Cjs on Damages

8/19/2019 Cjs on Damages

1/1018

Summary, 24 C.J.S. Damages Summary

© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1

24 C.J.S. Damages Summary

Corpus Juris Secundum

Database updated July 2015

Damages

Joseph Bassano, J.D., Eric Mayer, J.D., Jeanne M. Naffky, J.D.,Karl Oakes, J.D., Jeffrey J. Shampo, J.D., and Eric C. Surette, J.D.

Correlation Table

Summary

Scope:

This title includes pecuniary compensation, indemnity, or satisfaction, allowed by law for injuries resulting from

the unlawful act or default of another; nature and grounds of recovery thereof in general; rights to substantial

or nominal damages, to immediate, consequential, remote, or prospective damages, and to compensatory or

exemplary damages; penalties and liquidated damages and measure of damages for breach of contract in general;

measure of damages for torts in general; interest as an element of damages; what amounts are inadequate or

excessive as awards of damages; and proceedings relating to recovery and assessment of damages in general.

Treated Elsewhere:

Excessive fines in criminal cases, see C.J.S., Criminal Law § 2211

Moneys recoverable under statutes imposing payment as punishment for violating same, see C.J.S., Penalties §§

1 et seq.

Pecuniary punishments imposed upon conviction of a crime, see C.J.S., Fines §§ 1 et seq.

Restitution payable to crime victims, see C.J.S., Criminal Law §§ 2473 to 2493

Time during which interest runs and computation of interest, see C.J.S., Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit §§

97 to 133

Research References:

Westlaw Databases

All Federal & State Cases (ALLCASES)

All Federal Cases (ALLFEDS)

American Law Reports (ALR)

West's A.L.R. Digest (ALRDIGEST)

End of Document © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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Research References, 25 C.J.S. Damages I Refs.


25 C.J.S. Damages I Refs.


Database updated June 2015

Damages


I. Overview

Topic Summary Correlation Table

Research References

A.L.R. Library

A.L.R. Index, Consequential Damages

A.L.R. Index, Damages

A.L.R. Index, Liquidated DamagesA.L.R. Index, Nominal Damages

A.L.R. Index, Punitive Damages

A.L.R. Index, Special Damages

A.L.R. Index, Speculative Damages

West's A.L.R. Digest, Damages §§1 , 5


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Research References, 25 C.J.S. Damages I A Refs.


25 C.J.S. Damages I A Refs.



Damages


I. Overview

A. Definitions and Distinctions


Research References

A.L.R. Library


A.L.R. Index, DamagesA.L.R. Index, Liquidated Damages

A.L.R. Index, Nominal Damages




West's A.L.R. Digest, Damages §§1


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§ 1.Definitions, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 1


25 C.J.S. Damages § 1


Data base updated June 2015

Damages


I. Overview


Topic Summary References Correlation Table

§ 1. Definitions

West's Key Number Digest

West's Key Number Digest, Damages 1The word "damages" has been subject to a variety of definitions and in a legal sense means the compensation

that the law will award for an injury done.

"Damages," absent a restrictive modifier like compensatory, actual, consequential, or punitive, is an inclusive

term embracing the panoply of legally recognized pecuniary relief. 1 In its common usage, "damage" includes

harm, loss, injury, detriment, or diminution in value, 2 and is the estimated money equivalent for detriment or

injury sustained. 3

"Damages" are a measure of the loss or harm, generally in the form of pecuniary compensation, resulting from an

injury suffered by a person 4 because of the unlawful act, omission, or negligence of another. 5 The term embraces

monetary compensation for loss or harm already suffered, as well as harm certain to be suffered in the future. 6

More specifically, "damages" is a term used in torts to denote an award made to a person by a competent judicial

tribunal because of a legal wrong done to him by another. 7 It is the word that expresses in dollars and cents the

injury sustained by a plaintiff 8 and includes both the original debt or damage and whatever interest ought to be

added to make a just verdict. 9

There are two aspects to the word "damages," causation and amount. 10 It signifies compensation for the default of

the party charged therewith 11 and includes special, as well as general, damages 12 and all factors going to make

up the total amount that the plaintiff may recover under correct principles of law.13

In its ordinary acceptation,

it is opposed to awards of previously fixed compensation. 14

CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT

Cases:

Compensation, not enrichment, is the basis for an award of damages. MCI Communications Services v. CMES,

Inc., 728 S.E.2d 649 (Ga. 2012).

