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Introduction to Tall Building Structures

CIVL 101 CIVL 101 –– History and Practice of Civil EngineeringHistory and Practice of Civil Engineering

Dr. C.M. ChanDr. C.M. ChanDepartment of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering

27 November 200627 November 2006

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Modern Tall Building Cities Modern Tall Building Cities –– West West vsvs EastEast

Chicago New York

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Modern Tall Building Cities Modern Tall Building Cities –– West West vsvs EastEast

Taipei Kuala Lumpar4HKUSTHKUST

Modern Tall Building Cities Modern Tall Building Cities –– West West vsvs EastEast

West West vsvs East East –– Any difference?Any difference?New York

5HKUSTHKUSTNote: A high-rise building is defined by Emporis Corp. (www.emporis.com/en/) as a building 35 m or greater in height. 6HKUSTHKUST

In AsiaIn Asia In MainlandIn Mainland In HK In HK Tallest commercial buildingsTallest commercial buildings

First 10First 10First 100First 100 4747 1616 88

Tallest residential buildingsTallest residential buildingsFirst 10First 10 88 00 44First 100First 100 6868 11 4646

Tallest buildings under constructionTallest buildings under constructionFirst 10First 10 99 44 33First 100First 100 5858 1515 1111

Statistics of the world’s tallest buildings(2005)

88 3 3 22

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Hong Kong has the world’s highest population density

Hong KongHong Kong -- the worldthe world’’s center of tall buildingss center of tall buildings

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Hong Kong has many world class buildings of complex shape using complicated structural systems

Hong KongHong Kong -- the worldthe world’’s center of tall buildingss center of tall buildings

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Large-scale development of clusters of tall residential buildings

Challenges of Building Design in Hong KongChallenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

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Enormous financial investments and relatively short design time

Challenges of Building Design in Hong KongChallenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

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Demand for the best value for money - minimum cost design, maximum structural efficiency and usable floor area

Challenges of Building Design in Hong KongChallenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

Average flat unit of 600 ft2 costs ~ A more luxury flat unit of 1500 ft2 costs ~ Top class rental office of 10000 ft2 ~

HK$ 1.8 M (@ HK$ 3,000/ft2)HK$ 15 M (@ HK$ 10,000/ft2)

HK$ 700,000/month (@ HK$ 70/ft2)

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Tall buildings are closely related to the growth Tall buildings are closely related to the growth of the cityof the city

Their developments are due to Their developments are due to -- economic growtheconomic growth-- human egohuman ego to build higherto build higher-- the natural response to dense populationthe natural response to dense population-- scarcity of landscarcity of land in urban areasin urban areas-- high land costshigh land costs-- technological advancementstechnological advancements

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The world’s first 10 tallest buildings

Two International Finance Center

420

Taipei 101

508420391384381

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How do we measure height?Council on Tall Buildings & Urban HabitatCouncil on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat•• measured from the measured from the ““sidewalksidewalk”” level of level of

the main entrance to the structural top the main entrance to the structural top of the buildingof the building

•• includes spiresincludes spires•• Excludes television antennas, radio Excludes television antennas, radio

antennas, and flag polesantennas, and flag poles

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Which is the Tallest?

1470ft (448m)

Roof

1667ft (508m)

Top of Spire

1,707 ft (520m)

Top of Antenna

1,450ft (442m)

Roof

1,483 ft (452m)

Top of Spire

1,230ft (375m)

Roof

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Tall Building Evolution

The worldThe world’’s tallest s tallest structure structure in the ancient timein the ancient time

The Great Pyramid of Cheops, 481 ft (146m) in height World’s tallest structure from 2580 BC to 1307 AD

Relatively tall, but also very bulky

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557 ft Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, 1812by Antonio Gaudi

• Tallest structures in the Middle Ages

404 ft Salisbury Cathedral, 1265Tallest building in UK for over 600 years

Gothic cathedrals represent human’s desire to reach God and act as the most important symbol in towns

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• World’s tallest structure in the time of Industrial Revolution

- 300 m Eiffel Tower, 1889 in Paris

- built for the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution and for an exhibition to celebrateFrench technical achievement

- greatest use of wrought iron, a new construction at the time

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What do they have in commonWhat do they have in common??

They are all inhabitable!

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What is a BuildingWhat is a Building??

