Cl4 B2 And Laz B1 Module 1 Italian Culture And Business

CL4/LAZ: Language and CL4/LAZ: Language and Culture for BusinessCulture for Business

Module 1: Italian Culture Module 1: Italian Culture and Businessand Business

Prof. Peter CullenProf. Peter Cullen

www.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.comwww.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.com

Introduction to Language, Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in ItalyCulture and Business in Italy

Why language, culture and business?Why language, culture and business?

International communicationInternational communication

Modes in the English case:Modes in the English case:EFLEFLESLESLCLILCLIL

Since WWII the Italian economy has become Since WWII the Italian economy has become increasingly involved in a US dominated global increasingly involved in a US dominated global economy. economy.

But – English is not only for the English!But – English is not only for the English!

Wall StreetWall Street


Millions of non-native speakers use English Millions of non-native speakers use English frequently.frequently.

It is a lingua franca – or It is a lingua franca – or global languageglobal language

It facilitates global interaction in politics, It facilitates global interaction in politics, economics and cultureeconomics and culture

BUT – communication is CULTURAL!!!BUT – communication is CULTURAL!!!

Business MUST understand culturally Business MUST understand culturally contextualised MEANING!!!contextualised MEANING!!!


For example: A For example: A contractcontract means different things in means different things in different places –different places –

In the US – formal product to govern a In the US – formal product to govern a relationshiprelationship

In Italy, formal recognition of a continuing In Italy, formal recognition of a continuing relationshiprelationship

In Iraq – it is the formal recognition of the In Iraq – it is the formal recognition of the beginning of a relationshipbeginning of a relationship


How can we understand cultural contexts in How can we understand cultural contexts in business?business?

1° - WHAT IS LANGUAGE?1° - WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

2° - WHAT IS CULTURE?2° - WHAT IS CULTURE?

3° - WHAT IS BUSINESS?3° - WHAT IS BUSINESS?

All of these are PROCESSES that form part of All of these are PROCESSES that form part of human behaviour.human behaviour.

What is Language?What is Language?The language process uses a The language process uses a codecode to to communicatecommunicate a a messagemessage from a from a producerproducer to a to a receiverreceiver – but: – but:

Each variable depends on its relationship to the Each variable depends on its relationship to the other variables for understanding to happen.other variables for understanding to happen.

ProducerProducercodecode

messagemessage

communicationcommunication

receiverreceiver

understandingunderstanding

Feedback loop at each Feedback loop at each stagestage


Culture operates with a similar process.Culture operates with a similar process.

It includes language, but also:It includes language, but also:

Physical relationships with the internal and Physical relationships with the internal and external environments (mind – body, nature – external environments (mind – body, nature – nurture) based on the sensory perceptionnurture) based on the sensory perception

Psychological perception, processing, memory Psychological perception, processing, memory and physical activationand physical activation

What is Culture?What is Culture?

Learning culture:Learning culture: Pierre Bourdieu and Pierre Bourdieu and fieldfield, , habitus, doxahabitus, doxa

FieldField:: the arena of social interaction – verticle the arena of social interaction – verticle and horizontal – constituted by the and horizontal – constituted by the relational differences of social agents.relational differences of social agents.

HabitusHabitus: : lasting aquired schemes of perception, lasting aquired schemes of perception, thought and action internally developed by thought and action internally developed by social agents in reaction to objective social agents in reaction to objective conditions (i.e. of field).conditions (i.e. of field).

DoxaDoxa:: deep-founded, unthought beliefs that deep-founded, unthought beliefs that inform an agent’s actions in the inform an agent’s actions in the fieldfield. . Universal Universal

concepts. These propagate the structure of concepts. These propagate the structure of the the field.field.

What is the role of culture in What is the role of culture in society?society?

People are socially dependent.People are socially dependent.

Social dependency requires communication of Social dependency requires communication of some form to:some form to:

Establish behaviour – NORMSEstablish behaviour – NORMSReinforce accepted or functional behaviourReinforce accepted or functional behaviourLearn boundaries of acceptance/refusalLearn boundaries of acceptance/refusal

The learning feedback loop makes culture active:The learning feedback loop makes culture active:

It is the ways in which a society establishes, It is the ways in which a society establishes, reinforces, and limits its behaviours within the reinforces, and limits its behaviours within the group.group.

What is the role of culture in What is the role of culture in the economy?the economy?

The concepts and actions that we define as The concepts and actions that we define as “economic” are bound by culture.“economic” are bound by culture.

What are some concepts of “economy” and What are some concepts of “economy” and “business”?“business”?


Concepts:Concepts:

ProductionProduction costcost exchangeexchange

DistributionDistribution priceprice trade/exchangetrade/exchange

ConsumptionConsumption returnreturn valuevalue

All of these concepts involve the learning feedback All of these concepts involve the learning feedback loop.loop.

Some of them directly involve a relationship to the Some of them directly involve a relationship to the physical world.physical world.

Some of them are abstractions created for the Some of them are abstractions created for the purpose of understanding the physical world.purpose of understanding the physical world.


Value:Value:

The establishment of value is abstract, fluxuating, and The establishment of value is abstract, fluxuating, and dependent on the cultural feedback loop.dependent on the cultural feedback loop.It combines primary necessity with utility (abstract)It combines primary necessity with utility (abstract)

Today, we use money to establish value.Today, we use money to establish value.

Luca Fantacci – money is:Luca Fantacci – money is:a means of exchangea means of exchangea measure of valuea measure of valuea reserve of valuea reserve of value

All dependent on the cultural feedback loop.All dependent on the cultural feedback loop.

What is the role of culture in What is the role of culture in society?society?

TIME: a dependent variableTIME: a dependent variable

The concept of time measures the rate of change. It The concept of time measures the rate of change. It is a tool. is a tool.

Tools are objects invented by man to interact with the Tools are objects invented by man to interact with the internal and external environment.internal and external environment.

i.e. i.e. Memory/activity requires timeMemory/activity requires time

production, distribution, consumption require production, distribution, consumption require timetime

The approach to time is fundamental in economicsThe approach to time is fundamental in economics


““Time is money” – an american conceptTime is money” – an american concept

This is not true in real terms, but the metaphor guides This is not true in real terms, but the metaphor guides american business practices.american business practices.

Can American concepts of time, expressed and Can American concepts of time, expressed and learned in their business practices, be applied in learned in their business practices, be applied in other parts of the world – such as Italy?other parts of the world – such as Italy?

Why? Why not? How?Why? Why not? How?

Why is this an important question for Italians?Why is this an important question for Italians?


