Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

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Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College [email protected] ; twitter: @epkaufm; web: sneps.net;

description

Englishness, class and whiteness [The working class] “are the bearers of a problematic whiteness, disavowed by liberal middle classes” – Lawler 2012: 421 “If you're English, or if you state you're English... it flags up to some people, a lot of the people that I work with, that you've got some sort of racism going on. And I don't see that” – working class respondent quoted in Garner 2012: 455 “There's nothing that's very positive about being English, I think that's the problem, other than the violence, thuggery, racism” – middle class respondent quoted in Fenton 2012: 478

Transcript of Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

Page 1: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote

Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck [email protected]; twitter: @epkaufm;

web: sneps.net;

Page 2: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

English national identity• English more of an ‘ethnic’ national identity than British• Englishness stronger among working class/poorer/less educated

whites• English identifiers more likely to oppose immigration and EU

membership• English identifiers more likely to vote UKIP• Sources: Fenton, Garner, Condor, Leddy-Owen, Lawler, McCrone &

Bechhofer…

Page 3: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

Englishness, class and whiteness• [The working class] “are the bearers of a problematic whiteness,

disavowed by liberal middle classes” – Lawler 2012: 421

• “If you're English, or if you state you're English.. . it flags up to some people, a lot of the people that I work with, that you've got some sort of racism going on. And I don't see that” – working class respondent quoted in Garner 2012: 455

• “There's nothing that's very positive about being English, I think that's the problem, other than the violence, thuggery, racism” – middle class respondent quoted in Fenton 2012: 478

Page 4: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

0204060

Predictors of English Identity among White British (2011 ONS LS), N~350k

Z score

Professi

onal/Manager

Younger

Passport

holder

Less

deprived w

ard

Female

Population density in

ward

White

% in

ward

05

10152025303540

Predictors of NOT identifying as English, White British Individuals Only,

ONS LS 2011 (N~ 350k)

Z-Sc

ore

(str

engt

h of

effe

ct)

***Lower Education/Low SES

Minority share stimulates Englishness

Page 5: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

.5.6

.7.8

.9%

Eng

lish

amon

g W

hite

Brit

ish

popu

latio

n

10 20 30 40% with no qualifications

Englishness and No Qualifications, by Constituency

Page 6: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

No Quals % minority0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Main Predictors of English share of White British, by Constituency, 2011

z-sc

ore

(size

of e

ffect

)