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§ 1.Definitions, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 1


[END OF SUPPLEMENT]

Footnotes

1 Ohio—Leininger v. Pioneer Natl. Latex, 115 Ohio St. 3d 311, 2007-Ohio-4921, 875 N.E.2d 36 (2007); Whitaker v.

M.T. Automotive, Inc., 111 Ohio St. 3d 177, 2006-Ohio-5481, 855 N.E.2d 825 (2006).

2 Cal.—Windham at Carmel Mountain Ranch Assn. v. Superior Court, 109 Cal. App. 4th 1162, 135 Cal. Rptr. 2d 834

(4th Dist. 2003).

3 Utah—Eleopulos v. McFarland and Hullinger, LLC, 2006 UT App 352, 145 P.3d 1157 (Utah Ct. App. 2006).

4 Colo.—Double Oak Const., L.L.C. v. Cornerstone Development Intern., L.L.C., 97 P.3d 140 (Colo. App. 2003).

La.—McGee v. A C And S, Inc., 933 So. 2d 770 (La. 2006).

5 Colo.—Double Oak Const., L.L.C. v. Cornerstone Development Intern., L.L.C., 97 P.3d 140 (Colo. App. 2003).

6 Cal.—Citizens of Humanity, LLC v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 171 Cal. App. 4th 1, 89 Cal. Rptr. 3d 455 (2d Dist.

2009) (disapproved of on other grounds by, Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310, 120 Cal. Rptr. 3d 741,

246 P.3d 877 (2011)).

Wis.—Tietsworth v. Harley-Davidson, Inc., 261 Wis. 2d 755, 2003 WI App 75, 661 N.W.2d 450 (Ct. App. 2003),

decision rev'd on other grounds, 2004 WI 32, 270 Wis. 2d 146, 677 N.W.2d 233, 53 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d 721 (2004).

7 Ford v. Trendwest Resorts, Inc., 146 Wash. 2d 146, 43 P.3d 1223 (2002).

Compensation for a legal wrong or injury

Okla.—Estrada v. Port City Properties, Inc., 2011 OK 30, 258 P.3d 495 (Okla. 2011).

8 Mass.—Donovan v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 455 Mass. 215, 914 N.E.2d 891 (2009) ; Denver Street LLC v. Town of

Saugus, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 526, 939 N.E.2d 1187 (2011), review granted, 459 Mass. 1104, 942 N.E.2d 968 (2011).

9 Mass.—Denver Street LLC v. Town of Saugus, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 526, 939 N.E.2d 1187 (2011), review granted, 459

Mass. 1104, 942 N.E.2d 968 (2011).

10 Alaska—Pugliese v. Perdue, 988 P.2d 577 (Alaska 1999).

11 Iowa—Wagner v. Kelso, 195 Iowa 959, 193 N.W. 1 (1923).

12 Idaho—Taylor v. Neill, 80 Idaho 90, 326 P.2d 391 (1958).

Damages to property or person as either general or special, see § 7.

13 Mass.—Binder v. Harris, 267 Mass. 162, 166 N.E. 707 (1929).

14"Liability for damages"

The term "liability for damages" means liability for an amount to be ascertained by a trial of the facts in particular

cases, as contrasted with an amount previously ascertained by law for defined classes of disabilities.

Md.—Hurt v. Pennsylvania Threshermen & Farmers' Mut. Cas. Ins. Co., 175 Md. 403, 2 A.2d 402 (1938).


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§ 2.Distinctions, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 2





Damages

Joseph Bassano, J.D., Eric Mayer, J.D., Jeanne M. Naf fky, J.D.,Karl Oakes, J.D., Jeffrey J. Shampo, J.D., and Eric C. Surette, J.D.

I. Overview



§ 2. Distinctions


West's Key Number Digest, Damages 1The term "damages" is to be distinguished from other terms, such as "debt," "expenses," "interest,"

"penalty," "salary," "verdict," and the like.

The term "damages" is to be distinguished from other terms, 1 such as "debt," 2 "interest," 3 "penalty," 4

"restitution," 5 "injury," 6 and "salary." 7 "Damages" is distinguished from "verdict" in that a verdict expresses

the final decision of a jury whereas "damages" expresses in dollars and cents the injury sustained by a plaintiff

and includes both the original damage and whatever interest should be added to make a just verdict. 8

Damages are distinguished from other sorts of payments by their remedial purpose. 9 For example, "rescission"

places the parties in the positions that they occupied before the transaction occurred; "damages," in contrast, make

a plaintiff whole for harm that the plaintiff has suffered. 10

Costs and attorney's fees.

In its early signification, "damages" included costs. 11 However, the word "costs" is of limited significance, much

narrower than "damages," 12 and the terms are now regarded as distinct, costs being awarded as damages only

where the circumstances of the particular case withdraw it from the general rule. 13 Also, unlike attorney's fees,

the awarding of damages does not require authorization by special statute or by contract. 14

Footnotes

1Expenses

Mass.—Berube v. Selectmen of Edgartown, 336 Mass. 634, 147 N.E.2d 180 (1958).

2 Mo.—Owen v. Owen, 642 S.W.2d 410 (Mo. Ct. App. S.D. 1982).

3 Ohio—City of Kettering v. Johnson, 116 Ohio App. 302, 22 Ohio Op. 2d 127, 187 N.E.2d 612 (2d Dist. Montgomery

County 1962).

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§ 2.Distinctions, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 2


4 Ark.—Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Cobbs, 47 Ark. 344, 1 S.W. 558 (1886).

5 Kan.—State v. Hunziker, 30 Kan. App. 2d 279, 41 P.3d 880 (2002), aff'd, 274 Kan. 655, 56 P.3d 202 (2002).

6 Utah—Sohm v. Dixie Eye Center, 2007 UT App 235, 166 P.3d 614 (Utah Ct. App. 2007).

Injury defined

In negligence actions, "injury" is typically defined as "any harm caused to a person, such as a broken bone, a cut, or

a bruise."

Utah—Sohm v. Dixie Eye Center, 2007 UT App 235, 166 P.3d 614 (Utah Ct. App. 2007).

7 Ind.—State v. Billheimer, 178 Ind. 83, 96 N.E. 801 (1911).

8 Mass.—Fidelity & Cas. Co. of New York v. Huse & Carleton, 272 Mass. 448, 172 N.E. 590, 72 A.L.R. 1143 (1930).

"Verdict" defined, see C.J.S., Trial § 818.

9 Ill.—Central Illinois Light Co. v. Home Ins. Co., 213 Ill. 2d 141, 290 Ill. Dec. 155, 821 N.E.2d 206 (2004).

10 Or.—Sweeney v. SMC Corp., 178 Or. App. 576, 37 P.3d 244 (2002).

11 Wash.—State ex rel. Macri v. City of Bremerton, 8 Wash. 2d 93, 111 P.2d 612 (1941).

12 Mass.—City of Newton v. Boston & A.R. Co., 172 Mass. 5, 51 N.E. 183 (1898).

13 S.C.—Brock v. Bolton, 37 S.C. 40, 16 S.E. 370 (1892).

Wash.—State ex rel. Macri v. City of Bremerton, 8 Wash. 2d 93, 111 P.2d 612 (1941).

14 La.—Shreveport Neon Signs, Inc. v. Williams, 5 So. 3d 977 (La. Ct. App. 2d Cir. 2009).


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Research References, 25 C.J.S. Damages I B Refs.


