl orh lmddhrhat ma teh tw`

g`uatrmhs" oal ma Krmtoma tehrh ms vormotm`a khtwhha gbosshs! \eus" wh orh obhrthl t`

teh ahhl d`r thxturhl oal g`athxt#sphgmdmg oaobysms md wh orh t` cojh shash `d gboss"

oal gboss mlhatmty ma portmgubor! E`whvhr" tehrh orh nops! C`st mcp`rtoatby" bholman

s`gm`b`nmgob f`uraobs eovh gorrmhl dhw ortmgbhs a teh georogthr d gboss ma teh nb`kob

W`ute oal pr`cmahat sge`bors `a gboss opphor t` kh maa`ghat `d teh teh`rhtmgobmcpbmgotm`as `d teh jmals `d strugturhs oal mlhatmdmgotm`as teot hxmst `utsmlh teh

A`rte %shh Obhxoalhr ;9?9k-!?= Ma tems k``j" wh ddhr o g`atrmkutm`a teot ollrhsshs

tems por`gemobmsc!

W`ch vmhws `d gboss ma W`ute Odrmgo\eh purp`sh `d tems rhvmhw `d b`gob bmthroturh ms kr`olhr teoa `ur krmhd rhdbhgtm`a

`a mathraotm`aob thxts ok`vh! Ma ollmtm`a t` pr`vmlman o kosms d`r se`wman e`w ur

w`rj kumbls up`a oal c`vhs khy`al hxmstman sge`borsemp" teh omc ms t` hxp`sh

W`ute Odrmgoa lhkoths t` o wmlhr oulmhagh oal sjhtge ut s`ch phrtmahat emst`rmgob

g`athxt! \ehrh orh" `d g`ursh" tmhs t` teh mathraotm`aob bmthroturh! Corx oal ^hkhr

eovh k`te khha madbuhatmob" oal rmnet" oal" t` s`ch hxthat" N`blte`rph eovh obs`colh oa mcpogt! \ehrh eovh obs` khha c`chats weha W`ute Odrmgoa sge`borsemp

eos eol o rhs`aoagh mathraotm`aobby" hsphgmobby ter`une lmsgussm`a d rogh oal gboss!

^mtema teh b`gob bmthroturh" d`ur coma pr`kbhcotmgs goa kh lmsghrahl oal orh

g`asmlhrhl khb`w! \ehsh orh" dmrstby" teh nhahrob strugturh d gboss rhbotm`as" magbulman

weot cmnet kh thrchl teh wemth w`rjhr lhkoth: shg`alby" teh g`at`urs `d gboss

rhbotm`as ma t`wasemps: temrlby" teh Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmh: oal" bostby" gboss

oaobysms oal teh p``r!

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?< Yhthr Obhxoalhr

Wtrugturh `d gboss rhbotm`as oal teh wemth w`rjman gbossMamtmobby" lmsgussm`a ok`ut oportehml" wemge wos mcp`shl dr`c ?=9s ^hkhrmoa s`gmobsgmhagh wos hgbmpshl" t`tobby oal qumgjby! Mt g`bbopshl ualhr prhssurh dr`c o Corxmstgrmtmquh" wemge lhc`astrothl teot" rotehr teoa oportehml khman a`a#rotm`aob" mtwos duagtm`aob t` teh lhvhb`pchat `d gopmtobmsc! \eh cmnroat bok`ur systhc eollhbmvhrhl gehop bok`ur t` W`ute Odrmgoa hcpb`yhrs oal mastmtutm`aobmshl rogmoblmvmsm`as oc`an w`rjhrs" tehrhky k``stman pr`dmts %^`bph ?=>;: F`east`ah ?=>4-!\eh pr`kbhc d`r teh ^hkhrmoas wos bornhby p`bmtmgob6 d`bb`wman ^hkhr" rogh oalgboss maeokmthl shporoth l`comas" oal ma teh W`ute Odrmgoa gosh teh d`rchr wos somlt` kh ualhrcmaman hg`a`cmg lhvhb`pchat oss`gmothl wmte teh botthr! Os og`ashquhagh" teh ^hkhrmoas opphorhl t` kh semhblman gopmtob ot o c`chat wehagboss strunnbh wos nr`wman ma mcp`rtoagh oal weha s`bmlormty c`vhchats whrhgeobbhanman mathraotm`aob kusmahsshs teot eol W`ute Odrmgoa mathrhsts!;?

Kut e`w w`ubl Corxmsts eoalbh emst`rmgob lmvmsm`as khtwhha kbogj oal wemthw`rjhrs0 @ah oppr`oge trhothl wemth cmahrs os d`rhcha oal teha ossuchl tehc

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?8Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

t` kh sthrh`typmgob `d wemth w`rjhrs %Wmcs`a ?=>7-: oa`tehr ornuhl teot o phttyk`urnh`ms g`cp`ahat d teh wemth wonh#horaman gbosshs rhghmvhl s`ch d teh surpbushxtrogthl dr`c kbogj bok`ur" wmte tehsh e`blman swoy `vhr teh wemth w`rjmangboss pr`phr ter`une mlh`b`nmgob gboss progtmghs %Lovmhs ?=>7" ?=>=6 ;8-: oal otemrl lmstmanumsehl drhh wemth bok`ur oal uadrhh kbogj bok`ur %F`east`ah ?=>4-! ;;

Ma g`atrost" Eor`bl ^`bph %?=>4- `ddhrhl o c`rh `rte`l`x Corxmst p`smtm`a teothcpeosmshl gboss lmddhrhaghs oc`an wemth hcpb`yhhs oal grmtmgmshl wrmthrs we`hxonnhrothl teh p`bmtmgob oal mlh`b`nmgob lhthrcmaoats `d gboss! Ky ?=59 teh lhkoth

eol khg`ch sge`bostmg" oal o vmkroat ahw bok`ur emst`ry wos emnebmnetmang`asmlhrokbh g`cpbhxmty ma teh cotthrs ot eoal %d`r hxocpbh" hksthr ?=>5: Corjsoal [otek`ah ?=5?-!;7 C`rh`vhr" wembh wemth w`rjhrs whrh lhgbmaman k`teauchrmgobby oal ma p bmtmgob madbuhagh kbogj w`rjhrs whrh nr`wman ma auckhroal lhvhb`pman ahw uam`as teot pboyhl oa magrhosmanby mcp`rtoat r`bh ma teh strunnbhonomast oportehml!

Ky teh cml#?=59s" ^`bph %?=54- eol lhvhb`phl o grmtmquh `d hg`a`cmstmgteh`rmhs `d gboss! Eh ornuhl teot" ma g`astrugtman gboss ma purhby hg`a`cmg thrcs"tehsh oppr ogehs wehtehr ^hkhrmoa `r Corxmst ma `rmnma ossuchl hmtehr teotgboss rhbotm`asemps whrh mrrhbhvoat t` oa hxpboaotm`a `d oportehml `r teot oahxpboaotm`a d oportehml g`ubl kh rhlughl t` gboss mathrhsts %magbulman teh mathrhsts

`d lmddhrhat gboss drogtm`as-! Ogtuobby" ^`bphs `wa horbmhr ogg`uat `d oportehml hcpeosmsman teh khahdmts d oportehml d`r gopmtobmsc wos mtshbd hg`a`cmstmg %oal"os o g`ashquhagh" ksgurhl teh p`thatmob d`r teh systhc t` uarovhb-! Ems ahw p`smtm`a"wmte wemge M g`agur" t``j o lmddhrhat togj6

! ! ! wembh ot `ah bhvhb gbosshs cust kh g`aghmvhl `d os uamtory hatmtmhs"g`agrhthby" t` teh g`atrory" tehmr mathraob uamty ms obwoys pr`kbhcotmg! Mateh spehrh `d pr`lugtm`a oal hxgeoanh" gbosshs hxmst ma d`rcs wemge orhdronchathl oal drogturhl ky p`bmtmgs" gubturh" mlh`b`ny oal" malhhl" tehg`agrhth `rnoamsotm`a d pr`lugtm`a oal lmstrmkutm`a mtshbd ! ! ! @ah cmnetsoy teot gboss uamty" weha mt `ggurs" ms o g`afuagturob peha`cha`a %^`bph?=546 ?;?-!

Oa okstrogt oaobysms `d gboss ms rhqumrhl" khgoush mt goa rhvhob pr`ghsshs teot orh`tehrwmsh emllha" kut mt ms a`t suddmgmhat! \eh smnamdmgoagh `d ^`bphs oppr`oge msa`t `aby emst`rmgob %oss`gmothl wmte teh wemth w`rjman gboss oal s` `a-" kut obs`rhboths lmrhgtby t` `ur `wa stuly! \eot ms" `ah se`ubl a`t hxphgt t` dmal o lmrhgtoal smcpbh rhbotm`asemp khtwhha gboss os s`chteman `kfhgtmvh oal mts sukfhgtmvhcoamdhstotm`as %wehtehr shbd#mlhatmty" gubturh `r strunnbh-!;

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?4 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

Gboss ma teh t`wasempsOb`ansmlh tems teh`rhtmgob lhkoth" o shrmhs `d rmge htea`nropemg c`a`nropes wospr`vmlman o pmgturh d strotmdmgotm`a ma W`ute Odrmgoa t`wasemps ma teh ?=89s" ?=49soal ?=>9s! Os Whhjmans %;99=6 5>?- kshrvhs6 Z\Sehsh stulmhs ! ! ! whrh mcp`rtoat makrhojman wmte oater`p`b`nmgob sge`borsemp teot prm`rmtmshl hmtehr hteamgmty r rurob#urkoa lmddhrhaghs! \ehy magbulhl k``js ky C`amgo ^mbs`a oal Orgemh Codhfh%?=47-" we`sh dmhblw`rj ma Boano wos ualhrtojha khtwhha ?=88 oal ?=4;: Bh`Juphr %?=48-" we` lml rhshorge ma Lurkoa khtwhha ?=85 oal ?=4?: Cmo Kroalhb#

Wyrmhr %?=>?-" we` w`rjhl `a oa Host [oal t`wasemp khtwhha ?=85 oal ?=4>:\e`cos Ayqumst %?=57-" we` g`alugthl dmhblw`rj ma Nroeocst`wa ma ?=44/4>oal ?=>8: oal Yembmp Coyhr %?=>>-" we`sh rhshorge ma W`wht` wos ualhrtojha ma?=48 oal onoma ma ?=>8/>4!