Answers to these questions are fundamental to Answers to these questions are fundamental to success in business.success in business.

Finding Finding functionalfunctional answers requires cultural answers requires cultural contextualisations of relationships.contextualisations of relationships.

contractual, informal, communicationscontractual, informal, communications

consumption, service...consumption, service...

History can help find explanations of culturally History can help find explanations of culturally specific behaviour in different regions.specific behaviour in different regions.

i.e. America is not Italy – why?i.e. America is not Italy – why?

Abu-Lughud’s 13° Century World Abu-Lughud’s 13° Century World SystemSystem

Italy – physical geographyItaly – physical geography AlpsAlps AppenninesAppennines Tyrhennian SeaTyrhennian Sea Adraitic SeaAdraitic Sea Ionian SeaIonian Sea Gulf of GenoaGulf of Genoa Gulf of TarantoGulf of Taranto Po ValleyPo Valley Apulian PlainApulian Plain Po RiverPo River Tiber RiverTiber River Adige RiverAdige River

Italy: Regions - The NorthItaly: Regions - The North PiedmontPiedmont LombardyLombardy LiguriaLiguria TrentinoTrentino VenetoVeneto FriuliFriuli Parma and ModenaParma and Modena Emilia-RomagnaEmilia-RomagnaCitiesCities: Turin, Milan, Genoa,: Turin, Milan, Genoa,

Trent, Parma, Modena,Trent, Parma, Modena,

Verona, Bologna, Venice, Verona, Bologna, Venice,

Udine, Trieste, RiminiUdine, Trieste, Rimini

Italy: Regions - The CentreItaly: Regions - The Centre

TuscanyTuscany The MarchesThe Marches UmbriaUmbria LazioLazioCities: Cities: Bologna, Rimini,Bologna, Rimini,

Florence, Pisa, Livorno,Florence, Pisa, Livorno,

Siena, Pesaro, Ancona,Siena, Pesaro, Ancona,

Fabriano, Perugia, Foligno,Fabriano, Perugia, Foligno,

Macerata, Ascoli, Assisi, Terni,Macerata, Ascoli, Assisi, Terni,

Viterbo, Rome, Latina, ApriliaViterbo, Rome, Latina, Aprilia

Italy: Regions – The SouthItaly: Regions – The South AbruzzoAbruzzo CampaniaCampania MoliseMolise PugliaPuglia BasilicataBasilicata CalabriaCalabria SicilySicily SardiniaSardinia

Cities: Cities: Naples, Benevento,Naples, Benevento,Campobasso, Pescara, Bari,Campobasso, Pescara, Bari,Taranto, Lecce, Potenza, Taranto, Lecce, Potenza, Matera, Cosenza, Catanzaro,Matera, Cosenza, Catanzaro,Reggio Calabria, Messina, Reggio Calabria, Messina, Catania, Palermo, Trapani, Catania, Palermo, Trapani, Syracuse, Cagliari, SassariSyracuse, Cagliari, Sassari

Soil Characteristics in ItalySoil Characteristics in Italy

U.S

. Bu

rea

u o

f the

Ce

ns

us

Grain Harvest in the Marches Grain Harvest in the Marches (1950’s)(1950’s)

Threshing Grain (1940’s)Threshing Grain (1940’s)

Water Powered Flour MillWater Powered Flour Mill

Baking Equipment (1950’s)Baking Equipment (1950’s)

The Cattle Market (1939)The Cattle Market (1939)

A Land-owner on His HorseA Land-owner on His Horse

Womens’ Work?Womens’ Work?

Mens’ Work? (transhumance)Mens’ Work? (transhumance)

Field Accomodations for Migrant Field Accomodations for Migrant Labourers in Northern LazioLabourers in Northern Lazio

Pressing WinePressing Wine

Italy Compared to World Italy Compared to World Manufacturing OutputManufacturing Output

European Infrastructure and European Infrastructure and Demography 1870Demography 1870

Italy at Unification, 1866-1870Italy at Unification, 1866-1870

Colonial Empires 1850-1945Colonial Empires 1850-1945

Consumption per Area in 1885 (gr/day)Consumption per Area in 1885 (gr/day)

NorthNorth CentreCentre SouthSouth

BreadBread 656656 760760 10291029

PastaPasta 5.85.8 18.418.4 29.029.0

Corn FlourCorn Flour 21.821.8 18.618.6 --

RiceRice 19.719.7 4.64.6 1.71.7

Fresh MeatFresh Meat 11.111.1 10.710.7 7.67.6

Salted MeatSalted Meat 2.42.4 2.32.3 1.71.7

CheeseCheese 3.03.0 5.05.0 4.64.6

Milk (Lt)Milk (Lt) 0.10.1 0.030.03 0.040.04

VegetablesVegetables 22.722.7 18.318.3 35.735.7

Wine (Lt)Wine (Lt) 0.440.44 0.740.74 0.810.81

Urban Landscape in 1900: Salt and Urban Landscape in 1900: Salt and Tabacco Monopolies, The BarTabacco Monopolies, The Bar

Italy in WWIItaly in WWI Entered in 1915 after pressure from UK and FranceEntered in 1915 after pressure from UK and France Motive – to capture or receive Trento, Trieste, and Motive – to capture or receive Trento, Trieste, and

Istria, Dalmatia, and some territories in Turkey Istria, Dalmatia, and some territories in Turkey (promised by UK and France)(promised by UK and France)

They fought against the Austro-Hungarians in the They fought against the Austro-Hungarians in the AlpsAlps

Consequences:Consequences: 600,000 killed600,000 killed Post-war economic collapse with high inflation and Post-war economic collapse with high inflation and

unemploymentunemployment Italy only received Trento, Trieste, and Istria – Italy only received Trento, Trieste, and Istria –

considered a “mutilated victory”considered a “mutilated victory”

The Italian Campaign – Fighting in The Italian Campaign – Fighting in the Alpsthe Alps

AltitudeAltitude TemperatureTemperature TerrainTerrain Semi-Permanent winter warSemi-Permanent winter war Little movement – intenseLittle movement – intense

labourlabour

The Italian Campaign in the North The Italian Campaign in the North 1915 - 19171915 - 1917

The Italian Campaign at the End of The Italian Campaign at the End of the War - 1918the War - 1918

Imperial Interests in North Africa - WWIImperial Interests in North Africa - WWI

FascismFascism 1921, Bourgeois socialist movement1921, Bourgeois socialist movement

without ties to industry or agriculturewithout ties to industry or agricultureprone to violent conflict with radical socialistsprone to violent conflict with radical socialists