25 C.J.S. Damages I B Refs.



Damages


I. Overview

B. Particular Classes and Descriptions of Damages


Research References

A.L.R. Library


A.L.R. Index, DamagesA.L.R. Index, Liquidated Damages

A.L.R. Index, Nominal Damages




West's A.L.R. Digest, Damages §§5


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§ 3.Actual or compensatory damages, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 3





Damages


I. Overview



§ 3. Actual or compensatory damages


West's Key Number Digest, Damages 5"Actual damages" is a term used as synonymous with "compensatory damages" and with "general

damages."

"Actual damages" is a term used as synonymous with "compensatory damages" 1 and with "general damages" 2

although actual damages may be either general or special. 3 They are "substantial" as distinguished from "nominal"

damages. 4

"Actual damages" are damages in satisfaction of, or in recompense for, loss or injury sustained. 5 They are such

compensation or damages for an injury as follow from the nature and character of the act 6 and will put the

injured party in the position in which he or she was before he or she was injured. 7 They are those damages

that the injured party is entitled to recover for the wrongs done and injuries received when none was intended. 8

The term "actual damages" is also used to indicate such losses as are actually sustained and are susceptible of

measurement, 9 and as used in this sense, the phrase "determinate pecuniary loss" has been suggested as a more

appropriate designation. 10 "Actual damages" covers all losses recoverable as a matter of right 11 and includes

all damages except exemplary or punitive damages. 12

Actual damages, by definition, are not liquidated or for a fixed sum, and require proof of actual loss. 13

"Compensatory damages" are those given as compensation 14 as an equivalent for the injury done 15 and

are awarded to make the injured party whole. 16 They are damages in satisfaction of, or in recompense

for, loss or injury sustained, 17 awarded to a person as compensation, indemnity, or restitution for harm

sustained by him or her. 18 "Compensatory damages" includes all damages other than punitive or exemplary

damages. 19 The term "compensatory damages" is sometimes used synonymously with "substantial damages." 20

"Compensatory damages" are distinguishable from "exemplary damages," 21 or "punitive damages," 22 and

"nominal damages." 23

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Footnotes

1 Ariz.—State v. Griswold, 8 Ariz. App. 361, 446 P.2d 467 (1968).

Minn.—Phelps v. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co., 537 N.W.2d 271 (Minn. 1995).

S.C.—Gosnell v. Dorchester School Dist. No. 2, 301 S.C. 21, 389 S.E.2d 865, 59 Ed. Law Rep. 557 (1990).

For a detailed discussion of compensatory damages, see §§ 25 to 191.

2 N.C.—Ringgold v. Land, 212 N.C. 369, 193 S.E. 267 (1937).

N.D.—Meyerle v. Pioneer Pub. Co., 45 N.D. 568, 178 N.W. 792 (1920).

3 Conn.—Manning v. Pounds, 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 344, 199 A.2d 188 (App. Div. 1963).

Idaho—Taylor v. Neill, 80 Idaho 90, 326 P.2d 391 (1958).

Tex.—First Nat. Bank of Hico v. English, 240 S.W.2d 503 (Tex. Civ. App. Waco 1951).

4 Miss.—Southland Co. v. Aaron, 224 Miss. 780, 80 So. 2d 823 (1955).

N.C.—Blow v. Joyner, 156 N.C. 140, 72 S.E. 319 (1911).

Injury in fact

Actual damages include damages for injury in fact, as distinguished from exemplary, nominal, or punitive damages.

Wash.—Eagle Group, Inc. v. Pullen, 114 Wash. App. 409, 58 P.3d 292 (Div. 2 2002).

5 Ariz.—U. S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Davis, 3 Ariz. App. 259, 413 P.2d 590 (1966).

Fla.—Bidon v. Department of Professional Regulation, Florida Real Estate Com'n, 596 So. 2d 450 (Fla. 1992).

Mo.—Schmidt v. Central Hardware Co., 516 S.W.2d 556 (Mo. Ct. App. 1974).6 Ariz.—Arizona Copper Co. v. Burciaga, 20 Ariz. 85, 177 P. 29 (1918) (overruled in part on other grounds by,

Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co. v. Egich, 22 Ariz. 543, 199 P. 132 (1920)).

7 S.C.—Smoak v. Martin, 108 S.C. 472, 94 S.E. 869 (1918).

8 Ariz.—Arizona Copper Co. v. Burciaga, 20 Ariz. 85, 177 P. 29 (1918) (overruled in part on other grounds by,

Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co. v. Egich, 22 Ariz. 543, 199 P. 132 (1920)).

Mich.—Ross v. Leggett, 61 Mich. 445, 28 N.W. 695 (1886).

Injury from negligence

Actual damages are given to compensate person for injury resulting from another's negligence.

Ark.—Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Yancey, 178 Ark. 147, 10 S.W.2d 22 (1928).

9 U.S.—Kapuschinsky v. U.S., 259 F. Supp. 1 (D.S.C. 1966).

Colo.—Hedgpeth v. Schoen, 109 Colo. 341, 125 P.2d 632 (1942).Mo.—State ex rel. St. Joseph Belt Ry. Co. v. Shain, 341 Mo. 733, 108 S.W.2d 351 (1937).

"Actual" damages not interpreted as "accrued" damages

U.S.—Connecticut Railway & Lighting Co. v. Palmer, 305 U.S. 493, 59 S. Ct. 316, 83 L. Ed. 309 (1939).

10 W.Va.—Pegram v. Stortz, 31 W. Va. 220, 6 S.E. 485 (1888) (overruled in part on other grounds by, Mayer v. Frobe,

40 W. Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895)).


Ohio—Mouse v. Central Sav. & Trust Co., 120 Ohio St. 599, 7 Ohio L. Abs. 334, 167 N.E. 868 (1929).


Va.—News Leader Co. v. Kocen, 173 Va. 95, 3 S.E.2d 385, 122 A.L.R. 842 (1939).

Wash.—Rasor v. Retail Credit Co., 87 Wash. 2d 516, 554 P.2d 1041 (1976).

13Md.—AGV Sports Group, Inc. v. Protus IP Solutions, Inc., 417 Md. 386, 10 A.3d 745 (2010).

14 Cal.—Hall v. Berkell, 130 Cal. App. 2d 800, 279 P.2d 832 (4th Dist. 1955).

15 Ariz.—State v. Griswold, 8 Ariz. App. 361, 446 P.2d 467 (1968).

Ark.—Manhattan Credit Co. v. Skirvin, 228 Ark. 913, 311 S.W.2d 168 (1958).

Tex.—Anderson v. Alcus, 42 S.W.2d 294 (Tex. Civ. App. Beaumont 1931).

Nature and theory of compensatory damages, see § 25.

Similar definitions

(1) "Compensatory damages" are damages awarded to repair actual damage that plaintiff proved that he or she suffered

at the hands of defendant.

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D.C.—Morrissette v. Boiseau, 91 A.2d 130 (Mun. Ct. App. D.C. 1952).

(2) "Compensatory damages" are those allowed as a recompense for the injury actually received.

Va.—Weatherford v. Birchett, 158 Va. 741, 164 S.E. 535 (1932).

(3) "Compensatory damages" are such as will compensate the injured party for the injury sustained.

La.—Loeblich v. Garnier, 113 So. 2d 95 (La. Ct. App. 1st Cir. 1959).

16 Colo.—Ballow v. PHICO Ins. Co., 878 P.2d 672 (Colo. 1994).

17 Fla.—Bidon v. Department of Professional Regulation, Florida Real Estate Com'n, 596 So. 2d 450 (Fla. 1992).

S.C.—Laird v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 243 S.C. 388, 134 S.E.2d 206 (1964).Va.—News Leader Co. v. Kocen, 173 Va. 95, 3 S.E.2d 385, 122 A.L.R. 842 (1939).

18 Md.—Superior Const. Co. v. Elmo, 204 Md. 1, 104 A.2d 581 (1954).

19 U.S.—Monongahela Nav. Co. v. U S, 148 U.S. 312, 13 S. Ct. 622, 37 L. Ed. 463 (1893).

Va.—News Leader Co. v. Kocen, 173 Va. 95, 3 S.E.2d 385, 122 A.L.R. 842 (1939).

20 S.C.—Laird v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 243 S.C. 388, 134 S.E.2d 206 (1964).

Va.—Orebaugh v. Antonious, 190 Va. 829, 58 S.E.2d 873 (1950).

21 La.—Loeblich v. Garnier, 113 So. 2d 95 (La. Ct. App. 1st Cir. 1959).

22 Cal.—Hall v. Berkell, 130 Cal. App. 2d 800, 279 P.2d 832 (4th Dist. 1955).

Fla.—McLeod v. Continental Ins. Co., 591 So. 2d 621 (Fla. 1992).

Distinction stated

Compensatory damages are designed to make plaintiff whole for his or her injury, without reference to defendant'sability to pay, while punitive damages are designed to punish defendant without reference to plaintiff's injury.

Nev.—Miller v. Schnitzer, 78 Nev. 301, 371 P.2d 824 (1962) (abrogated on other grounds by, Ace Truck and Equipment

Rentals, Inc. v. Kahn, 103 Nev. 503, 746 P.2d 132 (1987)).

23 Ark.—Manhattan Credit Co. v. Skirvin, 228 Ark. 913, 311 S.W.2d 168 (1958).

Tex.—Anderson v. Alcus, 42 S.W.2d 294 (Tex. Civ. App. Beaumont 1931).


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12/1018

§ 4.Consequential damages, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 4





Damages


I. Overview



§ 4. Consequential damages


West's Key Number Digest, Damages 5"Consequential damages" are such as are not produced without the concurrence of some other event

attributable to the same origin or cause.

"Consequential damages" are such as are not produced without the concurrence of some other event attributable to

the same origin or cause. 1 They are such damages as do not flow directly and immediately from the act of the party

but only from the consequences or results of such act; 2 they arise from the intervention of special circumstances

not ordinarily predictable. 3 The term may include damage that is so remote as not to be actionable. 4

"Consequential damages" are defined as synonymous with the term "special damages." 5

CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT

Cases:

Indiana subscribes to the general principle of tort law that all damages directly attributable to the wrong done are

recoverable; additionally, the law allows an injured plaintiff to recover the reasonable costs of necessary medical

expenses. Diehl v. Clemons, 12 N.E.3d 285 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).

[END OF SUPPLEMENT]

Footnotes

1 U.S.—DP Service, Inc. v. AM Intern., 508 F. Supp. 162 (N.D. Ill. 1981).

S.D.—Louiseau v. Arp, 21 S.D. 566, 114 N.W. 701 (1908).

Similar definitions

(1) "Consequential damages" are those that follow naturally, but indirectly, from a wrongful act.

Or.—Deetz v. Cobbs & Mitchell Co., 120 Or. 600, 253 P. 542 (1927).

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13/1018

§ 4.Consequential damages, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 4


(2) "Consequential damages" are damages that follow on account of knowledge of special conditions, imputed to the

defaulting party and increasing the standard of liability.

Tex.—Martin v. Southern Engine & Pump Co., 130 S.W.2d 1065 (Tex. Civ. App. Galveston 1939).

(3) "Consequential damages" are the natural results of the injury but not the direct and necessary consequences.

Tenn.—Swain v. Tennessee Copper Co., 111 Tenn. 430, 78 S.W. 93 (1903).

2 Va.—Carva Food Corp. v. Dawley, 202 Va. 543, 118 S.E.2d 664 (1961).

3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University v. Interactive Return Service, Inc., 267 Va. 642, 595 S.E.2d 1, 187

Ed. Law Rep. 303 (2004).4 U.S.—Clark v. Ferro Corp., 237 F. Supp. 230 (E.D. Tenn. 1964).

5 U.S.—Hycel, Inc. v. American Airlines, Inc., 328 F. Supp. 190 (S.D. Tex. 1971).

Tex.—Frost National Bank v. Heafner, 12 S.W.3d 104 (Tex. App. Houston 1st Dist. 1999).