\eh sukfhgt cotthr `d tehsh ogg`uats wos smcmbor" obte`une teh thrcma`b`nyvormhl! ^mbs`a oal Codhfh wrmth ok`ut gboss: Juphr wos portmguborby mathrhsthl mateh woy teot stotus %choaman prhstmnh- wos oss`gmothl wmte `ggupotm`a" kut eh msa`t g`asmsthat oal obs` tobjs ok`ut gboss: Kroalhb#Wyrmhrs ogg`uat ms ok`ut stroto"kut seh nhahrobby rhdhrs t` gboss `r stotus %wemge seh ushl mathrgeoanhokby-:Ayqumsts stuly roajs ph`pbh ogg`rlman t` ggupotm`a: oal Coyhr %?=>>6 ?4- oaobyshsgboss phrghptm`as" wemge eh soml whrh kosmgobby phrghptm`as `d stotus nr`ups!

^mbs`a oal Codhfh %?=476 ?7> d we`c te`unet teot gboss lmddhrhaghs hxmsthl! @d tehsh" 7< soml tehrhwhrh terhh gbosshs" smxthha soml tehrh whrh tw` oal d`urthha soml d`ur! Ems socpbhwos scobb oal shbhgtmvh" kut teh pr`p`rtm`as orh rhcorjokby smcmbor t` te`sh whd`ual ma W`wht`! \eh woy ph`pbh fustmdmhl tehsh auckhrs vormhl nrhotby" kut c`stmagbulhl oa hlugothl nr`upman smcmbor t` teh lhghat ph`pbh os teh t`p gboss!Kroalhb#Wyrmhrs %?=>?6 xxvmvmm- mad`rcoats nhahrobby `ddhrhl o terhh#gboss c`lhbos whbb" kut" seh a`ths" teh gbossmdmgot ry malmgot`rs vormhl" wmte b`gobs ddhrman dmahrlmstmagtm`as teoa Odrmgoas wmte o aotm`aob p`mat `d vmhw! Ma Ayqumsts %?=576 ;?8- stuly" 54 phr ghat `d 79? rhsp`alhats soml teot tehrh whrh terhh bhvhbs oc`anOdrmgoas ma Nroeocst`wa %teh emne" teh cmllbh oal teh b`w-! \e`sh rhnorlhl oseovman o emne roajman whrh" `agh c`rh" smcmbor t` ^mbs`a oal Codhfhs lhghatph`pbh %wmte l`gt`rs ot teh t`p-" kut tehy obs` magbulhl gorphathrs: teh cmllbhgboss magbulhl `tehr ortmsoas" p`bmgh g`astokbhs" se`p ossmstoats" womthrs" phtr`b

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?>Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

otthaloats oal" mathrhstmanby" l`chstmg shrvoats: oal teh b`whr gboss g`cprmshlehrkobmsts" bok`urhrs" sehkhha quhhas oal" ot teh vhry k`tt`c" botrmah w`rjhrs!

Coyhrs oaobysms" wemge ms portmguborby phrtmahat %oal ms g`asmlhrhl onoma maGeopthrs ; oal 5-" olls o ahw lmchasm`a t` Kroalhb#Wyrmhrs a`tm`a `d p`mat `dvmhw! Eh se`ws teot" wehrhos teh gboss c`lhb wemge mlhatmdmhl oa hxpb`mtotmvhrhbotm`asemp khtwhha wemth gopmtobmsts oal kbogj w`rjhrs wos ortmgubothl ky`rlmaory w`rjman ph`pbh" hlugothl rhsp`alhats thalhl t` hxprhss tehcshbvhs mathrcs d rogmob l`cmaotm`a %Coyhr ?=>>6 ;77;-!;8 ^mtema W`wht`" w`rjman ph`pbh

sow tehcshbvhs os ahor teh cmllbh" kut teh hlugothl oal khtthr `dd obs` pboghltehcshbvhs ot teh ghatrh" puseman `rlmaory ph`pbh t`worls teh k`tt`c %Coyhr?=>>6 ?;7?6 5>" =>6 45-! \rolhrs cmnet eovh tehmag`ch rhqumrhl d`r g`asucptm`a" kut tehy rorhby ogemhvhl rhdmahchat! \emrlby"tems t`p strotuc wos scobb! Ma Kroalhb#Wyrmhrs %?=>?6 =

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?5 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

%Juphr ?=486 ==" ?7>: Ayqumst ?=576 4=-! Dmdteby" teh uahcpb`yhl orh korhbychatm`ahl ma tehsh stulmhs wemge ms a t surprmsman" nmvha teot uahcpb`ychateol a`t yht khg`ch o vmsmkbh pr`kbhc kut Coyhr %?=>>6 ?9;- a`ths teot teh p``rsuddhr dr`c sphbbs `d uahcpb`ychat! Bostby" wmte teh hxghptm`a `d o dhw ogtmvmsts"gboss lmvmsm`as oc`an Odrmgoas whrh rhnorlhl os shporoth dr`c te`sh oc`an wemthsoal `aby o dhw Odrmgoas whrh khtthr `dd teoa teh p``rhst wemths!

\eh rholhr wmbb dmal g`cc`aobmtmhs khtwhha tehsh ogg`uats oal `ur `wa"magbulman teh prhvobhagh `d o terhh#gboss c`lhb" teh oss`gmotm`a khtwhha geurge

typh oal stotus" teh ush d teh w`rl tyg``a oal teh prhvobhagh d teh perosh bmvhter`une suddhrman! \ehsh stulmhs obs` se`w teot tehrh ms a`teman ahw ok`utg`asuchrmsc" hvha md mts rhbotmvh mcp`rtoagh eos magrhoshl os o corjhr `d stotus:tems ot teh hxphash d hlugotm`a" wemge" te`une" ms stmbb mcp`rtoat! \eh g`ckmaotm`a`d hxpb`mtotm`a oal emhrorgemgob c`lhbs `d gboss rhcomas wmlhsprhol ma W`wht`!

Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmhOs g`athstotm`a vhr teh wemth w`rjman gboss woahl" mathrhst ma teh Odrmgoa phttyk`urnh`msmh hxpoalhl! Onoma" teh lhkoth eol p`bmtmgob smnamdmgoagh: tems tmch khgoush`d mcpbmgotm`as d`r e`w `ah georogthrmshl teh bholhrsemp `d teh bmkhrotm`a strunnbhoal d`r teh jmal `d gboss obbmoaghs teot se`ubl kh supp`rthl! Ky phtty k`urnh msmh

wrmthrs choa s`chteman oaob`n`us t` te`sh lhdmahl ok`vh os lhghat" `r hbmth" `rt`p strotuc" `r khtthr `dd %oal s`chtmchs k`urnh`msmh `r upphr gboss-! ^embhphtty k`urnh`msmh ms sukfhgtmvh" mt ms c`rh prhgmsh teoa cmllbh gboss" o vonuh mlhatmtythrc gbomchl ky o cuge bornhr auckhr d Odrmgoas %oal" d g`ursh" tehrs nhahrobby-!

Dr`c emst`rmgob oal htea`nropemg ogg`uats mt ms gbhor teot" uatmb teh ?=>9s" tehphtty k`urnh`msmh wos auchrmgobby scobb yht g`asmsthatby pr`vmlhl bholhrsemp d`rurkoa Odrmgoas ma nhahrob oal teh OAG ma portmgubor! Os port d o s`gmob emst`ry dteh \roasvoob Aotmvh G`anrhss ma teh yhors ?=?>;9" Yembmp K`aahr pr`p`shl teotteh phtty k`urnh`msmh wehtehr pr`dhssm`aobs r wahrs d scobb kusmahsshs g`ublkh pubbhl hmtehr ma teh lmrhgtm`a `d gopmtob `r teot `d bok`ur" oal teh woy tems wosrhs`bvhl rhbothl t` pbogh oal tmch! Ma ems gosh" teh pbogh wos o g`b`amob shttmanwehrh teh phtty k`urnh`msmh wos stuathl oal rhprhsshl oal teh k`ualory khtwhhamt oal teh w`rjman gboss wos kburrhl: oal teh tmch wos `ah `d oa mcchashbyp`whrdub upsurnh `d w`rjman#gboss onmtotm`a %K`aahr ?=5;6 798-! \eh `utg`ch"K`aahr %?=5;6 798- se`ws" wos o bholhrsemp teot eol mts `wa shgtm`aob mathrhstsoal pboghl mts `wa stocp `a hvhats" kut whrh a`t chrh coampubot`rs! \ehywhrh rolmgobmshl te`une obs` dronchathl ky hvhats n`man `a or`ual tehc!K`aahrs wos oa masmnetdub oppbmgotm`a `d o Corxmst g`aghptm`a `d gboss t` oamcp`rtoat peha`cha`a ot o portmgubor g`afuagturh! Ma `tehr c`chats" teh phtty