Council on Tall Buildings & Urban HabitatCouncil on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat

A building is a structure that has floors A building is a structure that has floors and and is designed for residential, business, is designed for residential, business, or manufacturingor manufacturing..

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WhatWhat is a tall buildingis a tall building??

Council on Tall Buildings & Urban HabitatCouncil on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat

A building is deemed A building is deemed ““talltall”” when its design, when its design, use or operation is influenced by some use or operation is influenced by some aspect of aspect of ““tallnesstallness””. .

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Tall Building EvolutionTall Building Evolution

Modern tall buildings are made possible due to thethree greatest technological advancements

1. Invention of elevators (by Otis in 1852).

2. Invention of new construction materials, e.g. steel (by William Kelly in 1847), reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849). composite materials (in 20th century).

3. Invention of innovative structural forms.

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WhWhy do tall buildings standy do tall buildings stand??

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Wind-induced Motions

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Wind is a more critical issue in the design of tall buildings.

The design of most tall buildings is in fact controlled by serviceability wind drift and motion criteria.

Across-wind vortex shedding

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Earthquake loads – environmental load actions due to movement of the earth crusts. This is however not a critical issue in tall buildings

Fault formingDifferent types of faulting

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HighriseHighrise BehaviourBehaviour

A tall building in a global sense behaves as if a cantilever stick to resist vertical gravity and transverse loads

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1. Stacking effect of gravity loads

G

G

G

G

G

2G

3G

4G

Gravity load effect increases linearly with building height

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W

W

W

W

h

W

2W

3W

Lateral shear load varies linearly with height,

4W

2. Effect of horizontal loads

Overturning Moment10Wh = W•4h+ W•3h

+ W•2h+ W•h

but overturning moment varies quadratically with height

h

h

h

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WhWhy do tall buildings standy do tall buildings stand??

From the structural engineerFrom the structural engineer’’s viewpoint, s viewpoint, a building is considered as tall when its a building is considered as tall when its design is affected by design is affected by the the lateral lateral loading loading due to wind or earthquakedue to wind or earthquake rather than by rather than by vertical gravity loadsvertical gravity loads..

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Evolution of Evolution of StructuralStructural SystemsSystemsA rough classification can be made with respect to effectiveness in resisting lateral loads

Structural systems• Moment resisting frame systems• Braced frames, shear wall systems• Tubular systems

– framed tubes, trussed tubes, bundled tubes• Outrigger braced systems• Hybrid systems

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Evolution of Evolution of StructuralStructural SystemsSystems

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Structural Forms of Structural Forms of SomeSome Notable Notable Buildings in Hong KongBuildings in Hong Kong

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HSBC HeadquartersHSBC Headquarters

Steel Mega-frame • 179m • 43 Stories - Office• Completed 1985• Architect: Foster & Partners• Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners• One of the most expensive buildings in Hong Kong

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Wind load actionGravity load action

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Composite Space Truss• 369m • 70 Stories - Office• Composite Space Truss• Completed 1989• Architect: I. M. Pei & Partners• Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates• Noted as one of the most outstanding achievement in

modern architecture and building structures

Bank of China TowerBank of China Tower

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Central PlazaCentral Plaza

Concrete Tubular System• 374 M • 78 Stories - Office• Concrete Tube • Completed 1992• Architect: Ng Chun Man Architect• Engineer: Ove Arup and Partner• Currently the world’s tallest concrete building

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New Structural Form for Super Tall BuildingsNew Structural Form for Super Tall Buildings

Outrigger Braced SystemOutrigger Braced System

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OUTRIGGER BRACED STRUCTURE

TUBE-IN-TUBE - 6M COLUMN GRID

Advantage of Outrigger Braced SystemAdvantage of Outrigger Braced System

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Two International Finance CentreTwo International Finance Centre

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Concrete Core + Steel Outrigger + Composite Columns

• 420m • 88 Stories – Office • Completed in 2003• Architect: Cesar Pelli / Rocco• Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners• The tallest building in Hong Kong

Two International Finance CentreTwo International Finance Centre

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WhatWhat’’s Next Hong Kongs Next Hong Kong’’s Tallest buildings Tallest building??

International Commerce Centre

2 IFC

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International Commerce Centre the world’s fourth tallest building

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International Commerce CentreInternational Commerce Centre

Concrete Core + Outrigger Braced System• 484m• 118 Stories – