Clackamas County Juvenile Drug Court Enhancement Evaluation (OR)

NPC Research

Outcome and Cost Evaluation Results

Clackamas County Juvenile Drug Court

-Oregon City, OR

- Part of the tri-county area near Portland

- Implemented in 2001

-Highly Family Centered

-Only take juveniles who have an adult who will sign up for the program with them

What are the main goals of Drug Court?

-Reduce recidivism

-Reduce substance use

-Improve family/community/individual functioning

Enhancements

Increased family support resources and enhanced family treatment

Strengthened links to sustainable community resources

Process, outcome, and cost evaluation

Enhancements

Addition of Community Resource Liaison position

-Find and create new community resources including community service opportunities

-Work to link youth to community resources

Family Therapist almost at full-time

-Already required family therapy

-More home visits

-Required parenting class instituted

Relationships/connections with community agencies

Community Resource Liaison Added a Family Representative Oregon Youth Authority Developed connections with residential treatment programs Trained community guides Strong relationships with local agencies

and community leaders

CCJDC Enhancement Evaluation

Outcome Results

CCJDC Enhancement Evaluation

Choosing a comparison group

*Juvenile Department Counselor assistance (filled out one page survey on youth they had not referred)

Drug Court and Comparison Group  Drug Court

N = 53Compariso

nN = 60

Gender46 males7 females

48 males12 females

Ethnicity

48 White2 Hispanic1 African

Am.1 Other

54 White3 Hispanic

3 Other

Average age at time of first referral

13.85 14.09

Average number of referrals prior to DC entry date 4.57 3.67

Average number of detention episodes in juvenile detention facility

1.92 1.15

Average number of episodes in residential placement .49 .53

Average Risk Score 10.68 9.37

RECIDIVISM

RECIDIVISM:

Average Number of Re-Arrests Over 24 months

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Months

Ave

rag

e N

um

ber

of

Re-

arre

sts

All Participants

Graduated

Comparison

Re-Arrest Rate

2 years from drug court entry

Graduates 29%All Participants 44%Comparison 82%

2nd year after drug court entry (1 year post-program)

Graduates 14%All Participants 29%Comparison 50%

Mean Number of Re-Referrals and Arrests in 3-Month Increments (non-cumulative)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

3 6 9 12 15 18

Months

Ave

rage

# o

f re-

arre

sts

Pre-enhancement

Post-enhancement

Comparison

SUBSTANCE USE

Substance Use:

Percent of Positive UAs in 2 Month Increments

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

2 4 6 8 10 12

Months

Per

cent

pos

itive

UA

s

Pre-enhancement

Post-enhancement

Mean Number of Drug Related Re-Arrests in 3-Month Blocks

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

3 6 9 12 15 18

Months

Ave

rage

# o

f Dru

g-R

elat

ed R

e-ar

rest

s Pre-enhancement

Post-enhancement

Comparison

PROGRAM COST RESULTS

Program Transactions

Transaction

Transaction

Unit Cost

Avg. # of Program

Transactions

Avg. Cost per

Participant

DC Appearances

$373.83 29.55 $11,047

Case Management

$29.78 356.82 Days $10,626

Individual Treatment Sessions

$52.48 8.35 $438

Group Treatment Sessions

$16.33 37.88 $619

Family Therapy Sessions

$19.99 9.12 $182

Parent Support Group

$9.54 26.41 $252

Parent Education Classes

$9.33 4.47 $42

Drug Tests (UAs)

