Cl in Drinking Water Farrukh

8/14/2019 Cl in Drinking Water Farrukh

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH Proposal,ASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH Proposal,

Level of chlorine in drinkingLevel of chlorine in drinking

water of Islamabad atwater of Islamabad atconsumers end.consumers end.

Dr Farrukh Iqbal,Roll No:6Dr Farrukh Iq

bal,Roll No:6


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IntroductionIntroduction

--Water is included in Physical environmentWater is included in Physical environment-3/4-3/4thth of earth surface is waterof earth surface is water

-6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec-6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec

-Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water-Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water

RationaleRationale

of our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad soof our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad sothat consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safethat consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safe

water supplywater supply..

LITERATURE REVIEW Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence

According to United Nations statistics, over one billion people, one-sixthof the worlds population, lack clean drinking water

Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue inPakistan as wastewater from raw sewage, industrial waste, and agriculture

runoffs may be mishandled and dumped directly into lakes, rivers and

streams.


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Chlorine, the most common disinfectant in the US, is effective in killing mostpathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Many public water systems add chlorine (a process known as chlorination)to their water supply for the purpose of disinfection

Why Add Chlorine to Drinking WaterWhy A

dd Chlorine to Drinking Water

To kill certain bacteria

To replace chlorine lost by dissipation in the municipal pipingsystem

To ensure adequate disinfection when pH is high

What Chlorine Level is Recommended forWhat Chlorine Level is Recommended for

Continuous DisinfectionContinuous DisinfectionAs a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2As a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2

ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering systemppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system


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Chloroform Range 0.7 - 540 g/L, Mean 26.4 g/L

Bromodichloromethane

Range 1.9 - 183 g/L, Mean 9.1 g/L

Chlorodibromomethane

Range 0.4 - 280 g/L, Mean 5.7 g/L

Bromoform Range0.4 - 280 g/L, Mean 5.7 g/L

ChloroaceticAcid

Range


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AIM:AIM:

To assess the level ofTo assess the level ofchlorination inchlorination indrinking water atdrinking water at

consumer end.consumer end.OBJECTIVESOBJ

ECTIVES::

To quantify the levelTo quantify the levelof chlorine in drinkingof chlorine in drinking

water at consumerwater at consumerendend

What are the HealthWhat are the HealthEffects of ChlorineEffects of ChlorineByproductsBy

products

In animals manyIn animals many

adverse effects ofadverse effects ofchlorine Byproductschlorine Byproductshave been observedhave been observede.g. Liver, Intestinale.g. Liver, Intestinaland Kidney tumors butand Kidney tumors but

in Human beings upin Human beings uptill now Carcinoma oftill now Carcinoma ofBladder is reported.Bladder is reported.


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METHODOLOGY:

Type of study:

Comparative cross sectional surveyData collection techniques:

Forty Five houses from each sub-sector of G6 and G10 subsequently

will be selected randomly. Sample

will be taken in a glass bottle sun

light was tried to avoid.

Sampling:

Simple random sampling

Sample size:Samp

le size:

Sample size is calculatedSample size is calculated

with Macorr Sample Sizewith Macorr Sample SizeCalculator. Available atCalculator. Available atwww.Macorr.com/ss_calculwww.Macorr.com/ss_calculator.htm.The sample of 360ator.htm.The sample of 360was calculated of 8000was calculated of 8000

houses of sector G6 and G10With 95% confidence leveland 5% error

Study site:

G6 and G10 sectors of

Islamabad

Study duration:

90 days


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Plan for data collection,Plan for data collection,processing and analysis:processing and analysis:Samples have to be collected in aSamples have to be collected in aglass bottle and avoid sun lightglass bottle and avoid sun light

because of its effects on chlorine.because of its effects on chlorine.Level of chlorine should beLevel of chlorine should becalculated through orth tolidine testcalculated through orth tolidine test

Data Collection tool:Data Collection tool:The principal investigator willThe principal investigator willreceive the data and he will enterreceive the data and he will enter

the data and analyze it.the data and analyze it.

Data EntryData Entry::Data will be enter by the researcherData will be enter by the researcherusing SPSS version16using SPSS version16

Plan of AnalysisPlan of Analysis::Descriptive statistics such asDescriptive statistics such as

means, standard deviations,means, standard deviations,frequencies, rates, and ratios willfrequencies, rates, and ratios willbe calculated for different variablesbe calculated for different variables

Data Security and QualityData Security and QualityManagementManagementPilot testing of questionnaire will bePilot testing of questionnaire will becarried out in another in unioncarried out in another in union

council other then the union councilscouncil other then the union councilsof study area. Questionnaire will beof study area. Questionnaire will bekept in lock in key with thekept in lock in key with theresearcher. Field editing will be doneresearcher. Field editing will be doneof questionnaire. Researcher willof questionnaire. Researcher willmake sure that the data is collectedmake sure that the data is collected

properly by data collectors byproperly by data collectors byrefilling the 5-10 questionnaires inrefilling the 5-10 questionnaires inthe field daily.the field daily.

ETHICALETHICALCONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION::

Prior approval of the study fromPrior approval of the study from

ethical review board ofethical review board ofHEALTHHEALTHSERVICES ACADEMYSERVICES ACADEMY will bewill betaken. Then written consent will betaken. Then written consent will betaken from every household beforetaken from every household before

the collection of samplethe collection of sample..


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Variables:Variables:

SourceSource DistanceDistance

Distribution systemDistribution system

Level of chlorineLevel of chlorine

WORK PLANWORK PLAN::

One team will be formedOne team will be formedfor this purposes and thisfor this purposes and thisteam will have threeteam will have threemembers.members.

I will also take threeI will also take threevolunteers for thisvolunteers for this

purposepurpose

BudgetBudgetA Total amount ofA Total amount of

Rs=51,670/Pkr isRs=51,670/Pkr isrequiredrequired

for total study.for total study.


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Of Chlori

Hiring of Person

Task to be performS#

Cl in Drinking Water Farrukh

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