Class 11: Emotions and Cognition I

IKEA "Make A Mind" Kit

PERCEPTION

AROUSALSENSORY STIMULATION

EMOTION

BEHAVIOR

SCHEMAS/BELIEFSMOTIVATIONAL STATE

COGNITION/LABELING

What Comes First: Cognition (Thought) or Emotion (Feeling)?

Rene Des Carte, 1596-1650

"I think therefore I am"

Blaise Pascal, 1623-1663"The heart has its reasons the reason cannot know"

Event

Sensory Stim

Recognition

Emotion

Behavior

Event

Sensory Stim

Emotion

Recognition

Behavior

A Comic Contemplation of the Emotion vs. Cognition Conundrum

Thomas Jefferson: My Head and My HeartVita

1743- July 4, 1826

Drafted Declaration of Independence

Secty. of State (1789-1794)

Vice President (1797-1801)

President (1801-1809)

Hobbies: Inventor, architect, farmer

John F. Kennedy Welcoming Nobel Prize Winners at the White House:

This is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

Jefferson "My Head and My Heart"

Background: Jefferson had affair with Maria Cosway. Artist, composer, musician, founded girls' school.

Letter is "love letter" upon their separation. Maintained correspondence for remainder of Jefferson's life.

Letter written as internal dialogue between Jefferson's head "reason" and heart "emotions" about the pain of separation.

Jefferson had recently broken wrist, wrote letter with left hand, thus references to "hurt wrist."

Jefferson never married.

HeadHeart

Head: "I never found that the moment of triumph for with you was NOT the moment of attention to [reason]. While suffering under your follies, you may perhaps be made sensible of them"

Heart: [Hears list of all the problems and bad judgment that came from associating with Maria, and deceptions heart creates with others to spend more time with Maria].

"Oh my dear friend how you have revived me by recalling to my mind the transactions of that day!"

Head: "I told you, you were impudently engaging your affections", "I warned you about separation pain, that there was NO FUTURE, and what chance is there she'll come to America? Nearly none. Be Realistic. Focus on objective facts.

"You must learn to look forward before you take a step which may interest our peace."

HeadHeart

Head: "I never found that the moment of triumph for with you was NOT the moment of attention to [reason]. While suffering under your follies, you may perhaps be made sensible of them"

Heart: [Hears list of all the problems and bad judgment that came from associating with Maria, and deceptions heart creates with others to spend more time with Maria].

"Oh my dear friend how you have revived me by recalling to my mind the transactions of that day!"

Head: "I told you, you were impudently engaging your affections", "I warned you about separation pain, that there was NO FUTURE, and what chance is there she'll come to America? Nearly none. Be Realistic. Focus on objective facts.

"You must learn to look forward before you take a step which may interest our peace.""Everything in this world is a matter of calculation. "Do not bite the bait of pleasure..." "The art of life is the art of avoiding pain."

Th. Jefferson: My Head and My Heart Heart replies:Let the sublimated philosopher grasp visionary happiness while pursuing phantoms dressed in the garb of truth! Their supreme wisdom is supreme folly: they mistake for happiness the mere absence of pain.

Respect for myself now obliges me to recall you into the proper limits of your office. ...To you [nature] allotted the field of science, to me that of morals.Morals were too essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the uncertain combinations of the head.

EXAMPLES: Wounded soldier asking for ride, poor woman asking for charity. America's bid for independence from Britain:I do not know that I ever did a good thing on your (head's) suggestion, or a dirty one without it.

Jefferson Questions

1. Is “Head” Secure, Anx. Insecure, Avoidant Insecur?

2.Is “Heart” right that morals not the business of reason?

3.How would Maria feel about this letter?

Schachter & Singer: Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State

Two Factor Model: Emotion requires bodily arousal PLUS cognitive appraisal. Emotion is the motor, cognition is the driver.

Maranon studies: Adrenalin + introspection71% Arousal, no emotion29% "As if" emotionsReal emotion when asked to imagine emotionally-charged scene.

S&S: What would happen if Ss given stimulant, were physically aroused, BUT NOT INFORMED?

S&S Happy Stooge/Angry Stooge Experiment1. THE social psych emotion theory for 25 years.2. Model of high-drama social psych deception expt.

Stanley Schachter

Stage I: Arousal InductionA. Cover story: Testing "Suproxin"

B. Inject with adrenalin

1. Informed: this is a stimulant2. Uninformed: No info on side effects3. Misinformed: Side effects, but non-

stimulating

C. Or inject with placebo, with no info re. side effects

Schachter & Singer Experiment

Stage II: Emotion-inducing cognition

A. S in room with stooge (expt'l confederate), who displays either extreme happiness or extreme anger.

B. Design and prediction:

Stooge Informed Uninformed Mis-informed

Placebo(misinformed

Happy No Emotion Happy Happy No Emotion

Angry NoEmotion

Angry XXX No Emotion

Schachter & Singer Experiment, cont.

1. Manipulation check: Epi --> more arousal than placebo

2. Behavior

A. Happy Stooge1. Informed < misinformed2. Placebo = ignorant = misinformed

B. Angry Stooge1. Informed < ignorant2. Placebo < ignorant3. No "misinformed" condition

Schachter & Singer Results

3. Self Report

A. Happy Stooge1. Informed < ignorant2. Informed < misinformed3. No diff for placebo

B. Angry Stooge1. Informed < ignorant2. No effect for placebo

Schachter & Singer Results, cont.

Insomnia and the Attribution ProcessStorms and Nisbett, 1970

Richard Nisbett

Idea: Would shifting explanation for night-time nervousness from anxious thoughts to a pill lead reduce insomnia?

Why would this happen? How is this related to Schachter & Singer?

Study Design

Misattribution / lowered arousal: Subs. take placebo, told it will heighten arousal

What is predicted effect of this information on sleep? Why?

Misattribution / increased arousal: Subs. take placebo, told it will help relax.

What is predicted effect of this information on sleep? Why?

Subjects: 42 insomniacs at Yale

"Arrousal Cond" "This drug....will increase your heart rate and...body temp., You may feel like your mind is racing. ..."

"Relax cond" "This drug...will lower your heart rate...body tem. And it will calm your mind ... "

Study Results

Minutes to Falling AsleepNote: Arousal pre-drug due to 2 outliers

Storms and Nisbett Questions

1. Why would emotions keep you awake? Do they explain this?

2. S & M say that "if arousal subjects attribute less arousal to their cognitions...[they will sleep better]. What does this suggest about emotions and cognitions? What is keeping Subs awake? What keeps anyone awake, emotions or thoughts?

3. Does misattribution lead to:

a. More potent target emotion (I was feeling somewhat worried about test, now I am very worried)?

OR

b. Greater anxiety about the emotion, (Oh no, here comes my anxiety!! I'll never sleep now because of my anxiety. I am worried about my worrying!)