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?=Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

k`urnh`msmh cmnet kh lmddhrhatby d`rchl" g`ch ualhr lmddhrhat madbuhaghs oal pboyo lmddhrhat r`bh ma emst`ry!;5

Ems ogg`uat wos d`bb`whl ky o c`rh teh`rhtmgob lmsputh ok`ut teh nr`wte `dteh Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmh dr`c teh ?=49s `aworls! Ma otthcptman t` osshss tehhxthat oal georogthr `d tems hxpoasm`a" @wha Groajseow %?=54- hanonhl wmteg`atrostman teh`rmhs `ddhrhl ky ^rmnet oal Amg`s Y`uboatzos! ^h eovh obrholyhag`uathrhl teh d`rchr! \eh upse`t `d Y`uboatzoss %?=>8- p`smtm`a wos teot obbte`sh a`t hanonhl ma lmrhgt pr`lugtm`a `d surpbus vobuh magbulman" d r mastoagh"

r`utmah wemth#g`bbor w`rjhrs se`ubl kh magbulhl os port `d o ahw phtty k`ur#nh`msmh!;= Groajseows %?=54- hstmcoth wos teot tems ahw phtty k`urnh`msmhauckhrhl ok`ut 78 phr ghat `d wonh horahrs ky ?=57! Ogg`rlman t` emc" ^rmnetw`ubl eovh pboghl obb kut ok`ut = phr ghat d tehsh oc`an teh pr`bhtormot r shcm#out`a`c`us hcpb`yhhs! \eh wmlhr smnamdmgoagh `d teh ornuchat wos teot" md `ahogghpthl teh kr`ol %teot ms" Y`uboatzmoa- lhdmamtm`a" mt ehbphl fustmdy teh w`rjmangboss e`blman kogj `a mts `wa lhcoals ma `rlhr t` lhvhb`p o kr`olhr obbmoagh!Ogtuobby" coay `d teh shcm#out`a`c`us hcpb`yhhs g`ubl eovh khha magbulhl osport d teh pr`bhtormot! \ems wos sphgmdmgobby truh d sge``b thogehrs" we " ky ?=59 d`bb`wman teh cossmdmgotm`a d Odrmgoa sge``bman oal teh troasd`rcotm`a d thogemanmat` o comaby kbogj `ggupotm`a whrh kusy g`avhrtman pr`dhssm`aob oss`gmotm`as

mat` uam`as %Groajseow ?==>6 5=: Oc`oj` ;9?;-!79 O durtehr pr`kbhc wmte tehstotmstmgs ms teot tehy rhdhr t` hcpb`yhhs" teus hxgbulman teh uahcpb`yhl" oal ehaghnmvman oa madbothl mcprhssm`a `d teh pr`p`rtm`a `d teh Odrmgoa p`pubotm`a we`g`ubl kh rhnorlhl os phtty k`urnh`ms ualhr oay lhdmamtm`a!

K`anmaj`sm Kbolh Azmcoalh %?==9: ?==?- olvoaghl teh lhkoth ky lmstmanumsemanlmvhrnhat mathrhsts wmtema teh Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmh! D`r Azmcoalh %?==96 ?5?;9=-" tehrh whrh d`ur stroto %ems thrc-! \eh dmrst wos teh kurhougrotmg phttyk`urnh`msmh" teh sham`r duagtm`aormhs ma teh Koatustoas oal t`wasemps! Whg`alby"tehrh wos teh gmvmb phtty k`urnh`msmh" teot ms" stoth hcpb`yhhs %c`stby thogehrs" aurshsoal gbhrjs-" wemge wos teh bornhst `d teh d`ur stroto! \emrlby" tehrh wos o g`rp`rothphtty k`urnh`msmh" wemge gb`shby mlhatmdmhs wmte o drhh corjht" wos e`stmbh t` tehoportehml stoth oal ualhr prhssurh dr`c teh cmbmtoagy d teh w`rjman gboss! Dmaobby"tehrh wos teh trolman phtty k`urnh`msmh" wemge magbulhl `ah g`cp`ahat teot wosgb`shby oss`gmothl wmte teh kurhougrotmg phtty k`urnh`msmh oal oa`tehr teot wossoml t` kh out`a`c`us!7? Xalhr teh rmnet g`almtm`as" teh gmvmb phtty k`urnh`msmh"port `d teh g`rp`roth phtty k`urnh`msmh oal teh out`a`c`us trolman phttyk`urnh`msmh cmnet obby wmte teh w`rjman gboss! Azmcoalhs gothn`rmsotm`a eol cuget` `ddhr! Ma portmgubor" mt t``j us khy`al teh e`rmz`as `d teh t`wasemp" grhothl okhtthr shash `d lmvhrsmty wmtema teh Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmh" oal lrhw otthatm`a

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;9 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

t` teh mcpogt `d teh stoth" os whbb os gopmtob oal bok`ur! E`whvhr" dualochatobgeoanhs eovh `ggurrhl smagh teh stuly wos g`cpbhthl ma ?==?" oal `ah l`uktswehtehr teh Odrmgoa phtty k`urnh`msmh" ma teh d`rc lhsgrmkhl ky Azmcoalh" stmbbhxmsts ma o choamandub woy! ^embh `ah hbhchat hchrnhl os gopmtobmsts oal rubhrs" ocuge bornhr g`cp`ahat ms mlhatmdmokbh os w`rjhrs!7;

[hghat ogolhcmg rhshorge `a teh phtty k`urnh`msmh ms bmcmthl! E`whvhr" oamathrvmhw#koshl stuly `d kbogj g`rp`roth coaonhrs ky Nh`ddrhy C`lmseo %;99>-ymhblhl masmnets teot orh portmguborby rhbhvoat d`r ur wa ogg`uat! Obb teh coaonhrs

bmvhl ma teh sukurks" kut wehrhos teh c`rh fuam`r `ahs goch dr`c trolh uam`akogjnr`uals" bogjhl d`rcob quobmdmgotm`as oal eol porhats ma trolmtm`aob w`rjman#gboss `ggupotm`as" teh c`rh sham`r eol d`rcob quobmdmgotm`as oal c`st eol porhatsma pr`dhssm`aob p`smtm`as! Oa mcp`rtoat hxphrmhagh teot c`st `d tehsh coaonhrseol ma g`cc`a" oal wemge lmstmanumsehl tehc dr`c tehmr wemth g`bbhonuhs" wos oahhl t` ahn`tmoth rhbotm`asemps wmte jma we` whrh nhahrobby p``rhr oal bmvman mat`wasemps! @ah hxpbomahl6 M goat ogtuobby nht rmge ma o se`rt phrm`l d tmch" khgoushM seorh teh c`ahy wmte chckhrs `d cy hxthalhl docmbmhs khgoush tehy orh a`tw`rjman! [hsp`alhats we` comatomahl bmajs wmte tehmr docmbmhs bmvman ma t`wasempssoml temans bmjh6 Yh`pbh orh obwoys b``jman d`r hcpb`ychat dr`c ch ! ! ! W`chph`pbh orh gryman ma dr`at `d ch! Ky g`atrost" teh coaonhrs we` goch dr`c o

pr`dhssm`aob kogjnr`ual thalhl t` gut tmhs wmte tehmr rhbotmvhs" wmte `ah hxpbomaman6M strunnbh t` bmvh wmte te`sh ph`pbh khgoush `d cy mathrprhtotm`a `d rhobmty!

C`lmseos oaobysms rhg`namshs teh mcp`rtoagh `d bhvhbs wmtema g`rp`rothemhrorgemhs" oal ems g`atrost khtwhha kbogj oal wemth coaonhrs se`ws e`w ph`pbhdr`c lmssmcmbor kogjnr`uals hxphrmhagh teh soch gboss b`gotm`a ma lmddhrhat woys!\eus" eh olls durtehr g`cpbhxmty t` teh ogg`uat `d p`bmtmgobby sobmhat gbossgeorogthrmstmgs pr`vmlhl ky K`aahr" Azmcoalh oal `tehrs! Ma suc" `ahs sphgmdmgp`smtm`a wmtema teh phtty k`urnh`msmh seophs `ahs fulnhchats" kut s` t`` l`hsphrs`aob emst`ry oal teh pubb `d hxthraob d`rghs %gopmtob" bok`ur oal teh stoth-! Mateh shg`al lhgolh `d teh twhatmhte ghatury oal ma teh ?=59s" p`whrdub w`rjman#gboss c`vhchats whrh okbh t` rolmgobmsh mcp`rtoat shgtm`as d teh phtty k`urnh`msmh"kut ms teh w`rjman gboss stmbb suddmgmhatby g`ehrhat t` eovh o smcmbor mcpogt t`loy0

Xahcpb`ychat oal gboss oaobysmsC`lmseos mathrvmhws p`mat t` teh oanumse oal suddhrman oss`gmothl wmte p`vhrtyoal uahcpb`ychat! \eus" eh tojhs us t` cotthrs ot teh ehort `d W`ute Odrmgoss`gmob grmsms oal t` teh coma d`gus `d gurrhat lhkoth or`ual gboss!

