class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr...
Transcript of class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr...
![Page 1: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phonologyt"#p najn sajnz y,r nejb,r 0z mejk03 k"lownz 9. juw ædmajr h0z d;<. ;f,rz t", mejk juw w?n. 8. t"owl k",l@kt,r sp#t,d fowr ,v h0m 0n B, k"#rp"uwl lejn.7. ;lwejz æt k"03k"owz st?dij03 B, ,k"w0pm,nt. 6. hiz ,n ?nm@rid saj,nt0st wiD f0ftiDrij s?nz. 5. j,r p"r0ti Euwr juw s; ajnstajn, l03k,n, ænd hajdij k"l,m lawndG03 ,rawnd h0z p"uwl. 4. B, k"l?mzij ,t"@mpts t", mejk h0z k"0dz lHk d0fr,nt juwz03 hæts.3. w@n j,r wajf hæz t"w0nz, hij hawlz, "æm,tE,r!"
2. h0z s?nz b0rDdej k"ejk ridz, "hæp"ij sowmæt0k s@l dG,n@t0k mjuwt"ejE,n dej, d@r,n!"
1. juw lHk awt j,r w0ndow ænd juw sij juw w#E03 h0z k"#r.
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phoneme
/p/ [p] / s __ V
![Page 3: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
becomes
/p/ [p] / s __ V
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allophone
/p/ [p] / s __ V
![Page 5: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
when it is...
/p/ [p] / s __ V
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here.
/p/ [p] / s __ V
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more generally:
A B / C __ D
(and C and/or D can be absent...)
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English /p/ [p] between [s] and a vowel
[ph] elsewhere
Hindi/p/ [p] /ph/ h][p
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How do you know whether two sounds are allophones or distinct phonemes?
• look for minimal pairs (like Hindi pal and phal) • if you can't find any, see if you can find a rule determining when you find which version of the sound.
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Korean:saram 'person' rupi 'ruby' irIm 'name' ratio 'radio' mul 'water' pal 'arm' s,ul 'Seoul' ilkop 'seven' ipalsa 'barber'
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Korean:saram 'person' rupi 'ruby' irIm 'name' ratio 'radio' mul 'water' pal 'arm' s,ul 'Seoul' ilkop 'seven' ipalsa 'barber'
/l/ [r] / __ V
![Page 12: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Korean:saram 'person' rupi 'ruby' irIm 'name' ratio 'radio' mul 'water' pal 'arm' s,ul 'Seoul' ilkop 'seven' ipalsa 'barber'
/l/ [r] / __ V [l]
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How about in English? Are [r] and [l] allophones, or are there distinct phonemes /r/ and /l/? How do we know?
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Careful! Not all sound changes create allophones of a single phoneme.
Polish Plurals jezyk ‘language’ jezyki ‘languages’ jezyk garnek ‘pot’ garneki ‘pots’ garnek sok ‘juice’ soki ‘juices’ sok wuk ‘bow’ wuki ‘bows’ wuk brzek ‘bank of a river’ brzegi ‘banks of a river’ brzeg dwuk ‘debt’ dwugi ‘debts’ dwug wuk ‘lye’ wugi ‘(kinds of) lye’ wug
plus a rule: [g]--> /k/ / __ #
"word boundary"
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Careful! Not all sound changes create allophones of a single phoneme.
Polish Plurals jezyk ‘language’ jezyki ‘languages’ jezyk garnek ‘pot’ garneki ‘pots’ garnek sok ‘juice’ soki ‘juices’ sok wuk ‘bow’ wuki ‘bows’ wuk brzek ‘bank of a river’ brzegi ‘banks of a river’ brzeg dwuk ‘debt’ dwugi ‘debts’ dwug wuk ‘lye’ wugi ‘(kinds of) lye’ wug
plus a rule: [g]--> /k/ / __ #
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Another rule: English /t/
sit sitter heat heater at attic
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/t/ becomes [J] (in American English)
sit [s0t] sitter [s0J,r] heat [hit] heater [hiJ,r] at [æt] attic [æJ0k]
/t/-->[J] / v__v ?
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but what about...
atone [,t"on] attack [,t"æk] detect [d0t"@kt]
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sit [s0t] sitter [s0J,r] heat [hit] heater [hiJ,r] at [æt] attic [æJ0k] atone [,t"on] attack [,t"æk] detect [d0t"@kt]
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sit [s0Mt] sitter [s0MJ,r] heat [hiMt] heater [hiMJ,r] at [æMt] attic [æMJ0k] atone [,t"oMn] attack [,t"æMk] detect [d0t"@Mkt]
t-->J / vM__ v
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Rules like the Flapping Rule (and the other rules we've looked at)capture generalizations about the distributions of certain sounds.
If we just listed:
heat [hit] heater [hiMJ,r]
...in the lexicon, we would miss these generalizations (i.e., we wouldn't succeed in predicting that there are no English words like [hiJ] or (in American English) [hit,r] ).