1921 – Mussolini’s attempt to make1921 – Mussolini’s attempt to makea pact with the socialists fails (internally)a pact with the socialists fails (internally)

The March on Rome 26-30/10/1922 – Fascists under The March on Rome 26-30/10/1922 – Fascists under Mussolini take controlMussolini take controlprompted by weak central government under Luigi prompted by weak central government under Luigi Facta and a general strike called by the socialists – Facta and a general strike called by the socialists – Mussolini seizes the moment for Fascist squads to Mussolini seizes the moment for Fascist squads to break the strikebreak the strikeVittorio Emmanuele “invites” the Fascists to Rome by Vittorio Emmanuele “invites” the Fascists to Rome by refusing to sign a decree supressing their “march” by refusing to sign a decree supressing their “march” by force force (this receives support from England and the US as an anti-communist (this receives support from England and the US as an anti-communist solution. The New York Times called Mussolini “Garibaldi in a Black solution. The New York Times called Mussolini “Garibaldi in a Black Shirt”)Shirt”)

Facsism and the Economy 1922-Facsism and the Economy 1922-19431943

Monetary policy is orthodox – based on gold standard Monetary policy is orthodox – based on gold standard and tending to increase liquidity = creates inflationand tending to increase liquidity = creates inflation

Fiscal policy 1° emphasises balanced budget then Fiscal policy 1° emphasises balanced budget then increases public spending as central authority increases public spending as central authority increasesincreases

The Fascist govt. Must repay war debt to US and UK The Fascist govt. Must repay war debt to US and UK and reached a repayment accord in 1925 of nominal and reached a repayment accord in 1925 of nominal favour but relative severity (until which no FDI)favour but relative severity (until which no FDI)

April, 1926 – the April, 1926 – the LiraLira tanks but Mussolini is able to tanks but Mussolini is able to scale back prices and wages – without great difficulty. scale back prices and wages – without great difficulty. Benefits of dictatorshipBenefits of dictatorship

1927-28 = relative currency stability but industry is 1927-28 = relative currency stability but industry is fragmented and artisanal:fragmented and artisanal:

Facsism and the Economy 1922-Facsism and the Economy 1922-19431943

...and the 1929 Stock Market Crash...and the 1929 Stock Market Crash

Hits gold standard economies hardHits gold standard economies hard

Mussolini – like the US etc. Manages to save the Mussolini – like the US etc. Manages to save the economy through public spending (war in Ethiopia) economy through public spending (war in Ethiopia) and economic development projectsand economic development projects

More money printed = inflation = 10/1936 Italy More money printed = inflation = 10/1936 Italy abandons the gold standardabandons the gold standard

Price and wage discipline keeps the economy afloat Price and wage discipline keeps the economy afloat internallyinternally

WWII allows massive public spending (also on WWII allows massive public spending (also on industrial goods)industrial goods)

Wages in the Fascist PeriodWages in the Fascist Period

WAGES (index 1913 = 100 at constant prices)WAGES (index 1913 = 100 at constant prices) total private total private

consumption consumption IV cat . XII IV cat . XII cat.cat.per capitaper capita day labour factories day labour factories railrail state emp. state emp. state emp.state emp.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1923 115 1923 115 129 129 133 145 67 94133 145 67 94

1925 116 1925 116 113 113 126 135 75 126 135 75 80 80

1927 118 1927 118 123 123 125 140 75 125 140 75 78 78

1929 122 1929 122 130 130 110 155 85 110 155 85 80 80

1931 114 1931 114 132 132 110 162 109 110 162 109 95 95

1934 115 1934 115 135 135 119 160 114 119 160 114 106 106

1936 112 1936 112 125 125 105 158 103 105 158 103 99 99

1938 1938 120 120 120 120 106 153 100 106 153 100 95 95

19411941 111111 nd nd nd nd nd 86 nd 86 95 95

Fascism and Foreign AffairsFascism and Foreign Affairs Fascism had significant support in the UK and the US Fascism had significant support in the UK and the US

as a way of bringing order to fragmented post-WWI as a way of bringing order to fragmented post-WWI Italian politics and economyItalian politics and economy(until 1929)(until 1929)

Mussolini wanted Germany to guarantee Italian Mussolini wanted Germany to guarantee Italian border with Austria and signed the Kellog-Briand border with Austria and signed the Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) of non-agression in Europe – hinted at Pact (1928) of non-agression in Europe – hinted at war with France over borders as long as Austria war with France over borders as long as Austria remained a buffer with Germanyremained a buffer with Germany

Fascism and Foreign AffairsFascism and Foreign Affairs

Mussolini held UK in high regard, initially. Churchill Mussolini held UK in high regard, initially. Churchill called him “the greatest legislator alive” after a visit called him “the greatest legislator alive” after a visit in 1927.in 1927.

Italy’s foreign policy was to be “the weight that tips Italy’s foreign policy was to be “the weight that tips the balance” (Foreign Minister Grandi – 1931)the balance” (Foreign Minister Grandi – 1931)

1935 war with Ethiopia was a way to leave the “gold 1935 war with Ethiopia was a way to leave the “gold block” and excercise direct govt. control over trade block” and excercise direct govt. control over trade through through ministerial licencesministerial licences

Fascism and Foreign Affairs – Build Fascism and Foreign Affairs – Build up to Warup to War

1932 – Mussolini assumes personal control over the 1932 – Mussolini assumes personal control over the Ministry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Foreign Affairs

1933 – he pushes for a “Pact of Four” between UK, 1933 – he pushes for a “Pact of Four” between UK, France, Italy and Germany – taking for granted France, Italy and Germany – taking for granted Grandi’s “weight that tips...” policy without having Grandi’s “weight that tips...” policy without having the real economic or military weight needed. Only UK the real economic or military weight needed. Only UK signssigns

1934 – after a Nazi coup attempt in Vienna – 1934 – after a Nazi coup attempt in Vienna – Mussolini mobilised 4 divisions on the north-east Mussolini mobilised 4 divisions on the north-east border to thwart German expansionborder to thwart German expansion

Fascism and Foreign Affairs – Build Fascism and Foreign Affairs – Build up to Warup to War

5/10/1935 – Italian troops enter Ethiopia – upsetting 5/10/1935 – Italian troops enter Ethiopia – upsetting African colonial powers. UK sends the fleet and African colonial powers. UK sends the fleet and Mussolini sends 3 divisions to the border with Egypt. Mussolini sends 3 divisions to the border with Egypt. Diplomatically resolved – Italy is allowed use of the Diplomatically resolved – Italy is allowed use of the Suez – but economic sanctions are imposed by the Suez – but economic sanctions are imposed by the League of Nations on exports and oil/weapons League of Nations on exports and oil/weapons importsimports