\eh pr`kbhc d uahcpb`ychat lml a`t khg`ch opporhat uatmb teh ?=>9s! \emswos bornhby khgoush madbux g`atr`bs hasurhl teot f`kbhss Odrmgoas whrh emllha owoy

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ma teh Koatustoas" comaby ma rurob rhshttbhchat sbucs! Xrkoa uahcpb`ychat eol

khha lmspboghl" t` qu`th Georbhs Wmcjmas %?=5?-! Eh oal G`scos Lhsc`al %?=>56

vmm- stoth kbuatby teot dr`c ?=49 W`ute Odrmgoa uahcpb`ychat ahvhr dhbb khb`w

`ah cmbbm`a! \eh roth r`sh sthhpby dr`c teh bost yhors `d teh lhgolh" lmpphl ma teh

cml#?=>9s" oal teha r`sh g`atmau`usby ter`une teh ?=59s %Groajseow ?==>6 ?99s oal ?=59s strunnbh onomast oportehml ma

tw` woys! Dmrstby" mt pr`vmlhl o grmtmgob coss `d y`uan rhgrumts d`r t`wasemp

rhsmstoagh! Whg`alby" teh magrhoshl kurlha d uahcpb`ychat wmphl ut teh khahdmt

`d mcpr`vhl wonhs" puseman w`rjhrs t` dmnet d`r emnehr poy" bholman ma tura t`str`anhr uam`a rnoamsotm`a oal ehmnethahl gboss g`asgm`usahss! Ogg`rlman t` ddmgmob

stotmstmgs" teh hxpoalhl roth `d uahcpb`ychat %teot ms" magbulman lmsg`uronhl f`k

shhjhrs- st``l ot ;5!4 phr ghat ma ?==

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`dd oal eol nr`wa ma smzh!78 \eh oppr`oge ms rhsp`asmvh t` W`ute Odrmgoa g`almtm`as"oal os o choas d lhsgrmkman smnamdmgoat osphgts d s`gmob troasd`rcotm`a mt ms ehbpdub!Kut md ah woats t` hxpb`rh teh rhbotm`asemp d gbosshs t` sukfhgtmvmtmhs" wh ahhl oaogg`uat teot rhg`namshs teot ph`pbh orh malmvmluobs os whbb os chckhrs d e`ushe`bls!Durtehr" teh l`cmaoagh prmagmpbh ualhrvobuhs teh smzh oal mcpogt `d p`vhrty kyobb`gotman coay `d teh uahcpb`yhl" d`r mastoagh" t` o emnehr gboss! C`rh`vhr"weot malmvmluobs goa odd`rl wmbb kh lhthrcmahl ky teh g`cp`smtm`a `d teh we`bhe`ushe`bl %portmguborby mts smzh oal auckhr `d mag`ch horahrs- oal a`t fust teh

`ggupotm`a d mts l`cmaoat chckhr oal mag`ch dr`c whobte oal hatrhprhahursemp!Whhjmans oal Aottross %;998- obs` t``j up teh mssuh `d wehtehr `r a`t port `dteh uahcpb`yhl g`astmtuthl oa ualhrgboss! \ehmr rhsp`ash lmsonnrhnothl tehmrrhsmluob" lhdmaman os ualhrgboss `aby e`ushe`bls wmte a` hcpb`yhl chckhrsoal teus a` s`gmob gopmtob %Whhjmans oal Aottross ;9986 ;5=-! \ems s`butm`a ms hbhnoatkut" os wmte ^rmnets %?=>56 =7- otthcpt t` nroppbh wmte teh soch mssuh" mt ms obs`pr`kbhcotmg!74 Bogj `d hcpb`ychat ma o e`ushe`bl ms a`t teh soch os okshagh `ds`gmob gopmtob ph`pbh goa kh f`kbhss oal stmbb eovh drmhals" n` t` geurge" otthal tehwhllmans oal duahrobs `d tehmr hxthalhl docmby" oal rhghmvh rhcmttoaghs dr`c oc`tehr `r dotehr we` w`rjs owoy dr`c e`ch!7> Khman port `d o p`vhrty#strmgjhae`ushe`bl ms bmjhby t` eovh oa olvhrsh mcpogt `a bmdh geoaghs" kut p`vhrty ms

wmlhsprhol oal goaa`t kh rhlughl t` e`ushe`bls wmte`ut oay hcpb`yhl chckhrs!Ma o rhghat rhdbhgtm`a" Whhjmans %;995o6 ;7- masmsts teot tehrh ms o lmsgrhth ualhrgboss`r b`whr gboss shporoth dr`c teh w`rjman gboss " kut ogja`wbhlnhs teot tems goakh mlhatmdmhl ky oay auckhr d grmthrmo oal teh oppr`prmoth bokhb d`r tems gboss goakh lhkothl! Mt w`ubl shhc" teha" teot o pr`kbhc rhcomas! M w`ubl ghrtomaby a`twmse t` sunnhst teot tems ms oa hosy cotthr kut" dr`c teh phrsphgtmvh `d teh quhstm`aswh orh osjman" mt ms p`ssmkbh t` smcpby rhg`namsh teot s`ch ph`pbh orh uahcpb`yhl!Lmddmgubtmhs ormsh weha ah chrnhs gboss oal weot orh hsshatmobby ggupotm`a#koshlgothn`rmhs!75

Oa obthraotmvh teh`rmsotm`a wos olvoaghl ky Jorb v`a E`blt oal Hlworl^hksthr %;998-" we` rhprhshat tehmr p`smtm`a lmonroccotmgobby ma teh d`rc `d oa`am`a %rhpr`lughl ma Geopthr -! \ems c`lhb rhd`gushs otthatm`a`a malmvmluobs" mt se`ws c`vhchat khtwhha teh lmddhrhat boyhrs oal mt ov`mls sbmgman`dd o shporoth ualhrgboss! E`whvhr" wembh e`ushe`bls orh chatm`ahl" tehy orh a`tmathnrothl mat` teh c`lhb oal teh tw` ma dmvh W`ute Odrmgoa olubts a`t ma tehbok`ur d`rgh orh cmssman! \eh strhante d teh ornuchat oal mt ms g`asmlhrokbh ms

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mts g`aghra wmte rnoamsotm`aob quhstm`as! \eh bmcmtotm`a d trolh uam`as %sphgmdmgobbyG@WO\X- ma dombman t` c`vh khy`al teh g`rh ms rhg`namshl" oal teh oute`rs olv`gothteh mcp`rtoagh `d g`ccuamty#koshl c`vhchats teot c`kmbmsh ph`pbh `utsmlh tehaugbhus! D`r o g`uathr c`vhchat t` truby kh hddhgtmvh" tehy ornuh" mt se`ubl bmajw`rjpbogh oal g`ccuamty strunnbhs" ollman6 ma `tehr w`rls" uamtman teh trolhuam`a c`vhchat oal s`gmob c`vhchats ma o kr`ol g`obmtm`a onomast teh lhstrugtmvhmcpogt d teh corjht a s`gmhty %T`a E`blt oal hksthr ;9986 75-! Xad`rtuaothby"tehmr vmhw `d `rnoamsotm`a ms s`chweot d`rcobmstmg" wmte s`gmob c`vhchats shha os

teh hqumvobhat `d trolh uam`as! Coss `rnoamsotm`a oc`an teh f`kbhss ms dor c`rhlmddmgubt t` sustoma teoa oc`an w`rjhrs" oal sugghssdub c`kmbmsotm`a thals t` khse`rt thrc" teus p`sman grmtmgob strothnmg oal togtmgob lmbhccos!

T`a E`blt %;9??6 4- eos a`w kr`olhahl ems oaobysms" pr`p`sman teot o ropmlpr`ghss d gboss d`rcotm`a ms ualhrwoy ma W`ute Odrmgo! Eh p`mats t` oa mcp`rtoatsemdt6 oc`an kbogj ph`pbh" ma portmgubor" tehrh ms o nr`wman nubd khtwhha te`shwe`" ot teh ah hal `d teh sphgtruc" eovh khg`ch port d teh rubman gboss" hmtehr osgopmtobmsts %stmbb dor scobbhr ma auckhrs oal bhss whobtey teoa tehmr wemth g`uathrports-`r os port `d teh n`vhraman hbmth" oal" ot teh `tehr hal" te`sh we` T`a E`bltlhsgrmkhs os teh uahcpb`yhl oal prhgorm`usby hcpb`yhl! @ah osphgt `d temspeha`cha`a ms cmnrotm`a dr`c t`wasemps t` sukurks" mav`bvman" ogg`rlman t` o

;995 stuly" s`ch ?; 999 kbogj docmbmhs phr c`ate" ma teh smx bornhst gmtmhs ob`ah%Aotm`aob Yboaaman G`ccmssm`a ;9??-!7= Oa oss`gmothl pr`ghss ms ogghss t` khtthr#phrd`rcman sge``bs" wemge eos mcpbmgotm`as d`r hatry t` khtthr#poml f`ks %Wmcjmas;998-! Kut mt ms lmddmgubt t` shh e`w tehsh pr`ghsshs oc`uat t` teh grhotm`a `d ahwgbosshs!

Coma dmalmans^h a`w g`asmlhr e`w `ur `wa rhshorge olls t` teh bmthroturh lmsgusshl ok`vh!

Ma Geopthr ; Jmc obh pr`vmlhs oa vhrvmhw d teh emst`ry d gboss ma W`wht`!\eh t`wasemps rmnmas whrh os o rhsmlhatmob orho lhsmnahl comaby d`r w`rjhrs bmvmanma corrmhl gmrgucstoaghs! Ma ?=

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teot chrnhl wmte ogtmvmty ma teh t`wasemp t` grhoth o d`rgh teot wos ghatrob t` teh`vhrter`w d oportehml! Ma teh p`st#oportehml yhors" tehrh eos khha smnamdmgoat gbosslmddhrhatmotm`a" wmte khtthr#`dd ph`pbh nhahrobby c`vman `ut `d teh t`wasemp oalmagrhoshl p`vhrty ggurrman wmtema mt! Khd`rh teh hal d oportehml" nr`wman auckhrs`d ph`pbh whrh bmvman ma seogjs" oal coay ph`pbh stmbb bmvh ma suge g`almtm`as!

Ma Geopthr 7 Ghrutm pomats o pmgturh d g`athcp`rory W`wht` teot lrows comaby`a quoatmtotmvh loto" cuge d mt notehrhl os port d ur ;994 survhy! Weh se`ws teotteh p`pubotm`a `d teh t`wasemp wos nr`wman" ma port khgoush `d g`atmauman ma#

cmnrotm`a! @a o auckhr `d malmgot`rs" mts rhsmlhats thalhl t` kh o bmttbh khtthr `ddteoa `tehr W`ute Odrmgoas" kut teh roths `d uahcpb`ychat whrh emnehr teoa tehovhronh d`r teh g`uatry! E`usman pr`vmlhs teh coma d`gus `d teh geopthr! Ehrh tehhvmlhagh bhals supp`rt t` dmalmans dr`c `tehr rhshorgehrs teot tehrh ms nr`wmanlmddhrhatmotm`a! O cma`rmty bmvh ma rhbotmvhby g`stby ahw e`ushs `r ma sukstoatmobbymcpr`vhl blhr ahs" wembh teh cof`rmty rhsmlh ma d`rchr g`uagmb e`ushs teot eovha`t khha upnrolhl" kogjyorl r``cs" seogjs oal e`sthbs! E`whvhr" Ghrutm goutm`asonomast oa `vhrsmcpbmdmhl vmhw teot hquoths khtthr e`usman typhs wmte w`rj stotus`r emnehr mag`ch" se`wman teot `tehr dogt`rs g`atrmkuth t` teh lmddhrhatmotm`a"magbulman e`ushe`bl smzh oal weha ph`pbh goch t` W`wht`! Wmnamdmgoatby" ph`pbhwmte`ut w`rj bmvh ma gb`sh pr`xmcmty t` tehrs wmte rhnubor sobormhs! Malhhl" oc`an

`ur rhsp`alhats" te`sh bmvman ma kogjyorl seogjs whrh c`rh bmjhby t` kh rhghmvmano rhnubor wonh teoa t` kh uahcpb`yhl" oal teh pr`p`rtm`a `d uahcpb`yhl wosok`vh ovhronh d`r W`wht` oc`an te`sh bmvman ma uarha`vothl d`rchr g`uagmb e`ushs%wemge orh suphrm`r ma quobmty t` seogjs-!

Ma Geopthr < Ghrutm hxthals ehr ogg`uat `at` teh thrroma `d hcpb`ychat oaluahcpb`ychat! Lrowman a teh survhy" seh se`ws teot aby ;< phr ghat d W`whtoaswhrh rhnuborby hcpb`yhl w`rjhrs" wmte o durtehr > phr ghat gothn`rmshl os phttyk`urnh`msmh" coaonhrs `r gopmtobmsts! \eh rhcomaman 4= phr ghat whrh hmtehr dubbyuahcpb`yhl" hanonhl ma survmvobmst ogtmvmtmhs" r utsmlh teh bok`ur d`rgh ky vmrtuh`d khman stulhats `r phasm`ahrs! Ma tehsh gmrgucstoaghs" oa `ggupotm`a#onnrhnothoppr`oge t` gboss oaobysms ms uaehbpdub" khgoush mt bhovhs o bornh cof`rmty `d tehp`pubotm`a uagbosshl" uabhss" phreops" tehy orh trhothl os opphalonhs `d ph`pbhwmte f`ks %wemge" os wh eovh shha" grhoths durtehr pr`kbhcs-! Ghrutm `pts d`r oaoppr`oge teot hcpeosmshs teh g`ccuamty `d doth teot hxmsts khtwhha te`sh we`orh hcpb`yhl oal te`sh wmte`ut rhnubor f`ks! \eh grmtmgob mssuh ms teh r`bh pboyhlky e`ushe`bls ma hasurman survmvob ter`une teh rhlmstrmkutm`a `d rhs`urghs" wmteteh hddhgt teot teh rotm` d horahrs t` lhphaloats goa eovh o g`asmlhrokbh mcpogt ahxphrmhaghs `d p`vhrty! Ghrutm lhvhb`ps Corxs g`aghpt `d teh bok`ur rhshrvh oalsurpbus p`pubotm`a t` pr`p`sh o lyaocmg#systhcmg c`lhb `d gboss" wehrh lmddhrhat

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hxphrmhaghs `d hxpb`mtotm`a coy kh gr`ssgut ky g`cc`a hxphrmhaghs `d e`ch bmdh!D`r Ghrutm" W`wht` ms `vhrwehbcmanby o lmddhrhatmothl pr`bhtormoa t`wasemp" wehrhpr`bhtormoa ms tojha t` choa te`sh wmte`ut pr`phrty! embh lmddhrhaghs khtwhhaw`rjhrs oal teh uahcpb`yhl l` a`t oc`uat t` gboss lmddhrhaghs" lmddhrhatmotm`athals t` `ksgurh g`cc`aobmty ma teh p`pubor mconmaotm`a!

Geopthr 8 r`uals dd teh lmsgussm`a d gboss oal hcpb`ychat! Mt l`hs s` ter`uneoa oaobysms `d ualhrhcpb`ychat ualhrtojha ky ^obh oal cyshbd! \eh ualhr#hcpb`yhl magbulh tw` g`cp`ahats6 teh survmvobmst shbd#hcpb`yhl oal portmob

w`rjhrs! h se`w teot teh e`ushe`bls d teh ualhrhcpb`yhl thal t` kh w`rsh ddteoa te`sh `d teh uahcpb`yhl! \` hxpboma tems" wh lrow `a oa Malmoa ope`rmscteot teh p``r orh t`` p``r t` kh uahcpb`yhl! \eot ms" d`r c`st olubts"uahcpb`ychat ms `aby p`ssmkbh md o chckhr `d `ahs docmby eos s`ch s`urgh `dmag`ch" wehtehr mt ms o wonh `r o nroat `d s`ch jmal! \eh mcpbmgotm`a ms teotn`vhrachat stotmstmgs d`r uahcpb`ychat hvha te`sh koshl `a teh hxpoalhlchosurh orh oa uasotmsdogt`ry malmgot r d s`gmob whbb#khman! \eh bok`ur oks`rptm`aroth teh phrghatonh d teh w`rjman#onh p`pubotm`a ma hcpb`ychat ms c rh ushdub"oal d`r W`ute Odrmgo tems ms teh b`whst d`r oay cof`r g`uatry" ot fust `vhr phr ghat `d tehw`rjman#onh p`pubotm`a ms d`rcobby hcpb`yhl!

Ma Geopthr 4 wh c`vh teh d`gus t` sukfhgtmvh osphgts `d gboss os tehy whrhrhdbhgthl ma ur survhy oal quobmtotmvh rhshorge ma Geopthr 4! \eh loto prhshathl kyC`so Yeolm oal Ghrutm se`ws teot o vhry emne pr`p`rtm`a d W`wht`s olubts eovhs`ch gboss oworhahss! D`r mastoagh" hxtrop`botman dr`c `ur survhy" =7 phr ghat `dW`whtoas novh tehcshbvhs ot bhost ah gboss bokhb! E`whvhr" aby 75 phr ghat ogghpthlfust `ah bokhb! \eh coma d`rcs `d cubtmpbh gboss mlhatmty whrh %?- p``r/b`whrg`ckmahl wmte cmllbh oal %;- w`rjman g`ckmahl wmte cmllbh" k`te `d wemge orhrhos`aokbh rhsp`ashs ma teh g`athxt `d weot wh goch t` ja`w ok`ut gboss mlhatmtyma W`wht`! \eh l`cmaoat c`lhb wos koshl `a terhh gbosshs" wmte s`ch jmal `dupphr" cmllbh oal b`whr %magbulman p``r- gbosshs! ^`rjman gboss wos osuppbhchatory mlhatmty! Ma quobmtotmvh mathrvmhws teh upphr gboss wos pmgturhl osg`cprmsman te`sh wmte o buxury bmdh" kut ma teh survhy te`sh gbomcman teh mlhatmty"o scobb cma`rmty" whrh a`t hsphgmobby whbb `dd oal whrh lmstmanumsehl comaby kytehmr shbd#g`admlhagh! \eh cmllbh#gboss mlhatmty wos ahkub`us! embh mt rhprhshathlte`sh we` whrh ahmtehr upphr a`r b`whr" teh prhgmsh lhdmamtm`as vormhl! \ehp``r `r b`whr gboss teh tw` whrh ushl os sya`aycs whrh malhhl p``rhr teoa`tehr ph`pbh" oal tems magbulhl b`whr bhvhbs d hlugotm`aob ottomachat! Hxtrop`botmandr`c teh survhy" 44 phr ghat `d W`whtoas gbomchl o cmllbh#gboss mlhatmty" wmtew`rjman gboss g`cman shg`al ot

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;4 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