And these generalizations are part of our competence: "gat" [<æt] + -er
--> "gatter" [<æJ,r]
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Phonological rules also allow us to simplify our statements aboutallomorphy:
"heat" --> [hit]--> [hi!] + -er
We don't need to state anywhere that 'heat' has these two allomorphs; it's covered by our phonological rule.
Compare:
"electric" --> [,l@ktr0k] --> [,l@ktr0s] + -ity
...which does have to be stated in the lexicon.
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' klup 'club' klubi 'clubs'
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' klup 'club'
trupi 'corpses' klubi 'clubs'
trup klub Final b becomes p
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kot trut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t
![Page 27: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kottrut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kottrut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
final consonants become voiceless
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kottrut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
final consonants become voiceless C --> [-voice] / __ #
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Polish plurals again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kottrut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t
final consonants become voiceless C --> [-voice] / __ # feature
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
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Polish plurals again
Polish: Final g becomes k
Final b becomes p
Final d becomes t
Final z becomes s
C --> [-voice] / __ #
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Polish plurals again
Polish: "Qolish": Final g becomes k Final g becomes p
Final b becomes p Final b becomes s
Final d becomes t Final d becomes k
Final z becomes s Final z becomes t
C --> [-voice] / __ # ???????????????????
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What features are there? p
[Place] bilabial [consonantal] + [continuant] -[sonorant] -[nasal] -[voice]
l n f alveolar alveolar labiodental + + + + + + + + - + + +
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What features are there? p
[Place] bilabial [consonantal] + [continuant] -[sonorant] -[nasal] -[voice]
l n f alveolar alveolar labiodental + + + + + + + + - + + + -
[consonantal]: + for consonants, - for vowels
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What features are there? p
[Place] bilabial [consonantal] + [continuant] -[sonorant] -[nasal] -[voice]
l n f alveolar alveolar labiodental + + + + + + + + - + + + -
[consonantal]: + for consonants, - for vowels [continuant]: + for sounds you can 'hold' and keep making noise
(everything but oral stops)
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What features are there? p
[Place] bilabial [consonantal] + [continuant] -[sonorant] -[nasal] -[voice]
l n f alveolar alveolar labiodental + + + + + + + + - + + + -
[consonantal]: + for consonants, - for vowels [continuant]: + for sounds you can 'hold' and keep making noise
(everything but oral stops) [sonorant]: - for sounds that involve buildup of pressure in the
mouth (oral stops, fricatives--"obstruents")
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What features are there? p
[Place] bilabial [consonantal] + [continuant] -[sonorant] -[nasal] -[voice]
l n f alveolar alveolar labiodental + + + + + + + + - + + + -
[consonantal]: + for consonants, - for vowels [continuant]: + for sounds you can 'hold' and keep making noise
(everything but oral stops) [sonorant]: - for sounds that involve buildup of pressure in the
mouth (oral stops, fricatives--"obstruents") [nasal]: + if the velum is lowered to allow air to flow
through nasal passages
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What features are there?# , @N I H
[Place][consonantal] - - - - -[continuant] + + + + +[sonorant] + + + + +[nasal] - - + - -[voice] + + + + +
[high] - - - + +[low] + - - - -[front] - - + - -[back] + - - + +[round] - - - - +[tense] - - - +
![Page 39: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Polish plurals yet again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
dom 'house' domi 'houses' dom Final m .....
final consonants become voiceless? C --> [-voice] / __ #
![Page 40: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Polish plurals yet again
wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wukwuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trupklup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
dom 'house' domi 'houses' dom Final m just sits there
final obstruents become voiceless [-sonorant] --> [-voice] / __ #
![Page 41: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Mokilese piOsan 'full of leaves'
dupuOkda 'bought'
puOko 'basket'
kiOsa 'we two'
suOpwo 'firewood'
kamw;kiOti 'to move'
uduk 'flesh'
kaskas 'to throw'
poki 'to strike something'
pil 'water'
apid 'outrigger support'
ludGuk 'to tackle'
![Page 42: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mokilese
piOsan dupuOkda puOko kiOsa suOpwo kamw;kiOti 'to move'
v%'full of leaves' p__s
'bought' p__k
'basket'
'we two' k__s
'firewood' s__p
k__t
uduk 'flesh'
kaskas 'to throw'
poki 'to strike something'
pil 'water'
apid 'outrigger support'
ludGuk 'to tackle'
![Page 43: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mokilese
piOsan 'full of leaves'
dupuOkda 'bought'
puOko 'basket'
kiOsa 'we two'
suOpwo 'firewood'
kamw;kiOti 'to move'
uduk kaskas poki pil apid ludGuk
'flesh'
'to throw'
'to strike something'
'water'
'outrigger support'
'to tackle'
v% v
p__s
p__k d__p
k__s
s__p
k__t t__#
d__k
k__#
p__l
p__d
l__dG, dG__k
![Page 44: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mokilese v% v
piOsan 'full of leaves' p__s
dupuOkda 'bought' p__k d__p
puOko 'basket'
kiOsa 'we two' k__s
suOpwo 'firewood' s__p
kamw;kiOti 'to move' k__t t__#
uduk 'flesh' d__k
kaskas 'to throw'
poki 'to strike something' k__#
pil 'water' p__l
apid 'outrigger support' p__d
ludGuk 'to tackle' l__dG, dG__k
[-consonantal, +high]-->[-voice] / [-voice] __ [-voice]
![Page 45: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'meat' loo loo-í 'window' bugat bugat-í 'berry' tugat tugad-í 'load' aduk aduk-í 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í
![Page 46: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'meat' loo loo-í 'window' bugat bugat-í 'berry' tugat tugad-í 'load' aduk aduk-í 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í
final devoicing: C--> [-voice] / ___ #
![Page 47: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'my N' 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó
C--> [-voice] / ___ #
![Page 48: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'my N' 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó
C--> [-voice] / ___ #C--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal]
![Page 49: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'my N' 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó 'tooth' wudó wud-í 'bag' lútu lút-í 'shoe' taga tag-í 'salt' duka duk-í 'spoon' kagá kag-í
C--> [-voice] / ___ #C--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal]
![Page 50: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'my N' 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó 'tooth' wudó wud-í 'bag' lútu lút-í 'shoe' taga tag-í pedagogically unfortunate 'salt' duka duk-í
home....