1936 – Mussolini sends 60,000 troops to Spain to 1936 – Mussolini sends 60,000 troops to Spain to support Francosupport Franco

Fascism and the Build-up to War – Fascism and the Build-up to War – Relations with GermanyRelations with Germany

1936 – Mussolini cedes the Foreign Ministry to 1936 – Mussolini cedes the Foreign Ministry to Galeazzo CianoGaleazzo Ciano

The Spanish Civil War is a meeting point for Hitler The Spanish Civil War is a meeting point for Hitler and Mussoliniand Mussolini

24° Oct. 1936 – Ciano and his counterpart Neurath 24° Oct. 1936 – Ciano and his counterpart Neurath form the Rome-Berlin axis to counter bolshevism – form the Rome-Berlin axis to counter bolshevism – inviting all European countries to participate – inviting all European countries to participate – this indicates a return to German influence in the this indicates a return to German influence in the EastEast

1938 – 1938 – AnschlussAnschluss with Austria must be accepted with Austria must be acceptedHitler guarantees Italian influence in the Med.Hitler guarantees Italian influence in the Med. to cover the southern theatre in case of war withto cover the southern theatre in case of war withUK and FranceUK and France

Fascism and the Build-up to War – Fascism and the Build-up to War – Relations with GermanyRelations with Germany

German ministers German ministers courtcourt Italy in 1937-38 Italy in 1937-38

1937 1937 status quostatus quo in Med = in Med = Gentlemen’s agreementGentlemen’s agreementwith the UKwith the UK

29/09/1938 Munich meeting – Hitler states his confidence 29/09/1938 Munich meeting – Hitler states his confidence that Italy will stay by Germany in any eventuality – that Italy will stay by Germany in any eventuality – Mussolini attempts neutrality on SudetenlandMussolini attempts neutrality on Sudetenland

22/05/1939 – Italy and Germany22/05/1939 – Italy and Germanysign the sign the Pact of SteelPact of Steel, binding military, binding militaryalliance – Vittorio Emanuele IIIalliance – Vittorio Emanuele IIIis not consultedis not consulted

Italy in the Mediterranean: WWIIItaly in the Mediterranean: WWII 09/1939 – Ciano forwards to Hitler logistical reasons Italy 09/1939 – Ciano forwards to Hitler logistical reasons Italy

cannot enter the warcannot enter the war The Mediterranean secures logistics for land war in the The Mediterranean secures logistics for land war in the

surrounding theatres. Italy’s primary objective was to surrounding theatres. Italy’s primary objective was to resolve border disputes with Franceresolve border disputes with France

1940 – Italy enters the war on June 10 1940 – sending 1940 – Italy enters the war on June 10 1940 – sending troops to Francetroops to France(guaranteeing a place at peace talks and assuaging (guaranteeing a place at peace talks and assuaging German reprisal for non-intervention)German reprisal for non-intervention)

June 11 Italy lays naval siege to the port of Malta (under June 11 Italy lays naval siege to the port of Malta (under British Control) this was a naval and air battleBritish Control) this was a naval and air battle

To support the Italian Air effort, and German advance in To support the Italian Air effort, and German advance in North Africa – the Luftwaffe sent a bomber wing to SicilyNorth Africa – the Luftwaffe sent a bomber wing to Sicily

UK reinforces by aircraft carrier and by 1942 defended UK reinforces by aircraft carrier and by 1942 defended the island with modern Spitfire aircraft – Gibraltar and the island with modern Spitfire aircraft – Gibraltar and Suez are in British handsSuez are in British hands

Malta later offered air cover for shipping and the Malta later offered air cover for shipping and the amphibious invasion of Sicilyamphibious invasion of Sicily

Italy in the Mediterranean: InvasionItaly in the Mediterranean: Invasion

July 9 1943 –US 7° army and British 8° army invade July 9 1943 –US 7° army and British 8° army invade SicilySicily

Idea was to take Sicily for strategic bombing and Idea was to take Sicily for strategic bombing and pressure Mussolini’s hold on the country. VE III had pressure Mussolini’s hold on the country. VE III had been alienated (also self alienated) from the war been alienated (also self alienated) from the war effort.effort.

Sicily would act as a staging ground for land invasion Sicily would act as a staging ground for land invasion of the peninsula – but this was planned only after the of the peninsula – but this was planned only after the invasion of Sicily. (9/9/1943 – Salerno; 22/01/1944 – invasion of Sicily. (9/9/1943 – Salerno; 22/01/1944 – Anzio).Anzio).


24-25 July, ’43 – The General Council (with Grandi 24-25 July, ’43 – The General Council (with Grandi and Ciano) voted to limit Mussolini’s power.and Ciano) voted to limit Mussolini’s power.

25/07 Vittorio Emanuele nominated Pietro Badoglio 25/07 Vittorio Emanuele nominated Pietro Badoglio as President of the Council – VE takes command of as President of the Council – VE takes command of the Army and has the Carabinieri arrest Mussolini.the Army and has the Carabinieri arrest Mussolini.

8/09/1943 – Badoglio signed an armistice with the 8/09/1943 – Badoglio signed an armistice with the allies AFTER VE had promised Hitler that Italy would allies AFTER VE had promised Hitler that Italy would not abandon the Axis.not abandon the Axis.

Hitler turns his troops against the Italian army and Hitler turns his troops against the Italian army and occupies the peninsula as far south as Naples. occupies the peninsula as far south as Naples.


Badoglio and General Secretary Prunas of the Southern Badoglio and General Secretary Prunas of the Southern Kingdom look to Stalin for recognition of legitimacy Kingdom look to Stalin for recognition of legitimacy as a national government – ’43 and ’44.as a national government – ’43 and ’44.

It was the British VIII army, however, that actually It was the British VIII army, however, that actually occupied the territory on the Adriatic side of the occupied the territory on the Adriatic side of the peninsula and guaranteed the removal of the peninsula and guaranteed the removal of the Germans.Germans.

29/09/194329/09/1943The Anglo-American forces, in the process of forming a The Anglo-American forces, in the process of forming a

joint staff in preparation for the invasion of France, joint staff in preparation for the invasion of France, forced the Southern Kingdom into a harsh armistice, forced the Southern Kingdom into a harsh armistice, without granting them the position of ally.without granting them the position of ally.

