Otherwise • Otherwise means ‘because if not’. It usually goes in the

middle of the sentence. • E.g. Turn off the TV, otherwise I won’t be able to

concentrate. • Don’t forget your coat, otherwise you’ll get cold. • Hand in your work on time, otherwise I won’t mark it. • I go to bed at 10.30, otherwise I don’t get enough

sleep. • write three sentences using ‘otherwise’.

Or else• Stronger than otherwise. Often used as a threat,

particularly to naughty children. E.g. “Come home on time, or else I’ll ground you!” or “Turn off the TV, or else I’ll get angry!”

• Sometimes the speaker doesn’t state the consequence because it’s known by the listener, or because it’s so awful! – “Hand your work in, or else!”– “Behave, or else!”

• (If a child is cheeky, he/she may reply: “Or else WHAT?!?”)

Provided that/providing thatSo long as /as long as

• These conjunctions mean the same as ‘if’ but are a bit stronger. E.g.:– If the bus comes, I will be on time. – As long as the bus comes, I will be on time.

• The difference is that ‘as long as’ stresses that being on time is dependent on the bus being on time.

Provided that/providing thatSo long as/ as long as

• As long as it is sunny, we will go to the beach tomorrow. (present to talk about the future, just like in the first conditional).

• So long as we can get tickets, we’ll be going to the gig tonight.

• Provided that it was sunny, she was going to the beach. (more rare in the past, but just takes past simple).

What is wrong with these sentences? • Providing I will get through to him, we will meet up

later. • Providing I (can) get through to him, we will meet

up later. • I would be calm, so long as I get there on time.• I will be calm, so long as I get there on time. • As long as you loved me, I stay with you. • As long as you loved me, I stayed with you. • As long as you love me, I’ll stay with you.

Review

• Which conjunction means ‘if not’?• Which conjunction means ‘because if not’?• Which conjunction is a stronger version of ‘if’? • Which conjunction signals than an action is

taken because of something else that might happen?

• Which conjunction means ‘if not’? – Unless.

• Which conjunction means ‘because if not’?– Otherwise.

• Which conjunctions are a stronger version of ‘if’? – Providing that/provided that/as long as/so long as

• Which conjunction signals than an action is taken because of something else that might happen? – In case

If only

• ‘If only’ is a stronger version of ‘wish’. • It is much less common. • It is often used to express regret. • “If only I’d had the chance to say goodbye

before she went away!”• Look back at your sentences from yesterday

and turn the biggest regret into a sentence starting with ‘if only’.

Clarification on the difference between wish + would... and wish + past simple• I wish... would often has connotations of

regret, dissatisfaction, impatience or irritation because someone will keep doing something annoying or won’t do something. – I wish you wouldn’t keep making that stupid

noise. – I wish the postman would come soon.

Wish + past simple is used instead of wish + would when we are NOT talking

about willingness, unwillingness, insistence or refusal.

Wish + past simple is used instead of wish + would when we are NOT talking about willingness, unwillingness,

insistence or refusal.

e.g. I wish I could manage to give up smoking. NOT I wish I would give up smoking – it is strange to wish for oneself to be willing – we can change things if we want. This is why talking about yourself (‘I’) is rare with ‘would’ – you have the power to change things.

e.g. I wish I were taller. NOT I wish I would be taller – you’re too old to grow any more. No matter how much willpower you want, you can’t grow any taller. (This is why ‘be’ and other state verbs like ‘have’ often cannot be used in wish + would).

e.g. I wish there wasn’t a strike today. NOT I wish there wouldn’t be a strike today – we can’t say that ‘there’ is willing to strike.

Wish + past simple is used instead of wish + would when we are NOT talking about willingness, unwillingness,

insistence or refusal.

ReviewWish + situation Wish + tense?Wish – talking about a past event Wish – talking about something we want to happen now. Involves (un)willingness, refusal etcWish – talking about something we want to happen in the future. Wish – about the present, something that is hard to change. May involve to be, to have, or be about me (I).

ReviewWish + situation Wish + tense?Wish – talking about a past event

Wish + past perfect

Wish – talking about something we want to happen now. Involves (un)willingness, refusal etc

Wish + would

Wish – talking about something we want to happen in the future.

Wish + would

Wish – about the present, something that is hard to change. May involve to be, to have, or be about me (I).

Wish + past simple

Fill in the gaps

• I wish I __________ (to have time) to go to the cinema this week.

• I wish she _________ (to start) going to the gym with me. She needs to relax.

• If only you ______ (to remember) to pay the gas bill – it’s such a pain we were cut off.

• If only the sun _______ (to come out). I hate the rain.

Answers!

• I wish I had time to go to the cinema this week.

• I wish she would start going to the gym with me. She needs to relax.

• If only you had remembered to pay the gas bill – it’s such a pain we were cut off.

• If only the sun would come out. I hate the rain.

If you’re talking about the present, which tense do you use with these conjunctions?

Wish (more hypothetical, not about will). It’s time

I’d rather OtherwiseProvided that

So long as

UnlessIn case

Present Past simple

What’s wrong with these sentences?

• It’s time we cook dinner now. • We needed to eat now, otherwise we will be

late. • I’d rather you don’t talk when I talk. • I wish you aren’t so talkative. • If only I need not pay that bill last month. • I take an umbrella in case it rained.

What’s wrong with these sentences?

• It’s time we cook dinner now. it’s time we cooked dinner now. • We needed to eat now, otherwise we will be

late. we need to eat now, otherwise we will be

late. • I’d rather you don’t talk when I talk. I’d rather you didn’t talk when I talk.

• I wish you aren’t so talkative. I wish you weren’t so talkative. • If only I don’t have to not pay that bill last

month. If only I didn’t have to pay that bill last month. • I take an umbrella in case it rained. I take an umbrella in case it rains OR I took an

umbrella in case it rained.

Rewrite these sentences to use the words in brackets.

• I baked an extra cake because I knew that extra people might have come to the party (in case).

• I will only go to the gig if the tickets are available (as long as or so long as).

• The coach is telling me I need to work out more (use it’s time, and just write what the coach says in speech marks – “”).

• I should buy phone credit. If I don’t buy phone credit I’ll have problems because I won’t be able to call home. (otherwise).