vowel drops before a suffix
rule. Don't try this at 'spoon' kagá kag-í
C--> [-voice] / ___ #C--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal]
![Page 51: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
'N' 'the N' 'my N' 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó 'tooth' wudó wud-í wud-nó 'bag' lútu lút-í lút-nó 'shoe' taga tag-í tag-nó 'salt' duka duk-í duk-nó 'spoon' kagá kag-í kag-nó
? vowel drops before suffix C--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal] C--> [-voice] / ___ #
?
![Page 52: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Rule Ordering: Tangale
UR lútu-nóvowel drops before suffix lút-nóC--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal] lúd-nó
UR lútu-nó C--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal] -vowel drops before suffix lút-nó
![Page 53: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
--
Rule Ordering: Tangale
URvowel drops before suffixC--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal]
URC--> [+voice] / ___ [+nasal]vowel drops before suffix
lútu-nólút-nólúd-nó
lútu-nó
lút-nó
the winner!
![Page 54: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
our friend the syllable
Some facts about English phonotactics:
English words can begin with:/tr/ (track)/kr/ (crunch)/str/ (strength)/&r/ (three)
but not with: /tl/ (*tlack) /rk/ (*rcunch) /nt/ (*ntength) /r&r/ (*rthree)
![Page 55: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
our friend the syllable
Some facts about English phonotactics:
English words can begin with:/tr/ (track)/kr/ (crunch)/str/ (strength)/&r/ (three)
but not with: /tl/ (*tlack) /rk/ (*rcunch) /nt/ (*ntength) /r&r/ (*rthree)
The clusters on the right can appear between vowels:
AtlanticarcadeMontanaarthritic
![Page 56: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
possible story: the phonotactic generalizations above are really about English syllables.
*tlack At.lan.tic *rcunch ar.cade *ntength Mon.ta.na *rthree ar.thri.tic
argument #1: syllable structure affects realization of /t/:
topstoppotatrociousastronomyAtlantic
![Page 57: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
possible story: the phonotactic generalizations above are really about English syllables.
*tlack At.lan.tic *rcunch ar.cade *ntength Mon.ta.na *rthree ar.thri.tic
argument #1: syllable structure affects realization of /t/:
t"op [-cont]-->[+aspirated] / σ __ stop [-cont]-->[+glottalized] / __ σ potP (ordered before or after Flapping?)
a.t"ro.ciousa.stro.no.myAtP.lan.tic
![Page 58: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
argument #2: syllable structure affects stress:
a.ccrúe àr.cáde A.mérica Mòn.tána a.strónomy àr.thrític
-->syllable ending in a consonant gets a secondary stress
![Page 59: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
algorithm for creating syllables:
(1) make each vowel into a nucleus (part of the rime)
σ σ
R R
N N
@ k s p r @ s
![Page 60: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
algorithm for creating syllables:
(2) add consonants to the onset, until stopped by phonotactics
σ σ
R RO
N N
@ k s p r @ s
![Page 61: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
algorithm for creating syllables:
(3) add remaining consonants to the coda (also part of the rime)
σ σ
R
N C
@ k s p r @ s
RO
N C
![Page 62: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Note that phonotactics are a locus of language variation:
Czech pEtros 'ostrich' fsplane 'will go up in flames' kEtjice 'lock of hair'
Hawaiian kahuna 'priest' hoaha:nau 'cousin' ku:konukonu 'excessive'
...but not the algorithm for syllable construction, which is universal.
![Page 63: class 7 slidesdspace.mit.edu/.../contents/lecture-notes/phonology.pdfPhonology tp najn sajnz yr nejbr z mejk klownz 9. juw ædmajr hz d. frz t mejk juw wn. 8. towl klktr sptd fowr](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030809/5b183c587f8b9a28258b96a2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
And when words are borrowed, the phonotactics sometimes have to be altered to fit the new language:
Greek pter- 'wing' --> English [t]erodactyl, helico[pt]er
English appointment --> Japanese appointomento