Page 7: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

AldershotAldridge-Brownhills

Altrincham and Sale West

Amber ValleyArundel and South Downs

AshfieldAshford

Ashton-under-LyneAylesbury

Banbury

BarkingBarnsley CentralBarnsley East

Barrow and Furness

Basildon and Billericay

South Basildon and East Thurrock

Basingstoke Bassetlaw

Bath

Batley and Spen

Battersea

BeaconsfieldBeckenhamBedford

Mid BedfordshireNorth East BedfordshireSouth West Bedfordshire

Bermondsey and Old Southwark

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Bethnal Green and Bow

Beverley and HoldernessBexhill and Battle

Bexleyheath and Crayford

BirkenheadBirmingham, Edgbaston

Birmingham, Erdington

Birmingham, Hall Green

Birmingham, Hodge Hill

Birmingham, Ladywood

Birmingham, Northfield

Birmingham, Perry BarrBirmingham, Selly Oak

Birmingham, YardleyBishop Auckland

BlackburnBlackley and Broughton

Blackpool North and CleveleysBlackpool SouthBlaydon

Blyth ValleyBognor Regis and LittlehamptonBolsoverBolton North East

Bolton South East

Bolton West

Bootle

Boston and Skegness

BosworthBournemouth EastBournemouth West

Bracknell

Bradford East

Bradford South

Bradford West

Braintree

Brent CentralBrent NorthBrentford and Isleworth

Brentwood and OngarBridgwater and West Somerset

Brigg and Goole

Brighton, Kemptown

Brighton, Pavilion

Bristol East

Bristol North West

Bristol South

Bristol West

BroadlandBromley and ChislehurstBromsgrove

Broxbourne

Broxtowe

Buckingham

BurnleyBurton

Bury NorthBury SouthBury St Edmunds

Calder Valley

Camberwell and Peckham

Camborne and Redruth

Cambridge

North East CambridgeshireNorth West Cambridgeshire

South CambridgeshireSouth East Cambridgeshire

Cannock Chase

CanterburyCarlisleCarshalton and Wallington

Castle Point

Charnwood

Chatham and Aylesford

Cheadle

Chelmsford

Chelsea and FulhamCheltenham

Chesham and Amersham

City of Chester

ChesterfieldChichester

Chingford and Woodford GreenChippenhamChipping Barnet

Chorley

Christchurch

Cities of London and Westminster

Clacton

Cleethorpes

ColchesterColne Valley

CongletonCopeland

CorbyNorth CornwallSouth East Cornwall

The Cotswolds

Coventry North EastCoventry North WestCoventry SouthCrawleyCrewe and Nantwich

Croydon Central

Croydon North

Croydon South

Dagenham and Rainham

Darlington

Dartford

DaventryDenton and Reddish

Derby NorthDerby South

Derbyshire DalesMid Derbyshire

North East DerbyshireSouth Derbyshire

DevizesCentral DevonEast Devon

North DevonSouth West Devon

Torridge and West Devon

Dewsbury

Don ValleyDoncaster CentralDoncaster North

Mid Dorset and North Poole

North DorsetSouth Dorset

West Dorset

Dover

Dudley North

Dudley South

Dulwich and West Norwood

City of Durham

North DurhamNorth West Durham

Ealing Central and Acton

Ealing North

Ealing, Southall

Easington

East Ham

Eastbourne

Eastleigh

Eddisbury

Edmonton

Ellesmere Port and NestonElmet and Rothwell

Eltham

Enfield North

Enfield, Southgate

Epping Forest

Epsom and Ewell

ErewashErith and Thamesmead

Esher and WaltonExeter

FarehamFaversham and Mid Kent

Feltham and HestonFilton and Bradley Stoke

Finchley and Golders Green

Folkestone and Hythe

Forest of Dean

FyldeGainsborough

Garston and Halewood

GatesheadGedling

Gillingham and Rainham

Gloucester

GosportGrantham and StamfordGravesham

Great GrimsbyGreat Yarmouth

Greenwich and WoolwichGuildford

Hackney North and Stoke NewingtonHackney South and Shoreditch

Halesowen and Rowley Regis

HalifaxHaltemprice and HowdenHalton

Hammersmith

East HampshireNorth East Hampshire

North West Hampshire

Hampstead and Kilburn

HarboroughHarlow

Harrogate and Knaresborough

Harrow EastHarrow West

Hartlepool

Harwich and North Essex

Hastings and Rye

Havant

Hayes and HarlingtonHazel GroveHemel Hempstead

Hemsworth

Hendon

Henley

Hereford and South HerefordshireNorth HerefordshireHertford and StortfordNorth East HertfordshireSouth West HertfordshireHertsmere

Hexham

Heywood and Middleton

High PeakHitchin and Harpenden

Holborn and St Pancras

Hornchurch and Upminster

Hornsey and Wood Green

Horsham

Houghton and Sunderland South

Hove

Huddersfield

Kingston upon Hull East

Kingston upon Hull North

Kingston upon Hull West and HessleHuntingdon

Hyndburn

Ilford North

Ilford South

Ipswich

Isle of Wight

Islington North

Islington South and Finsbury

Jarrow

KeighleyKenilworth and Southam

Kensington

Kettering

Kingston and Surbiton

Kingswood

KnowsleyWest Lancashire

Lancaster and Fleetwood

Leeds CentralLeeds East

Leeds North EastLeeds North West

Leeds West

Leicester EastLeicester South

Leicester WestNorth West LeicestershireSouth LeicestershireLeigh

Lewes

Lewisham, Deptford

Lewisham EastLewisham West and PengeLeyton and Wanstead

Lichfield

Lincoln

Liverpool, RiversideLiverpool, WaltonLiverpool, WavertreeLiverpool, West Derby

Loughborough

Louth and Horncastle

LudlowLuton NorthLuton SouthMacclesfield

Maidenhead

Maidstone and The Weald

Makerfield

MaldonManchester Central

Manchester, Gorton

Manchester, Withington

Mansfield

Meon ValleyMeriden

Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough South and East ClevelandMilton Keynes NorthMilton Keynes South

Mitcham and MordenMole ValleyMorecambe and Lunesdale

Morley and OutwoodNew Forest EastNew Forest West

NewarkNewbury

Newcastle-under-LymeNewcastle upon Tyne Central

Newcastle upon Tyne East

Newcastle upon Tyne NorthNewton Abbot

Mid NorfolkNorth NorfolkNorth West Norfolk

South Norfolk

South West NorfolkNormanton, Pontefract and Castleford

Northampton NorthNorthampton South

South NorthamptonshireNorwich North

Norwich SouthNottingham East

Nottingham North

Nottingham SouthNuneaton

Old Bexley and SidcupOldham East and SaddleworthOldham West and Royton

Orpington

Oxford EastOxford West and Abingdon

Pendle

Penistone and Stocksbridge

Penrith and The Border

Peterborough

Plymouth, Moor View

Plymouth, Sutton and DevonportPoole

Poplar and Limehouse

Portsmouth North

Portsmouth SouthPreston

Pudsey

Putney

Rayleigh and Wickford

Reading EastReading West

RedcarRedditch

ReigateRibble ValleyRichmond (Yorks)

Richmond Park

Rochdale

Rochester and Strood

Rochford and Southend EastRomford

Romsey and Southampton NorthRossendale and Darwen

Rother ValleyRotherham

RugbyRuislip, Northwood and Pinner

Runnymede and WeybridgeRushcliffe

Rutland and MeltonSaffron Walden

St Albans

St Austell and NewquaySt Helens NorthSt Helens South and Whiston

St Ives

Salford and Eccles

Salisbury

Scarborough and WhitbyScunthorpeSedgefield

Sefton Central

Selby and Ainsty

Sevenoaks

Sheffield, Brightside and Hillsborough

Sheffield CentralSheffield, Hallam

Sheffield, Heeley

Sheffield South East

Sherwood

Shipley

Shrewsbury and AtchamNorth Shropshire

Sittingbourne and Sheppey

Skipton and RiponSleaford and North Hykeham

SloughSolihull

North SomersetNorth East SomersetSomerton and Frome

South Holland and The Deepings

South Ribble

South Shields

Southampton, ItchenSouthampton, Test

Southend WestSouthport

Spelthorne

StaffordStaffordshire Moorlands

South StaffordshireStalybridge and Hyde

StevenageStockport

Stockton North

Stockton South

Stoke-on-Trent CentralStoke-on-Trent North

Stoke-on-Trent South

Stone Stourbridge

Stratford-on-Avon

Streatham

Stretford and UrmstonStroud

Central Suffolk and North IpswichSuffolk CoastalSouth Suffolk

West SuffolkSunderland Central

East SurreySurrey Heath

South West SurreyMid Sussex Sutton and Cheam

Sutton ColdfieldNorth SwindonSouth Swindon

Tamworth

TattonTaunton Deane

Telford

Tewkesbury

North Thanet

South Thanet

Thirsk and Malton

Thornbury and Yate

Thurrock

Tiverton and HonitonTonbridge and Malling

Tooting

TorbayTotnes

Tottenham

Truro and Falmouth Tunbridge Wells

Twickenham

Tynemouth

North TynesideUxbridge and South Ruislip

Vauxhall

Wakefield

Wallasey

Walsall North

Walsall South

Walthamstow

Wansbeck

Wantage

WarleyWarrington North

Warrington SouthWarwick and Leamington

North WarwickshireWashington and Sunderland West

Watford

WaveneyWealden

Weaver Vale

Wellingborough

WellsWelwyn Hatfield

Wentworth and Dearne

West Bromwich East

West Bromwich West

West Ham

Westminster NorthWestmorland and Lonsdale

Weston-Super-MareWigan

North Wiltshire

South West Wiltshire

WimbledonWinchester

WindsorWirral SouthWirral West

Witham

WitneyWoking

Wokingham

Wolverhampton North EastWolverhampton South East

Wolverhampton South WestWorcester

Mid WorcestershireWest Worcestershire

WorkingtonWorsley and Eccles SouthEast Worthing and ShorehamWorthing WestThe Wrekin

WycombeWyre and Preston North

Wyre ForestWythenshawe and Sale EastYeovil

York CentralYork Outer

East Yorkshire

010

2030

4050

% U

KIP

Vot

e in

201

5 el

ectio

n

.5 .6 .7 .8 .9

% White British who also identify as English not British or Celtic

constituency Fitted values

White British share with English National Identity & UKIP Vote

Page 8: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;
Page 9: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

How English are White British People, byLocal Authority, 2011

Page 10: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

UKIP 2014 vote/White British %English Identifiers as % of White British

Page 11: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

.1.1

5.2

.25

.3P

roba

bilit

y of

say

ing

imm

igra

tion

unde

rmin

es c

ultu

ral l

ife

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How English do you feel? (1=not at all, 7=very)

'Immigration Undermines Cultural Life' and Englishness

British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local Authority

Page 12: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

.2.3

.4.5

.6

Pro

babi

lity

of V

otin

g to

Lea

ve

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How English do you feel (1=not at all, 7= very)

Englishness and Brexit Voting Intention (BES 2014)

British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local Authority

Page 13: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

.05

.1.1

5.2

.25

Pro

babi

lity

of v

otin

g U

KIP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7On a scale of 1-7, from lowest to highest, how English do you feel?

Englishness and 2014 UKIP voting

British Election Study 2014, waves 1-2. Controls for age, gender, income, education, ethnicity. Clustered on Local Authority

Page 14: Class, Englishness and the UKIP Vote Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College web: sneps.net;

Conclusion• Englishness stronger among working class/poorer/less educated whites• English more of an ethnic national identity than British, more ‘civic’• English identifiers more likely to vote UKIP• English identifiers more likely to oppose immigration (‘ethnic’ issue)

and EU membership (both ‘ethnic’ & ‘civic’ issue). But care more about immigration.

• Why Englishness more ethnic?: reflects the most pressing challenges to English identity. In Scotland, political boundaries more salient due to lack of independence; in England, ethnic boundaries more contested due to higher immigration