1 Ch. 18: “Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation” 18.3: “Cloud Types and Precipitation”
Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation
description
Transcript of Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation
![Page 1: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 1
Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation
Chapters 6 and 7
![Page 2: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 2
Stability & Cloud development
Chapter 6
![Page 3: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig. 6-CO, p. 140
![Page 4: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fig. 6-1, p. 142
![Page 5: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 5
Importance of Clouds
• Release heat to atmosphere• Help regulate energy balance• Indicate physical processes
![Page 6: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 6
Atmospheric Stability
• Clouds from as air rises and cools• Adiabatic processes: change in temperature
without giving or removing– Dry rate = 10°C/1000m– Moist rate = 6°C/1000m
• Stability is a state of equilibrium in terms atmospheric movement; no vertical movement occurs
![Page 7: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 7
Determining Stability
• Warm air rises or is unstable• Cool air sinks or is stable• Compare air parcel lapse rate to
environmental lapse rate
![Page 8: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 8
![Page 9: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Table 6-1, p. 143
![Page 10: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 10
Determining Stability
• Stable environment– Environmental lapse rate less than moist lapse
rate– If an air parcel is forced it will spread horizontally
and form stratus clouds– Usually a cool surface (radiation, advection)– Inversion: warm over cool.
![Page 11: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 11
![Page 12: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 12
![Page 13: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 13
![Page 14: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fig. 6-6, p. 145
![Page 15: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 15
Determining Stability
• Special Topic: Subsidence Inversions– Strong subsidence exacerbates air pollution due to
the lack of vertical motion. – Pollution is not diluted.
![Page 16: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 16
Determining Stability
• An Unstable Atmosphere– Environmental lapse rate greater than the dry
adiabatic lapse rate– As air parcel rises it forms a vertical cloud– Convection, thunderstorms, severe weather
![Page 17: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 17
![Page 18: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 18
Determining Stability
• A Conditionally Unstable Atmosphere– Moist adiabatic lapse rate is less than the
environmental lapse rate which is less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate
– Stable below cloud unstable above cloud base– Atmosphere usually in this state
![Page 19: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 19
![Page 20: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 20
![Page 21: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 21
![Page 22: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 22
![Page 23: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 23
![Page 24: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig. 6-13, p. 149
![Page 25: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 6-14, p. 149
![Page 26: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fig. 1, p. 150
![Page 27: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 27
Determining Stability
• Causes of Instability– Cool air aloft (advection, radiation cooling in
clouds)– Warming of surface (insolation, advection, warm
surface)
![Page 28: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 28
Cloud Development
• Clouds develop as an air parcel rises and cools below the dew point.
• Usually a trigger or process is need to initiate the rise of an air parcel.
![Page 29: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 29
![Page 30: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 30
Cloud Development
• Convection– Differential land surface heating creates areas of
high surface temperature.– Air above warm land surface heats, forming a
‘bubble’ of warm air that rises or convection.– Cloud base forms at level of free convection.
![Page 31: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 31
![Page 32: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 32Stepped Art
Fig. 6-16, p. 152
![Page 33: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 33
![Page 34: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 34
![Page 35: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 35
![Page 36: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fig. 2, p. 155
![Page 37: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 37
Cloud Development
• Topography– Orographic uplift– Orographic clouds– Windward, leeward, rain shadow– Lenticular clouds
![Page 38: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 38
![Page 39: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 39
![Page 40: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 40
![Page 41: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 41
![Page 42: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 42
Cloud Development
• Topic: Adiabatic charts– Adiabatic charts show how various atmospheric
variables change with height: pressure, temperature, humidity.
![Page 43: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 3, p. 158
![Page 44: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 4, p. 158
![Page 45: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 5, p. 158
![Page 46: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fig. 6, p. 159
![Page 47: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fig. 7, p. 159
![Page 48: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 48
Cloud Development
• Changing cloud forms– Stratus clouds can change to cumulus clouds if the
top of the cloud cools and the bottom of the cloud warms.
– Alto cumulus castellanus: towers on alto stratus– If moist stable air without clouds is mixed or
stirred it can form stratocumulus clouds.
![Page 49: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 49
![Page 50: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 50
![Page 51: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 51
![Page 52: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 52
![Page 53: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 53
![Page 54: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 54
Precipitation
Chapter 7
![Page 55: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fig. 7-1, p. 166
![Page 56: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fig. 7-2, p. 166
![Page 57: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Fig. 7-3, p. 167
![Page 58: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Table 7-1, p. 168
![Page 59: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 59
Precipitation Processes
• Precipitation is any form of water that falls from a cloud and reaches the ground.
• How do cloud drops grow?– When air is saturated with respect to a flat surface
it is unsaturated with respect to a curved droplet of water.• Super saturated
![Page 60: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 60
Precipitation Processes
• Collision & Coalescence– Droplets of different sizes collide and coalesce into
larger droplets; warm cloud process– Ice-Crystal Process• Cold clouds a mixture of ice & water• Ice crystals grow at expense of surrounding water
droplets• Saturation vapor pressure greater over water as
compared to ice.
![Page 61: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 61
![Page 62: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 62
![Page 63: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 63Stepped Art
Fig. 7-5, p. 169
![Page 64: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 64
![Page 65: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 1, p. 171
![Page 66: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 66
![Page 67: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 67
![Page 68: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 68
![Page 69: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Fig. 7-10, p. 173
![Page 70: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 7-10, p. 173
![Page 71: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Fig. 7-10, p. 173
![Page 72: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Fig. 7-10, p. 173
![Page 73: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 73
Precipitation Processes
• Topic: Freezing of Cloud Droplets– Spontaneous or homogeneous freezing– Ice embryo
![Page 74: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 74
Precipitation Processes
• Cloud Seeding– Inject cloud with small particles that act as
condensation nuclei, starting the precipitation process.
– NEED CLOUDS: seeding does not generate clouds– Cold clouds with a low seed ration best– Dry ice, silver iodide
![Page 75: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 75
![Page 76: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 76
![Page 77: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 77Stepped Art
Fig. 7-12, p. 174
![Page 78: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 78
Precipitation in Clouds
• Starts quickly• Most Precipitation formed through accretion• Many times rain starts as ice
![Page 79: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Fig. 7-12, p. 174
![Page 80: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Fig. 7-12, p. 174
![Page 81: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-12, p. 174
![Page 82: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 82
![Page 83: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 83
Precipitation Types
• Rain: falling drop of liquid water– Drizzle less than 0.5 mm– Virga– Cloudburst
• Snow: frozen water falling from sky (crystal or flake)– Most precipitation starts as snow– Freezing level, snow & cloud appearance, fall streaks,
drifting snow, blizzard– A blanket of snow is a good insulator
![Page 84: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 84
![Page 85: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Table 7-2, p. 176
![Page 86: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Fig. 2, p. 177
![Page 87: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Fig. 7-16, p. 178
![Page 88: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Fig. 7-17, p. 178
![Page 89: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 89
![Page 90: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 90
![Page 91: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Table 7-3, p. 178
![Page 92: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Fig. 3, p. 179
![Page 93: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Fig. 7-18, p. 180
![Page 94: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Table 7-4, p. 180
![Page 95: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 95
![Page 96: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 96
![Page 97: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 97
![Page 98: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 98
Precipitation Types
• Topic: Tear Drops– Raindrops not tear shaped– Shape is size dependent• Less than 2 mm = sphere• Greater than 2 mm = flattened sphere
![Page 99: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 99
Precipitation Types
• Topics: Sounds and snow– A blanket of snow will act like an acoustic tile and
absorb sound waves.• Topics: Snow with Temperature above
Freezing– Unsaturated wet bulb temperature below or equal
to 0°C, rain cooled by evaporation forms snow despite environmental temperature above freezing.
![Page 100: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 100
Precipitation Types
• Sleet: air below freezing, then travels through a layer of air above freezing, begins to melt and then falls through a layer of air below freezing just above the ground surface.
• Freezing Rain: ground surface is freezing as rain hits the surface it freezes.
![Page 101: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 101
![Page 102: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Fig. 7-21, p. 182
![Page 103: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Fig. 7-22, p. 182
![Page 104: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Fig. 7-23, p. 182
![Page 105: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 105
Precipitation Processes
• Precipitation is any form of water that falls from a cloud and reaches the ground.
• How do cloud drops grow?– When air is saturated with respect to a flat surface
it is unsaturated with respect to a curved droplet of water.• Super saturated
![Page 106: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 106
![Page 107: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 107
![Page 108: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 108
![Page 109: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 109
![Page 110: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 110
Precipitation Types
• Observation: Aircraft Icing– Aviation hazard is created by the increase in
weight as ice forms on the body of the airplane.– Spray plane with anti-freeze.
![Page 111: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 111
Precipitation Types
• Snow Grains: solid equivalent of drizzle, no bounce or shatter
• Snow Pellets: larger than grains, bounce, break, crunch underfoot
• Graupel: ice particle accumulation with rime• Hail: graupel act as embryo in intense
thunderstorm, grow through aggregation as pushed up by updraft.
![Page 112: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 112
![Page 113: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 113
![Page 114: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 114
![Page 115: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 115
![Page 116: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 116
![Page 117: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 117Stepped Art
Fig. 7-29, p. 185
![Page 118: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 118
Measuring Precipitation
• Instruments– Rain gauge: standard, tipping bucket, weighing• Snow: average depth at 3 locations, 10:1 water
equivalent
• Doppler Radar– Transmitter generates energy toward target,
returned energy measured and displayed• Brightness of echo = amount/intensity of rain
– Doppler: measures speed of horizontal rain
![Page 119: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 119
![Page 120: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 120
![Page 121: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 121
![Page 122: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 122Stepped Art
Fig. 7-33, p. 188
![Page 123: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 123
![Page 124: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 124
![Page 125: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 125
Measuring Precipitation
• Measuring from space– Specific satellites designed to assess clouds,
atmospheric moisture, and rain• TRMM• CloudSat
![Page 126: Class #4: Stability, cloud development, and precipitation](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56816692550346895dda7062/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Class #4 Monday, July 12, 2010 126