Badoglio attempts to declare war against Germany, but Badoglio attempts to declare war against Germany, but the declaration is “returned to sender”.the declaration is “returned to sender”.

The southern kingdom is treated as a pacified enemy.The southern kingdom is treated as a pacified enemy.

Italy in the Mediterranean: Italy in the Mediterranean: RecognitionRecognition

Hitler’s paratroopers broke Mussolini out of prison.Hitler’s paratroopers broke Mussolini out of prison.

– – Stalin offered support to Italian communist partisans Stalin offered support to Italian communist partisans and opened formal diplomatic relations (14/03/1944) and opened formal diplomatic relations (14/03/1944) with Prunas in order to return former PCI secretary with Prunas in order to return former PCI secretary Palmiro Togliatti – Palmiro Togliatti –

but in an interview with Togliatti, Stalin forbids but in an interview with Togliatti, Stalin forbids “revolution” so as not to upset his allies – “revolution” so as not to upset his allies –

rather, he supports “ a long slow march towards therather, he supports “ a long slow march towards theinstitutions”.institutions”.

This has lasting effect on the way communism would be This has lasting effect on the way communism would be supported in this country.supported in this country.

Italy in the Mediterranean: Italy in the Mediterranean: RecognitionRecognition

The southern kingdom was an arena pulled in three The southern kingdom was an arena pulled in three different directions:different directions:

Toward Russian interests through Prunas and TogliattiToward Russian interests through Prunas and Togliatti

Toward British interests through Badoglio (Churchill’s Toward British interests through Badoglio (Churchill’s Britain)Britain)

Toward American interests through formal diplomatic Toward American interests through formal diplomatic recognition of relations on 26/10/1944 (Gothic line recognition of relations on 26/10/1944 (Gothic line had fallen) – Germans in orderly retreat to the North.had fallen) – Germans in orderly retreat to the North.

CommunismCommunism MonarchyMonarchy Free-market DemocracyFree-market Democracy

ITALYITALY

The Geography of the Allied Advance The Geography of the Allied Advance in WWIIin WWII

The Gothic Line 1944The Gothic Line 1944

Italy in the Mediterranean: Italy in the Mediterranean: GovernmentGovernment

Nazi Germany falls in Aprile 1945.Nazi Germany falls in Aprile 1945.

In Italy, the allies ask the partisans to come out of In Italy, the allies ask the partisans to come out of hiding and enter talks about reconstructing the hiding and enter talks about reconstructing the country and the government.country and the government.

Incorporation rather than exclusion.Incorporation rather than exclusion.

Three parties are formed:Three parties are formed:PCI – international communismPCI – international communismSocialists – a “third path” between communism and Socialists – a “third path” between communism and

capitalismcapitalismThe Christian Democrats – international catholicismThe Christian Democrats – international catholicism

All anti-fascist – embarked on a programme of “de-All anti-fascist – embarked on a programme of “de-nationalisation” (in the fascist sense) of the country.nationalisation” (in the fascist sense) of the country.

Export Growth 1820-1992Export Growth 1820-1992

Export Volume IndexExport Volume Index

(1913 = 100)(1913 = 100)

TerritoryTerritory18201820 18701870 19131913 19501950 19921992

UKUK 33 3131 100100 100100 494494

GermanyGermany 44 1818 100100 3535 10711071

FranceFrance 44 3131 100100 149149 20902090

ItalyItaly 77 3939 100100 126126 38533853

RussiaRussia -- -- 100100 9797 612612

USAUSA 11 1313 100100 225225 23502350

JapanJapan -- 33 100100 210210 17,78417,784

WorldWorld 33 2424 100100 128128 16021602

Average Annual GrowthAverage Annual Growth

1820-18701820-1870 1870-19131870-1913 1913-19501913-1950 1950-19921950-1992

UK 4.6 2.7 0.0 3.8Germany 3.0 3.8 -1.3 8.1France 3.9 2.7 1.1 6.3

ItalyItaly 3.43.4 2.12.1 0.60.6 8.18.1Russia - - -0.1 4.3USA 5.1 4.7 2.2 5.6Japan - 8.1 2.0 10.6

World 4.2 3.3 0.7 6.0

European Per Capita GDP Growth: European Per Capita GDP Growth: 1820-19921820-1992

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1820-1870 1870-1913 1913-1950 1950-1973 1973-1992

Austria

Belgium

France

Germany

Italy

UK

Spain

Russia

USA

Japan

Industrial Production of Central/Northern Industrial Production of Central/Northern

Italy 1440-1990Italy 1440-1990 (x 1 million)(x 1 million)

1

1000

1000000

1000000000

Ind. Prod.Price Ind.

Price-Production Index 1440-Price-Production Index 1440-19901990

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

P-P index

Per-capita Production 1440-1990Per-capita Production 1440-1990

9.76 11.2 8.62 6.92 9.09 15.5935.31 47.63

71.11

255.83

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Prod/ Capita

Post-War Italy: Reconstruction Post-War Italy: Reconstruction The Referendum on the Republic (June 2 1946)The Referendum on the Republic (June 2 1946)

total votes: total votes: pro-republicpro-republic pro-monarchypro-monarchy12,700,000 (54%) 12,700,000 (54%) 10,700,000 (46%)10,700,000 (46%)

Regional votes (%):Regional votes (%):Venice-tridentinaVenice-tridentina 8585 1515 Cities and towns: R Cities and towns: R MMEmiliaEmilia 7777 2323 TurinTurin 60 60 4040UmbriaUmbria 71.971.9 28.128.1 Rome 46 Rome 46 5454TuscanyTuscany 71.671.6 28.428.4 RavennaRavenna 91.2 91.2 8.88.8MarcheMarche 70.170.1 29.929.9 CesenaCesena 91.3 91.3 8.78.7LiguriaLiguria 6969 3131 CarraraCarrara 88.1 88.1 11.911.9LombardyLombardy 64.164.1 35.9 Livorno35.9 Livorno 80.5 80.5 19.519.5Val D’AostaVal D’Aosta 63.563.5 36.536.5 Messina 14.6 Messina 14.6 85.485.4VenetoVeneto 59.359.3 40.740.7 Palermo 15.8 Palermo 15.8 84.284.2PiedmontPiedmont 57.157.1 42.9 Catania42.9 Catania 18.2 18.2 81.481.4LazioLazio 48.648.6 51.451.4 NaplesNaples 20.1 20.1 79.979.9AbruzziAbruzzi 43.143.1 56.956.9 BariBari 25.2 25.2 56.256.2LucaniaLucania 40.640.6 59.459.4CalabriaCalabria 39.739.7 60.360.3SardiniaSardinia 39.139.1 60.960.9SicilySicily 35.335.3 64.764.7ApuliaApulia 32.732.7 67.367.3CampaniaCampania 23.523.5 76.576.5