Ma Geopthr > ^obh lrows `a ehr rholman `d mathrvmhw troasgrmpts t` lhvhb`p oaornuchat teot bmajs teh pmv`tob g`aghpt `d odd`rlokmbmty wmte lmddhrhat d`rcs `dgboss g`asgm`usahss prhshat ma rhsp`alhats w`rblvmhws! Weh khnmas ky rhcmalmanus teot odd`rlokmbmty chlmoths gboss os hg`a`cmg lmddhrhagh oal gboss os gubturoblmddhrhagh! \eha" usman teh chtope`r d o bollhr" seh ornuhs teot weha ph`pbh b``jupworls" tehy thal t` hcpeosmsh gubturob oal malmvmluob hxprhssm`as `d gboss" kutweha tehy b``j l`waworls" p`vhrty oal bogj `d w`rj g`ch t` teh d`rh! ^obhsogg`uat teha c`vhs t` o lmsgussm`a d g`cphtman w`rblvmhws oal tehmr rhbotm`asemp

t` teh bollhr! \eh mcpbmgotm`as d ehr ogg`uat orh g`atrolmgt`ry! @a teh ah eoal"gboss lmddhrhagh ms a`t ahghssormby shha os s`chteman kol6 mt coy kh oss`gmothl wmteo systhc teot ms kosmgobby fust" oal ms teus p`bmtmgmshl ma o woy teot rhmad`rghs tehstotus qu`! @a teh tehr eoal" wehrh c`kmbmty ms stuathl" hmtehr ter`une hg`a`cmgmcphlmchats `r ter`une rogh" dhhbmans `d mafustmgh magrhosh oal wmte tehc tehp`thatmob teot gboss" phreops ob`ansmlh rogh" goa kh c`kmbmshl ky o g`uathr#ehnhc`amgc`vhchat! \eus" odd`rlokmbmty cotthrs" a`t aby os o g`aghpt teot phrcmts o e`bmstmgualhrstoalman `d gboss" kut obs` os o rhobmty teot ms prhnaoat wmte p`ssmkmbmtmhs d`rs`gmob geoanh!

Ma Geopthr 5Yeolm oal @wha Coalo hxpb`rh e`w W`whtoas ualhrstoalmans`d gboss orh seophl ky thrcs ovombokbh t` tehc ma tehmr malmnha`us boanuonhs!

[oyc`al ^mbbmocs %?=>4-" lmsgusshl ky teh oute`rs" rhnorlhl gboss os o lmddmgubtw`rl! Ma W`ute Odrmgo" lmddmgubty ms conamdmhl ky teh mathrogtm`a `d malmnha`usthrcma`b`ny" `rmnmaobby g`astrugthl ma portmgubor rurob g`athxts" wmte tems obrholylmddmgubt w`rl! \w` hcpmrmgob mssuhs orh g`asmlhrhl! Dmrstby" tehrh ms a` nhahrobthrc teot goa kh hquothl wmte gboss os ushl ma o prmcormby hg`a`cmg shash! \ehahorhst g`uathrports g`avhy mcpbmgotm`as `d stoalman" stotus `r bhvhb! Whg`alby"wembh tehrh orh a` lmrhgt hqumvobhats d`r sphgmdmg gboss thrcs" shvhrob w`rls orhoss`gmothl wmte p`vhrty oal o auckhr orh rhbothl t` whobte! Kut cmllbh gbossp`shs o portmgubor pr`kbhc khgoush teh gb`shst troasbotm`a ma malmnha`us W`uteOdrmgoa boanuonhs choas ma teh cmllbh" grhotman p`ssmkmbmtmhs d`r auchr`usmathrprhtotm`as! \ems ehbps t` hxpboma wey suge o emne pr`p`rtm`a `d W`whtoasg`asmlhr tehcshbvhs t` kh cmllbh gboss! ^`rjman gboss grhoths durtehr lmddmgubty"wmte ph`pbh thalman t` troasboth mt os choaman te`sh we` w`rj" teus bmcmtman tehp`thatmob d`r lhvhb`pman o gboss v`gokubory wmte kr`ol hcoagmpot`ry mcpbmgotm`as!\ems geopthr eos wmlhr smnamdmgoagh khgoush mt rhvhobs teh maolhquogy `d mcp`smanoa Hanbmse#boanuonh thcpboth %wmte obb mts lmddmgubty- `a o a`a#Hanbmse shttman"wehrh ph`pbh orh bmjhby t` kh drocman tehmr w`rblvmhws ogg`rlman t` lmddhrhatstoalorls oal wehrh o g`cc`a thrc cmllbh gboss" d`r mastoagh coy eovhlmddhrhat choamans!

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Geopthr =" ky Jhjh C`tshjh oal Wmk`anmbh Cozmkuj`" oaobyshs teh rhbotm`asempkhtwhha gboss oal geurge! \ems ms mcp`rtoat khgoush ur survhy se`whl teot 5> phrghat d W`whtoas whrh Germstmoas %c`rh teoa teh aotm`aob ovhronh- oal obc`st eobdteh p`pubotm`a eol otthalhl geurge ma teh prhvm`us shvha loys! Ma thrcs d oddmbmotm`a"teh comabmah geurgehs %suge os Gote`bmg oal Oanbmgoa- eovh bhss supp`rt teoarhdbhgthl ma htea`nropemg ogg`uats rhvmhwhl ok`vh" wmte `aby ;4 phr ghat `d tehp`pubotm`a oss`gmotman wmte tehc! \ehsh eovh khha `vhrtojha ky teh OdrmgoaMalhphalhat Geurgehs %OMGs- %;> phr ghat d teh p`pubotm`a-" oal teh Yhatog`stobs

orh nr`wman %?; phr ghat-! Dmrstby" os eos khha truh emst`rmgobby" tehrh ms o thalhagyd`r p``rhr ph`pbh t` kh ottrogthl t` teh OMGs oal d`r te`sh we` orh khtthr `dd t`oss`gmoth wmte comabmah geurgehs! Whg`alby" wembh teh smnamdmgoagh `d gboss wos wmlhbylhamhl oal ma s`ch geurgehs whobtemhr g`anrhnoats ehbphl te`sh we` whrh p``rhr"gboss lmddhrhaghs whrh `dtha coamdhst ma gb`teman" shotman p`smtm`a oal teh jmal `dph`pbh we` t``j bholhrsemp p`smtm`as! \eh nhahrob pr`p`smtm`a ms teot ph`pbh otthalo geurge wehrh tehy dhhb s`gmobby ogghpthl oal wehrh tehmr ahhls oal ospmrotm`asorh a`urmsehl" oal tems choas teot gboss ms mcpbmgothl ma geurge otthaloagh!

Geopthr ?9 pr`vmlhs cy g`agbusm`a! \ehrh orh tw` opphalmghs! Ma Opphalmx ?"Ghrutm oal M lhsgrmkh teh chte`ls ushl ma tems stuly! Ma portmgubor" wh pr`vmlhlhtombs ok`ut teh quoatmtotmvh survhy6 lhdmamtm`a d p`pubotm`a" quhstm`aaomrh lhsmna"

socpbman pr`ghlurhs" loto g`bbhgtm`a" rhsp`ash roth oal whmnetman! Ma Opphalmx ;"Ghrutm pr`vmlhs ollmtm`aob mad`rcotm`a ok`ut W`whtoas lrowa dr`c teh survhy!\ems magbulhs lhc`nropemgs" bhvhbs `d hlugotm`aob ottomachat" c`tehr t`anuh oalp`bmtmgob supp`rt! @aby = phr ghat `d teh p`pubotm`a whrh chckhrs `d o trolhuam`a" kut 55 phr ghat dhbt gb`sh t` teh uahcpb`yhl! Dmaobby" teh dmbc Yeojotem6W`wht`s Cmllbman Gboss ms ovombokbh dr`c teh W`ute Odrmgoa [hshorge Geomr ma W`gmobGeoanh ot teh Xamvhrsmty d F`eoaahskurn oal goa kh vmhwhl a www!y`utukh!g`c!\ems l`guchatory" colh ky Yeolm oal `tehrs os port `d teh pr`fhgt" hxpb`rhs tehrhos`as wey suge o emne pr`p`rtm`a `d W`whtoas rhnorlhl tehcshbvhs os cmllbhgboss!

Wuccory\eh v`buchs g`agbusm`as orh prhshathl ma teh dmaob geopthr! Ehrh M lrow t`nhtehrosphgts `d teh teh`rhtmgob drochw`rj" rhbhvoat bmthroturh oal geopthr `utbmahs os ochoas `d smnaobbman jhy mssuhs!

@ur oage`rman quhstm`a wos ok`ut hcoagmpotm`a p`shl ma teh g`athxt `dW`ute Odrmgos oguth s`gmob mahquobmtmhs oal mathash kut shporoth strunnbhs ky w`rjhrsoal teh p``r! \eh chte`l`b`ny" kr`olby Corxmst ma georogthr" omchl ot hxpb`rmanteh rhbotm`asemp khtwhha oa `kfhgtmvh corjhr `d hcpb`ychat rhbotm`as" osphgts `d

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;5 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

s`gmob rhpr`lugtm`a oal vorm`us gbosshl sukfhgtmvmtmhs! Ma W`wht`" o bornh cof`rmty`d teh olubt p`pubotm`a ms hmtehr uahcpb`yhl" ualhrhcpb`yhl r a`t ma teh bok`urd`rgh" teus hxp`sman teh ahhl d`r o c`lhb teot c`vhs khy`al `ggupotm`aobgbossmdmgotm`a! D`r us" ossmnaman teh gboss p`smtm`a `d teh l`cmaoat chckhr `d oe`ushe`bl t` hoge chckhr d teot e`ushe`bl lml a`t pr`vmlh o s`butm`a" khgoush mtms malmvmluobs" rotehr teoa e`ushe`bls" we` eovh gboss mlhatmtmhs oal hanonh mastrunnbh! @ur oppr`oge mav`bvhl lhvhb`pman amah HGs" wmte tehsh gopokbh `dogg`cc`lotman teh hatmrhty `d `ur socpbh!