Damages otherwise described as special

Some courts recognize as consequential damages those damages that are sometimes spoken of as special damages, as

contrasted with general damages.

U.S.—Monarch Brewing Co. v. George J. Meyer Mfg. Co., 130 F.2d 582 (C.C.A. 9th Cir. 1942).


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14/1018

§ 5.Direct damages, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 5





Damages


I. Overview



§ 5. Direct damages


West's Key Number Digest, Damages 5"Direct damages" are such as result from an act without the intervention of any intermediate controlling

or self-efficient cause.

"Direct damages" are such as result from an act without the intervention of any intermediate controlling or self-

efficient cause. 1 They include all such injurious consequences as proceed from, or have direct causal connection

with, such consequences. 2 Direct damages compensate for the loss, damage, or injury that is conclusively

presumed to have been foreseen or contemplated by the party as a consequence of his or her breach of contract

or wrongful act. 3

Footnotes

1 S.D.—Louiseau v. Arp, 21 S.D. 566, 114 N.W. 701 (1908).

Similar definitions

(1) "Direct damages" are damages that naturally follow from the breach of contract when the defaulting party is without

notice of any special conditions that would increase the measure of liability.

Tex.—Martin v. Southern Engine & Pump Co., 130 S.W.2d 1065 (Tex. Civ. App. Galveston 1939).

(2) "Direct damages" are such as follow immediately on the act being done.

Ga.—Georgia Grain Growers Ass'n v. Craven, 95 Ga. App. 741, 98 S.E.2d 633 (1957).

2 U.S.—State of Md., for Use of Pumphrey v. Manor Real Estate & Trust Co., 83 F. Supp. 91 (D. Md. 1949), judgment

aff'd in part, rev'd in part on other grounds, 176 F.2d 414 (4th Cir. 1949).

3 Tex.—Frost National Bank v. Heafner, 12 S.W.3d 104 (Tex. App. Houston 1st Dist. 1999).


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15/1018

§ 6.Exemplary or punitive damages, 25 C.J.S. Damages § 6





Damages


I. Overview



§ 6. Exemplary or punitive damages


West's Key Number Digest, Damages 5"Exemplary damages" are damages imposed by way of punishment and are given for that purpose

in addition to compensation for a loss sustained. "Punitive damages" are synonymous with exemplary

damages and can be given to make an example of the wrongdoer.

"Exemplary damages," according to the ordinary acceptance of the term, 1 are damages imposed by way of

punishment, and are given for that purpose in addition to compensation for a loss sustained, 2 and, for this reason,

are distinguished from compensatory damages. 3 They are also described as "added," "punitive," "punitory,"

"vindictive," or "imaginary" damages, or "smart money," 4 the terms being ordinarily regarded as synonymous. 5

Under authority that the idea of punishment does not enter into the definition of "exemplary damages," the term is

employed to mean an increased award of damages in view of the supposed aggravation of the injury to the feelings

of the plaintiff by the wanton or reckless act of the defendant. 6 The term "exemplary damages" has also been

employed as descriptive of elements of recovery insusceptible of pecuniary measurement 7 and of a sum for the

plaintiff's expenses in litigation awarded in addition to his or her actual damages. 8

"Punitive damages" are those given in addition to compensation for a loss sustained, in order to punish, and make

an example of, the wrongdoer. 9 "Punitive," "vindictive," and "exemplary" damages are all synonymous terms,

as are the terms "punitive" and "punitory" damages. 10 Punitive damages are sometimes likened to a monetary

forfeiture provided for by statute. 11

Smart money.

Punitive damages are also termed "smart money." 12 "Smart money" is a term sometimes applied to such damages

as are in excess of the actual loss and are allowed in theory when a tort is aggravated by evil motive, actual malice,

deliberate violence, or oppression or fraud. 13 It is money required by way of punishment to make the wrongdoer

smart. 14

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Cjs on Damages

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