ERPERP Developed by Sec. of StateDeveloped by Sec. of State

George MarshallGeorge Marshall Active July 1947 – July 1951Active July 1947 – July 1951 13 billion USD in economic and13 billion USD in economic and

technical assitance to countriestechnical assitance to countries

joining the EECo-op groupjoining the EECo-op group Offered to Soviets – rejectedOffered to Soviets – rejected

as Dollar Imperialismas Dollar Imperialism Proposed by Joint Chiefs of Staff to contain Proposed by Joint Chiefs of Staff to contain

communismcommunism

Agricultural Production 1861-1950Agricultural Production 1861-1950 The South:The South: Latifundia – agricultural production based on Latifundia – agricultural production based on

large, extensive land ownership worked by day labourers large, extensive land ownership worked by day labourers and employees/bondsmen who owed loyalty to the and employees/bondsmen who owed loyalty to the landowner. Labourers lived in agro-towns. landowner. Labourers lived in agro-towns. Clientage Clientage relationships dominate.relationships dominate.

Latifundia Reform 1882-1890 Latifundia Reform 1882-1890 parcel out land to parcel out land to small holders/day labourerssmall holders/day labourers

Pre-mechanical grain economy = Pre-mechanical grain economy = low productivitylow productivityhigh birth rateshigh birth ratescomplemented by sheepcomplemented by sheepseasonal productivityseasonal productivity

1861-1907: labourer salaries reduced due to presence of 1861-1907: labourer salaries reduced due to presence of grain threshersgrain threshers

1882-1890 reforms failed because large landowners were 1882-1890 reforms failed because large landowners were too influential in government: 1.5 million Sicilians too influential in government: 1.5 million Sicilians emigrated to US, Canada, S. America between 1876 and emigrated to US, Canada, S. America between 1876 and 1925.1925.

Agricultural Production 1861-1950Agricultural Production 1861-1950

The Centre and North: The Centre and North: Largely seft-sufficient markets Largely seft-sufficient markets based on based on mixed cultivationmixed cultivation produced in the produced in the mezzadriamezzadria system – peasant family leases the system – peasant family leases the poderepodere from the from the landlord (1 year renewable) and pays rent in kind at a landlord (1 year renewable) and pays rent in kind at a rate of 50% of harvests. rate of 50% of harvests.

Small-medium farmsSmall-medium farmsfamily operatedfamily operated5-6 people per family5-6 people per family

Mixed agriculture = intense labour and high yield/hectareMixed agriculture = intense labour and high yield/hectare Centre and North have access to oxen = smaller units can Centre and North have access to oxen = smaller units can

work more land.work more land.

North/South divide – in Southern Europe raising 1 ox North/South divide – in Southern Europe raising 1 ox requires +- 10-12 hectares. In northern Europe only 2-3 requires +- 10-12 hectares. In northern Europe only 2-3 hectares needed.hectares needed.

Population of Italy 1771-1991 Population of Italy 1771-1991 (x1000)(x1000)

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000550006000065000

1771178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

12001

pop.x100

The 1950 Land ReformThe 1950 Land Reform

700,000 hectares700,000 hectares

taken from 2805 largetaken from 2805 large

landowners andlandowners and

assigned to 109,000assigned to 109,000

families (of small families (of small

landholders and landholders and

landless peasants)landless peasants)

1950-1975 = % drop in:1950-1975 = % drop in:

PoderiPoderi 22.422.4

QuoteQuote 14.314.3

LottiLotti 25.625.6

Internal Migration: 1950-1970Internal Migration: 1950-1970

= = 15,000 15,000 inhabitants inhabitants

Population Resident by Class of Population Resident by Class of Demographic ConcentrationDemographic Concentration

Demographic classDemographic class

(urban concentration in %) (urban concentration in %)

1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 19911931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991< 20,000< 20,000

pop.pop. 64.3 63.0 58.7 53.0 47.6 46.6 47.4 64.3 63.0 58.7 53.0 47.6 46.6 47.4

20,000-20,000-

250,000250,000

pop.pop. 23.5 23.8 25.0 27.7 31.7 33.9 35.3 23.5 23.8 25.0 27.7 31.7 33.9 35.3

>250,000>250,000

pop.pop. 12.2 13.2 16.3 19.3 20.7 19.5 17.3 12.2 13.2 16.3 19.3 20.7 19.5 17.3

TotalTotal 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Poor but BeautifulPoor but Beautiful Sofia Loren teaches Italian working class women to Sofia Loren teaches Italian working class women to

be beautiful.be beautiful.

Sofia Villani Scicolone (Rome: 1934)Sofia Villani Scicolone (Rome: 1934)

(“L’oro di Napoli” – 1954 by De Sica)(“L’oro di Napoli” – 1954 by De Sica)

little make-uplittle make-up

authenticauthentic

accessibleaccessible

= ?= ?

Expansion of Turin - Roman Period to Expansion of Turin - Roman Period to 19711971

The Economic Miracle 1950-The Economic Miracle 1950-19751975

Transportation revolution: the FIAT 500 Transportation revolution: the FIAT 500

allowed commuting in rural/provincial areasallowed commuting in rural/provincial areas

inexpensiveinexpensive

reliablereliable

efficientefficient

Transportation revolution: the Piaggio VespaTransportation revolution: the Piaggio Vespa

individual transportindividual transport

An urban solutionAn urban solution

Land Use in Italy 1972Land Use in Italy 1972

Distribution of Labour 1961-1981Distribution of Labour 1961-1981

Distribution of Labour 1861-2003Distribution of Labour 1861-2003

Ag.Ag. Ind.Ind. Serv.Serv.

% LF% LF %GDP%GDP %LF%LF %GDP%GDP %LF%LF %GDP%GDP

18611861 69.769.7 54.454.4 18.118.1 18.718.7 12.212.2 26.926.9

18711871 67.567.5 54.454.4 19.219.2 16.716.7 13.313.3 31.431.4

18811881 61.861.8 51.951.9 20.520.5 16.716.7 17.717.7 31.431.4

19111911 59.159.1 42.742.7 23.623.6 23.223.2 17.317.3 34.134.1

19381938 52.052.0 26.526.5 25.625.6 30.530.5 22.422.4 43.043.0

20032003 05.005.0 02.302.3 32.032.0 29.429.4 63.063.0 68.368.3

There are eroding ties between demography and labour There are eroding ties between demography and labour productivity = why?productivity = why?

Population of Italy 1972Population of Italy 1972

Italian Rail Network 2007Italian Rail Network 2007

Regional Industrial Production 1972Regional Industrial Production 1972

Global Distribution of Micro, Small, Global Distribution of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises per 1000 and Medium Enterprises per 1000

PeoplePeople

World Transnational Parent World Transnational Parent Company Presence 1993-2005Company Presence 1993-2005

Scale of Multinational CorporationsScale of Multinational Corporationsa -1990 - 2005, b -Q3 2006a -1990 - 2005, b -Q3 2006

a b

FIAT: The Agnelli Empire FIAT: The Agnelli Empire (reported 2006)(reported 2006)

DicembreDicembre

G. Agnelli and Co.G. Agnelli and Co.

IFIIFI

IFILIFIL

FIAT GroupFIAT Group

““Cascaded Cascaded CompaniesCompanies

A sharesA shares

B sharesB shares31.2% of votes31.2% of votes

53% of votes*53% of votes*

65% of votes65% of votes

30.3% of votes30.3% of votes

3% of votes3% of votes

*% of extraordinary meeting votes – they hold all votes otherwise*% of extraordinary meeting votes – they hold all votes otherwise

1968-2007 The From Industry to 1968-2007 The From Industry to ServicesServices

The “Anni di Piombo” – political parties must manage a The “Anni di Piombo” – political parties must manage a politicised youth.politicised youth.

Italy: the population, like in the UK, US, France and Italy: the population, like in the UK, US, France and Germany – is young and becoming university educated.Germany – is young and becoming university educated.

There is much tension between extreme right and There is much tension between extreme right and extreme left groups.extreme left groups.

Economic growth is fast – prompting youth to push for Economic growth is fast – prompting youth to push for faster social changefaster social change

Violence was used by both Left and Right wing groups – Violence was used by both Left and Right wing groups – with corrupt government officials tending to support with corrupt government officials tending to support the Rightthe Right

Extremism 1968-1987Extremism 1968-1987

1960’s the Italian Socialist Party is formally 1960’s the Italian Socialist Party is formally recognised in Parliament and immediately contrasts recognised in Parliament and immediately contrasts the traditional Democratic Christian Party (DC)the traditional Democratic Christian Party (DC)

Feb. 1968 – the Tet offensive spurs radical Feb. 1968 – the Tet offensive spurs radical communism among youthcommunism among youth

translating into a vehement political need for translating into a vehement political need for improving the standards of factory workers in improving the standards of factory workers in Europe and Italy.Europe and Italy.


PCI influenced groups radicalise (mainly youth) and PCI influenced groups radicalise (mainly youth) and form splinter form splinter extra-parlimentaryextra-parlimentary groups: Lotta groups: Lotta Continua, Potere operaio, Avanguardia operaia – Continua, Potere operaio, Avanguardia operaia – workers rights become the cause of the student workers rights become the cause of the student generationgeneration

By 1970 the By 1970 the istituzione delle regioniistituzione delle regioni confer political confer political power to new regional governmentspower to new regional governments

AUTUNNO CALDO AUTUNNO CALDO – Fall 1969 “New Left” members – Fall 1969 “New Left” members occupy the FIAT factory in Milanoccupy the FIAT factory in Milan


December 1969 – 4 bombs struck the December 1969 – 4 bombs struck the Altare della Altare della PatriaPatria and the and the Banca Nazionale del LavoroBanca Nazionale del Lavoro in Rome, in Rome, and the and the Banca CommercialeBanca Commerciale and and Banca Nazionale Banca Nazionale dell’Agricoladell’Agricola in Milan. in Milan.

The police arrested 4000 left wing extremists and The police arrested 4000 left wing extremists and party associates – causing hot protest among party associates – causing hot protest among studentsstudents

One of the young people arrested – anarchist One of the young people arrested – anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli “fell” out of a window while in Giuseppe Pinelli “fell” out of a window while in prison and died. prison and died. Lotta ContinuaLotta Continua accused police accused police officer Luigi Calabresi of murdering him.officer Luigi Calabresi of murdering him.


Lotta ContinuaLotta Continua accused extreme right wing groups of accused extreme right wing groups of the bombings and using support within the police the bombings and using support within the police forces to blame the Left – court procedings in the forces to blame the Left – court procedings in the 1980’s proved them right.1980’s proved them right.

December 1970 – Junio Valerio Borghese ex Colonel December 1970 – Junio Valerio Borghese ex Colonel of the X°MAS led (as a figurehead) a fascist coup plot of the X°MAS led (as a figurehead) a fascist coup plot – which was diffused at the beginning of 1971– which was diffused at the beginning of 1971

Extremism 1968 - 1987Extremism 1968 - 1987

Summer 1971 – Richard Nixon suspends the Summer 1971 – Richard Nixon suspends the “convertability” of the US $ into gold – removing the “convertability” of the US $ into gold – removing the $ from the gold exchange standard. (managing US $ from the gold exchange standard. (managing US debt was a form of managing the balance of debt was a form of managing the balance of payments in most of the non-Soviet world)payments in most of the non-Soviet world)

May 17, 1972 – Calabresi is assassinated in Milan – May 17, 1972 – Calabresi is assassinated in Milan – the Carabinieri attempt to blame the Carabinieri attempt to blame Lotta Continua Lotta Continua but but in 1974 – two neo-fascist activists are indicted. This in 1974 – two neo-fascist activists are indicted. This is the 1° political assassination of the 1970’sis the 1° political assassination of the 1970’s


1972 – Peteano – 3 Carabinieri killed in a bomb 1972 – Peteano – 3 Carabinieri killed in a bomb attack. attack. Lotta ContinuaLotta Continua is blamed and some of its is blamed and some of its members are arrested. In the 1980s it was members are arrested. In the 1980s it was discovered that the bomb was made with military C-discovered that the bomb was made with military C-4 explosive, and a neo-fascist confessed.4 explosive, and a neo-fascist confessed.

1972 – 1974 sees a series of these right wing de-1972 – 1974 sees a series of these right wing de-stabilising bombings. stabilising bombings.


July 1974 – another attempt at Neo-Fascist coupJuly 1974 – another attempt at Neo-Fascist coupProtagonist Count Edgardo Sogno wrote in his Protagonist Count Edgardo Sogno wrote in his memoirs "the United States would have supported memoirs "the United States would have supported any initiative tending to keep the communists out of any initiative tending to keep the communists out of government."government." The CIA and Italian secret service The CIA and Italian secret service supported this.supported this.