@ur quhstm`as `a mlhatmty rhvhobhl teot c`rh teoa =9 phr ghat `d W`wht`sp`pubotm`a g`ubl lhdmah tehcshbvhs ma gboss thrcs! \ypmgobby" ph`pbh te`unet tehrhwhrh terhh gbosshs teot ms" s`ch vhrsm a `d b`whr" cmllbh oal upphr gboss kut"weha osjhl ok`ut tehmr `wa mlhatmty" teh shg`al bornhst auckhr lhsgrmkhltehcshbvhs os w`rjman gboss! Mamtmob quobmtotmvh rhshorge eol bhl us t` osj ok`utmlhatmdmgotm`a ma o woy teot wos a`vhb ma tw` rhsphgts! Dmrst" teh gboss bokhbs ddhrhlwhrh lhrmvhl dr`c mathrvmhws rotehr teoa prhg`aghmvhl" oal" shg`alby" rhsp`alhatsg`ubl shbhgt c`rh teoa ah bokhb! Ma progtmgh" c`st ph`pbh shbhgthl ot bhost ah sugebokhb %d`r hxocpbh" p``r oal cmllbh gboss `r w`rjman gboss oal cmllbh gboss-! @ahgoa eyp`tehsmsh teot oa mcp`rtoat rhos`a d`r cubtmpbh gboss mlhatmdmgotm`a ms teotgboss aochs tw` lmstmagt hxphrmhaghs! Mt lmstmanumsehs o w`rjhr dr`c te`sh we`

khahdmt ky hxhrtman g`atr`b vhr tehmr bok`ur" kut mt obs` lmstmanumsehs te`sh rhnorlhlos ma s`ch chosurh khtthr `dd dr`c te`sh we` orh bhss s` %g`cc`aby pr`lugmanterhh gbosshs-! C`rh`vhr" teh k`ualormhs wmtema tehsh hxphrmhaghs orh dtha uagbhor!\ems goa kh truh `d rhbotm`aob gboss" hsphgmobby ma bornh g`rp`rotm`as oal teh stoth"wmte tehmr b`an geomas d g`ccoal oal shporotm`a d coaonhchat dr`c wahrsemp!E`whvhr" mt ms portmguborby teh gosh wmte emhrorgemgob gboss" wehrh teh smnamdmhrs `dlmddhrhagh orh vormhl %suge os mag`ch" hlugotm`a" e`usman" gb`tehs" boanuonh/ogghat-!Yh`pbh orh cojman shash `d lmddhrhat s`gmob rhobmtmhs" oal teus mlhatmdmgotm`a wmtetw` `r c`rh gbosshs ms rotm`aob! \eot ms" wembh ph`pbh rhg`namsh teh mcp`rtoagh `dgboss %e`whvhr lhdmahl-" tehy dtha eovh lmddmgubty obmnaman tehcshbvhs wmte o smanbhgboss bokhb khgoush gboss mlhatmtmhs orh" nhaumahby oal d`r n``l rhos`a" oss`gmothlwmte c`rh teoa `ah peha`cha`a!

\ehrh ms obs` oa kfhgtmvh kosms d`r gboss mlhatmtmhs! ^`rjman gboss wos oss`gmothlwmte eovman o f`k" oal teh c`st p`pubor mlhatmty `d rhnuborby hcpb`yhl w`rjhrswos w`rjman gboss! Ky g`atrost" ph`pbh lhsgrmkman tehcshbvhs os b`whr gboss thalhlt` kh c`rh lhprmvhl teoa te`sh we` lml a`t! Y`pubor phrghptm`as d gboss nhahrobbyrhdhrhaghl odd`rlokmbmty" o w`rl ushl ma Hanbmse teot obs` eol c`tehr#t`anuhhqumvobhats!

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;=Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

suddhrman %teh b`whr gboss" p``r htg!-! Odd`rlokmbmty pr`vmlhs o bmaj dr`c sukfhgtmvh

hxphrmhaghs %magbulman gbosshl gubturh oal vhrkobmshl gboss mlhatmtmhs-" ter`une mag`ch"

t` `ggupotm`a %`r bogj `d `ggupotm`a-! \eus" mt g`aahgts g`asucptm`a oal

pr`lugtm`a! Ma ollmtm`a" wembh ph`pbh chatm`a malmvmluob ottrmkuths oal gubturob

oss`gmotm`as weha tehy b``j upworls ma gboss thrcs" tehy rhdhr t` bogj `d kosmg

rhs`urghs weha tehy b``j l`wa! \ems rhmad`rghs sunnhstm`as ma s`ch s`gm`b`nmgob

bmthroturh teot teh woy ph`pbh lhdmah gboss cmnet kh oddhgthl ky tehmr gboss b`gotm`a"

wmte te`sh lhdmahl os cmllbh gboss comaby g`aghrahl wmte gubturob rhdhrhats oal

teh w`rjman gboss oal p``r hcpeosmsman teh mcp`rtoagh `d hg`a`cmg corjhrs!Oa mcp`rtoat twmst ma ur ogg`uat d gboss mlhatmty or`sh weha g`asmlhrman teh

c`tehr#t`anuh thrcs teot whrh ovombokbh weha ph`pbh whrh troasbotman gboss#rhbothl

w`rls mat` Hanbmse! A`tokby" tems se`whl teot weha ph`pbh ush teh thrc cmllbh

gboss" tehy orh vhry `dtha troasbotman dr`c o w`rl teot choas ma teh cmllbh"

wemge ms dor c`rh magbusmvh! \ems" ma tura" ehbps t` hxpboma wey cmllbh gboss wos

teh c`st p`pubor gboss mlhatmty!

^mte rhnuborby hcpb`yhl w`rjhrs thalman t` mlhatmdy tehcshbvhs os w`rjman

gboss" oal phasm`ahrs" teh ualhrhcpb`yhl oal uahcpb`yhl c`rh bmjhby t` lhsgrmkh

tehcshbvhs os p``r" mt cmnet shhc teot tehrh ms o dmrc kosms d`r lmstmanumseman o

w`rjman gboss dr`c o p``r `r b`whr gboss! Kut tems ms a`t teh p`smtm`a wh ol`pthl!^mtema W`wht`" tehrh wos bmttbh hvmlhagh `d oaton`amsc oss`gmothl wmte HGs `r

gboss mlhatmty" oal khtthr#`dd ph`pbh whrh nhahrobby sycpotehtmg t` te`sh we` whrh

p``rhr! \ems rhdbhgthl bmdh emst`rmhs oal teh gb`sh peysmgob pr`xmcmty `d w`rjhrs

oal teh uahcpb`yhl! E`ushe`bls thalhl t` rh#lmstrmkuth rhs`urghs dr`c khtthr#

pboghl docmby chckhrs t` te`sh we` whrh p``rhr! Jma" drmhals" ahmnek`urs" geurgehs

oal s` `a pr`vmlhl cothrmob supp`rt ma teh d`rc `d temans bmjh d``l" sge``b dhhs

oal b`oas" kut obs`" d`r mastoagh" mad`rcotm`a ok`ut f`k `pp`rtuamtmhs! Ma thrcs `d

ogg`cc`lotm`a" tehrh whrh a` seorp lmvmsm`as khtwhha teh jmal d e`usman ggupmhl

ky" d`r hxocpbh" teh uahcpb`yhl oal teh rhnuborby wonhl! Ma thrcs `d mlhatmty"

c`st ph`pbh whrh a`t hmtehr w`rjman gboss `r p``r" rotehr tehy lhsgrmkhl

tehcshbvhs os cmllbh gboss r ogghpthl c`rh teoa ah gboss bokhb! W`" wembh tehrh mso nop khtwhha w`rjhrs oal teh p``r" mt ms cmtmnothl ky o roanh `d dogt`rs!

Ma teh shash teot W`whtoas" kor o scobb cma`rmty" orh hmtehr w`rjhrs" woaaokh

w`rjhrs %magbulman suksmsthagh shbd#hcpb`yhl-" rhtmrhl w`rjhrs r lmrhgtby lhphalhat

`a w`rjhrs %magbulman c`st stulhats-" W`wht` ms prhl`cmaoatby o pr`bhtormoa

t`wasemp! E`whvhr" tehrh ms g`asmlhrokbh vormotm`a! Mt ms o lmddhrhatmothl uamty!

G`cc`a mathrhsts orh gut ter`une ky lmddhrhat lomby hxphrmhaghs d w`rj" survmvoboal mathr#phrs`aob rhbotm`asemps" oal ky teh lmddhrhat gopogmtmhs t` c`kmbmsh t` geoanh

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79 Yhthr Obhxoalhr

te`sh hxphrmhaghs! Kut teh b`an#thrc mathrhsts d w`rjhrs oal teh p``r orh smcmbor"uabmjh te`sh `d w`rjhrs oal gopmtobmsts!

@ur rhshorge wos drochl ky g`aghras ok`ut lmvmsm`as khtwhha w`rjhrs oalteh p``r teot hxmsthl ma teh dogh `d cossmvh mahquobmty" oal mt wos mad`rchl kyteh`rhtmgob ossucptm`as oal o chte`l`b`nmgob stoagh lhrmvhl dr`c Corxmsc! E`wwhbb l`hs Corxmsc stoal up t` geobbhanhs p`shl ky teh dmalmans oal oaobysmsprhshathl ma teh geopthrs teot d`bb`w0 O rhsp`ash t` tems quhstm`a ms `ddhrhl maGeopthr ?9! Ehrh" te`une" wh goa ogja`wbhlnh teot d`r Corx oal Hanhbs tosjs `dteh jmal wh eovh ualhrtojha whrh a`t chrhby ok`ut lhdmaman oal teh`rmsmanpr`kbhcs" tehy whrh obs` ok`ut ehbpman t` geort o s`butm`a! \ehmr g`agbusm`asrhg`namshl teh mcp`rtoagh d gboss os port d teh strunnbh d`r o gbossbhss s`gmhty! hcojh a` prhthagh t` eovh pr`lughl o k``j wmte o lmddhrhat halman" kut M e`ph tehrholhr dmals chrmt ma teh hvmlhagh oal ornuchat wh ush t` nht tehrh!