$6.00 70.96 $426

Drug Patches $20.00 1.19 $24Total Drug Court

    $23,656

AgencyAverage Agency Cost

per ParticipantCircuit Court $1,413

District Attorney $1,234

Defense Attorney $600

Juvenile Department

$12,974

Clackamas County Mental Health

$6,299

Oregon Youth Authority

$855

C-TEC Youth Services

$281

Total $23,656

Program Investment by Agency

Placement Options Cost Per Day

CCJDC Program $66.26

Residential Treatment

$134.19

Shelter Care $115.57

Short-term Detention

$187

Long-term Detention $171.00

Adult Jail $96.77

Program/Placement Costs per Day

OUTCOME COST RESULTS

Transaction

Transaction

Unit Cost

All Drug Court

ParticipantsComparison

Group

Re-arrests/Referrals $200.72 $171 $406

Formal Hearings $89.80 $40 $61

Hearings $44.90$34

$53

Felony Cases $390.00 $12 $148

Misdemeanor Cases $280.00 $59 $92

Probation Violation Cases

$150.00 $48 $68

Residential Tx Days $134.19 $4,046 $7,592

Foster Care Days $29.78 $448 $390

Shelter Care Days $115.57 $7 $529

Juvenile Probation Days

$1.70 $256 $363

Sub-Total ---- $5,121 $9,702

Jail Bookings $20.59 $13 $4

Jail Bed Days $96.77 $102 $19

Detention Days $183.65 $2,577 $1,827

Youth Correctional Facility Days

$171.00 $5,340 $2,562

Total   $13,153 $14,114

Cost Difference (Savings)

(Savings over 2 years)

All Drug Court minus Comparison = $961 (Overall savings)

Graduates minus Comparison = $10,958 (Grad savings)

Terminated minus Comparison = -$6,037 (loss)

Detention Costs Averaged per Youth

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

Det

enti

on

Co

sts

Year 1

Year 2

Year 1 $747 $9,785 $2,598

Year 2 $393 $2,876 $1,791

Graduated Terminated Comparison

Program Response

Community Liaison: (Paradigm Shift)

Arranges for (reserves) community service slots each week and brings to team at client progress meetings

Increased the variety of community service options Youth can choose a service that is meaningful to them

Youth that don’t do well together can be sent to different service options

Attends end of court session to sign kids up

CONCLUSION

Results provide evidence thatthe CCJDC Program:

Reduced recidivism

Reduced drug use

Resulted in savings in outcome costs

FAMILY FUNCTIONING

Family Functioning

Family Communication

(1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree)

“We tell each other about things that bother us”

2.73

“We take the time to listen to each other”

2.74

“We are free to say what we think in our family”

2.97

*Scores increased from time 1 to time 2

Family Functioning

Problem Solving

(1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree)

“We spend too much time arguing about what our problems are”

2.28

“When problems come up, we try different ways of solving them”

2.81

*Scores increased from time 1 to time 2 (Significantly)

Family Functioning

Family Rules and Expectations

(1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree)

*Scores increased from time 1 to time 2

“When you do something wrong in our family, you don’t know what to expect”

2.20

“It’s hard to tell what the rules are in our family”

2.09

“The rules in our family don’t make sense”

2.05

Family Functioning

Family Treatment Sessions

Graduates = 6.2 Sessions

Terminated = 3.9 Sessions

COST RESULTS

Cost to taxpayer approach (Public Funds)

Costs and Benefits (opportunity resources)

Transactional Cost Analysis

Research Strategies

TICA Methods

Step 1: Determine the flow/process

Step 2: Identify the transactions

Step 3: Identify the agencies involved

Step 4: Determine the resources used

Step 5: Identify costs associated

Step 6: Calculate cost results

TICA Methods

Step 1: Determine the flow/process

DC program and “business-as-usual”

Interviews

Observation

Document review

TICA Methods

Step 2: Identify the transactions Examine the process description from Step 1Examples of transactions:

Drug court hearings

Treatment sessions

Drug Tests

Re-arrests

Jail Time

TICA Methods

Step 3: Identify the agencies involved

Interviews and Observations

Drug CourtHearing

Court StaffTime

TreatmentStaff

ContractMaterials/

Services PerCase

Asst. D.A.

Asst. Pub.Defender

PoliceOfficers

TICA Methods

Step 4: Determine the resources usedInterviews, Observations, Admin Data, Files

Do this for each transaction – example court hearings

Time spent in court

Time spent preparing

How many court hearings for each participant

TICA Methods

Step 5: Identify costs associated

Interviews and Budget Reviews

Direct Costs

Support Costs (% of direct costs)

Institutional Overhead Costs (% direct costs)

TICA Methods

Step 6: Calculate cost results

Investment Cost

Net Investment

Outcome Costs

Net Outcome Costs

Total Difference (Savings – or not)