1974-1976 1974-1976 Potere operaio, Lotta Continua, and the Potere operaio, Lotta Continua, and the Brigate Rosse Brigate Rosse disband or split apart after the 1974 disband or split apart after the 1974 arrest of the Red Brigade leaders Renato Curcio and arrest of the Red Brigade leaders Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini.Alberto Franceschini.


1973 Enrico Berlinguer, secretary of the PCI pushed 1973 Enrico Berlinguer, secretary of the PCI pushed through the through the Compromesso Storico Compromesso Storico – partially uniting – partially uniting and pacifying differences between the PCI, the and pacifying differences between the PCI, the socialists, and the DC – and afferming the non-Soviet socialists, and the DC – and afferming the non-Soviet characteristics of the PCI (condemned the invasion characteristics of the PCI (condemned the invasion of Czech in 68).of Czech in 68).

The Centre-Left splintered by 76, allowing the PCI to The Centre-Left splintered by 76, allowing the PCI to take Italian politics further to the left.take Italian politics further to the left.


The governments of this time were not able to The governments of this time were not able to discipline the forces of order to combat either left or discipline the forces of order to combat either left or right wing terrorism.right wing terrorism.

It is a period in which the Italian economy suffered It is a period in which the Italian economy suffered the high prices of oil brought about by the political the high prices of oil brought about by the political affermation of OPEC.affermation of OPEC.


Unemployment was high, particularly among young Unemployment was high, particularly among young people.people.

In 1975, the govt. introduced the In 1975, the govt. introduced the scala mobilescala mobile – or – or moving scale – to equate wages with the cost of moving scale – to equate wages with the cost of living.living.

1977 – 1977 – Autonomia operaiaAutonomia operaia launches a series of bomb launches a series of bomb attacks and assassination attempts, primarily attacks and assassination attempts, primarily against PCI targets =against PCI targets =

Dissaffection with Labour Dissaffection with Labour Leadership!!!Leadership!!!


6 March, 1978 – president of the DC , Aldo Moro, was 6 March, 1978 – president of the DC , Aldo Moro, was kidnapped by the kidnapped by the Brigate RosseBrigate Rosse and after 55 days, and after 55 days, assassinated on May 9.assassinated on May 9.

1978 – Inflation dropped to 13.6% - the lowest since 1978 – Inflation dropped to 13.6% - the lowest since 1974 – and the govt. attempted to rationalise the tax 1974 – and the govt. attempted to rationalise the tax structure.structure.

Consensus govt. applying Keynesian economics. Consensus govt. applying Keynesian economics. High degree of fiscal intervention. Italy joins the High degree of fiscal intervention. Italy joins the European Monetary SystemEuropean Monetary System


In industry – 1962-72 saw the beginning of In industry – 1962-72 saw the beginning of privatisation of state industries – particularly in privatisation of state industries – particularly in chemicals.chemicals.1962 – Enrico Mattei stipulates and accord between 1962 – Enrico Mattei stipulates and accord between ENI and the “Seven Sisters” (the largest oil ENI and the “Seven Sisters” (the largest oil companies). He then dies.companies). He then dies.

1972 – Eni’s director Cefis becomes head of the 1972 – Eni’s director Cefis becomes head of the Montedison company – afferming the importance of Montedison company – afferming the importance of the managerial class while public companies were in the managerial class while public companies were in the redthe red

Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Centuryin the 21° Century

Italy at the Crossroads: Climate Italy at the Crossroads: Climate ChangeChange

Italy’s “third path” creates some difficulties in Italy’s “third path” creates some difficulties in adapting to climate change realities in terms of:adapting to climate change realities in terms of:

The economyThe economy PoliticsPolitics SocietySociety

Global CO2 Increase 1950-1999Global CO2 Increase 1950-1999

NOAA

Contributors to Global Warming 1900-1999Contributors to Global Warming 1900-1999

Europe adds 27.7% to overall global warmingEurope adds 27.7% to overall global warming


The Economic Impact of Climate Change in Italy:The Economic Impact of Climate Change in Italy:

Assumptions:Assumptions:

Option 1 = no reaction: The Stern Report (2006) Option 1 = no reaction: The Stern Report (2006) estimated this would costestimated this would cost

20% of global GDP20% of global GDP

Option 2 = diversified reaction: Stern stated that this Option 2 = diversified reaction: Stern stated that this should cost 1% of global GDPshould cost 1% of global GDP

Fragmented data for Italy.Fragmented data for Italy.

Estimates for:Estimates for:

weather impactsweather impacts

sea-level risesea-level rise


Weather impacts of climate change in Italy:Weather impacts of climate change in Italy:

Sectors affected are: agriculture, forests, water, tourism and Sectors affected are: agriculture, forests, water, tourism and healthhealth

Study compared projected impact in Sicily and Lombardy:Study compared projected impact in Sicily and Lombardy:

Adaptive behaviour:Adaptive behaviour:

The south: hot summers = The south: hot summers = more time at beach and poolmore time at beach and pool

The North: hot summers =The North: hot summers = less use of transport and private less use of transport and private carscars


Economic effects:Economic effects: Cost of mitigation vs. Cost of mitigation vs. BenefitsBenefits

Dangers: Dangers: increase average 328 forest fires increase average 328 forest fires per regionper region

coastal floodingcoastal flooding

droughtdrought

tourisimtourisim

agricultureagriculture

Intensive Crop Agriculture 1999Intensive Crop Agriculture 1999

Per Capita Water Use (2000 – cubic Per Capita Water Use (2000 – cubic metres/year)metres/year)

The Ex-Granary of Urbino 2007The Ex-Granary of Urbino 2007

Urbino: Population Expansion to the Urbino: Population Expansion to the Suburbs 1985-2007Suburbs 1985-2007

Urbino: Problems of Industry in the Urbino: Problems of Industry in the Appennine FoothillsAppennine Foothills

Urbino: Problems of Urban Urbino: Problems of Urban InfrastructureInfrastructure

Urbino: Mixed Suburban and Industrual Urbino: Mixed Suburban and Industrual Areas – The ValleysAreas – The Valleys

Urbino: Problems of Urban Infrastructure – Urbino: Problems of Urban Infrastructure – Walled Towns and ParkingWalled Towns and Parking

Cl4 B2 And Laz B1 Module 1 Italian Culture And Business

Technology

Transcript of Cl4 B2 And Laz B1 Module 1 Italian Culture And Business