A`ths?! \ems rotm` ossuchs teot teh p`pubotm`a `d W`wht` ot teh tmch `d wrmtman %Ounust ;9?;-

wos ahorby ?!8 cmbbm`a" wemge ms o vhry r`une oppr`xmcotm`a koshl `a dmnurhs prhshathlma Geopthr 7 oal o chosurh `d sukshquhat nr`wte smcmbor t` teot d`r Nouthan %tehpr`vmagh ma wemge W`wht` ms b`gothl-! C`rh rhbmokbh auckhrs wmbb kh ovombokbh `aghteh rhsubts `d teh aotm`aob ghasus g`alugthl ma @gt`khr ;9?? orh pukbmsehl! D`r tehkr`olhr F`eoaahskurn g`athxt" shh Khobb" Groajseow oal Yorahbb %;99;k-!

;! Ma o Goph \`wa stuly" wehrh rhsp`alhats whrh osjhl t` ge``sh khtwhha `ah `d d`urgbosshs" `aby ; phr ghat dombhl t` ge``sh `ah `d teh d`ur %Whhjmans ;99>o6 ?45 oal" ogg`rlman t` [mgeorl Fhajmas %;99;6 >

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7?Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

4! @a pr`lugtm`a/rhpr`lugtm`a M oc a t ornuman oayteman lmddhrhat dr`c coay `tehrCorxmsts %magbulman ^`bph ?=>;: G`gjkura ?=>>: Eorvhy ;9?;-!

>! \eh rhdhrhaghs d`r tems gbomc orh os d`bb`ws! Ky Corx6 Grmtmgob a`ths `a teh ortmgbh\eh jman `d Yrussmo oal s`gmob rhd`rc! Ky o Yrussmoa" T`rworts" > Ounust ?5teh dmrst Nhrcoa hlmtm`a `d \eh G`almtm`a `d teh ^`rjman Gboss ma Hanboal" Hanhbs%?5?6 777- mavobuokbh g`aghptg`atrolmgt`ry g`asgm`usahss!

=! G`ckmahl" tehsh terhh cma`rmtmhs g`cprmsh ok`ut ;8 phr ghat d F`eoaahskurnsp`pubotm`a %Noddahy Nr`up ;9?;6 C;5=-!

?9! Dr`c ?7 556 =?4- kr`olhr drochw`rj" kut a`t os port `d ems coma sgehch!

?7! K`urlmhu %?=58- rhnorls os e`c`b`n`us teh oss`gmotm`as teot hxmst ogr`ss lmddhrhat

orhos `d progtmgh! \ehsh e`c`b`nmhs orh obb e`c`b`n`us t` `ah oa`tehr khgoush tehyorh obb e`c`b`n`us t` teh strugturh d kfhgtmvh pp`smtm`as khtwhha gboss g`almtm`as!Ogg`rlman t` K`urlmhu" tems obmnachat `d gbosshs ogr`ss lmddhrhat orhos `d progtmgh ms odhoturh `d gboss eokmtus!

?

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7; Yhthr Obhxoalhr

gboss `r upphr gboss0 Hvha s`" mt g`cpbomahl teot tehrh wos g`adusm`a oc`an ph`pbhok`ut wemge gboss tehy khb`anhl t` %d`r hxocpbh" koaj coaonhrs we` soml tehy whrhw`rjman gboss- oal mt lhgrmhl o thalhagy t`worls teh cullbh gboss ZsmgS! Hvha s`"ph`pbh we` soml tehy whrh cmllbh gboss eol twmgh teh bhvhb `d sovmans oal terhh tmchsteh bhvhb `d mavhstchats teoa te`sh we` soml tehy whrh w`rjman gboss! Xad`rtuaothby"teh socpbh wos scobb `aby ? 999 ph`pbh d`r teh we bh g`uatry kut teh dmnurhs whrhsmcmbor t` te`sh `d teh Krmtmse E`ushe`bl Yoahb Wtuly!

?4! \ems ms a`t t` soy teot o emne bhvhb d w`rjman#gboss mlhatmdmgotm`a hxmsts hvhrywehrh!D`r mastoagh" mt eos khha rhp`rthl teot ma Fopoa" ok`ut =9 phr ghat `d ph`pbh rhnorl

tehcshbvhs os cmllbh gboss %Wovonh ;9996 78-" wembh d`r Malmo" Lhsepoalh %;9976 ?;=7?- sunnhsts teot cmllbh gboss ms o lhsmrokbh mlhatmty t` wemge hvha te`sh we` orhmahbmnmkbh boy gbomc! Mt ms p`ssmkbh teot" os ma W`ute Odrmgo" boanuonh oal troasbotm`apboy ot bhost s`ch port ma teh g`astrugtm`a `d gboss mlhatmty!

?>! \eh Nhahrob W`gmob Wurvhy p`shs teh d`bb`wman quhstm`a6 Md y`u whrh osjhl t` ush `ah`d d`ur aochs d`r y`ur s`gmob gboss" wemge w`ubl y`u soy y`u khb`an ma6 teh b`whrgboss" teh w`rjman gboss" teh cmllbh gboss" `r teh upphr gboss0 Ogg`rlman t` E`ut%;9956 ;=-" d`r teh yhors ;9999< teh quhstm`a rhghmvhl o ==!< phr ghat rhsp`ash roth oalymhblhl teh d`bb`wman rhpbmhs6 b`whr" 8 phr ghat: cmllbh" phr ghat: w`rjman"

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77Odd`rlokmbmty oal ogtm`a

;7! \ems emst`ry wos str`anby madbuhaghl ky \e`cps`a %?=45-! Otthcpts t` oppby emsa`tm a `d gboss hxphrmhagh wemge chlmothl g`asgm`usahss oal hxpb mtotm a g`ubleovh colh o vobuokbh g`atrmkutm`a t` teh lhkoth %Obhxoalhr ?===6 7;-! \eh lmstmagtm`akhtwhha Corxmsts oal ^hkhrmoas `r" ot bhost" khtwhha s`ch Corxmsts oal s`ch^hkhrmoas goa kh lrowa t`` seorpby! D`r hxocpbh" teh ^hkhrmoa F`ea [hx %?=54644>- lmstmanumsehl khtwhha kbogj w`rjhrs oal wemth w`rjhrs ma thrcs d o lmddhrhatmobrhbotm`asemp ! ! ! t` teh choas `d pr`lugtm a" wmte teh d`rchr uadrhh oal teh botthrZport d oS g ccuamty ! ! ! okbh t` lhdhal rhob prmvmbhnhs! \ems wos aby o seolh lmddhrhatdr`c teh Corxmsc g`uathrhl ky ^`bph %?=>46 ;997: [hx ?=546 45-!

;" teot rhogehl o phssmcmstmg g`agbusm`a ok`ut teh p`ssmkmbmty `d halman oportehmlrubh" yht hmnet c`ates bothr" oal khd`rh teh k``j wos pukbmsehl %^`bph ?=55-" eh wosemcshbd mav`bvhl ma ahn`tmotm`as teot w`ubl krman oportehml t` oa hal %Obhxoalhr;99>6 ??4 r k`te" kut ehrh ehms rhdhrrman t` ?=48!

;4! Coyhrs c`a nrope" wemge hxmsts `aby os o coausgrmpt" wos a`t ovombokbh t` us wehawh g`cpbhthl `ur coma dmhblw`rj" s` smcmbormtmhs khtwhha ems dmalmans oal `ur `waorh obb teh c`rh rhcorjokbh!

;>! ^hkhrs %?=;;! Ky ?=>4 tehrh whrh twhaty" wmte terhh tmchsos coay stulhats os ma ?=>;! Ky teh hal d ?=5< tehrh whrh dmdty#dmvh Zsge``bsS! \roasvoobOdrmgoa thogehrs eol hstokbmsehl tehmr dmrst oss`gmotm`a ky ?=;9" oal ehbl o strmjh os dorkogj os ?=- rhp`rts teot tehrh whrh 7 999 scobb se`pjhhphrs ma W wht` mateh both ?=59s!

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7< Yhthr Obhxoalhr

7;! D`r oa oppromsob `d teh rhbhvoagh `d Azmcoalhs gothn`rmhs ma p`st#oportehml W`uteOdrmgo" shh [`nhr W`uteobb %;99

74! D`r ^rmnet %?=>56 =7- teh thcp`rormby uahcpb`yhl g`ubl kh hquothl t` teh rhshrvhorcy oal lml a`t p`sh o sphgmob pr`kbhc" kut teh phrcoahatby uahcpb`yhl whrhc`rh pr`kbhcotmg" oal" os dor os M goa thbb" teh pr`kbhc wos ahvhr rhs`bvhl" `tehrteoa ky rhnorlman tehc os oa ualhrgboss!

7>! C`rh`vhr" teh oute`rs `wa hvmlhagh g`atrolmgts tehmr ossucptm`a! \ehy magbulh otokbh koshl `a o ;999 Goph \`wa survhy wemge se`ws teot teh coma woy ph`pbh n`ttehmr dmrst f`k wos ter`une o drmhal `r o rhbotmvh ma o lmddhrhat e`ushe`bl %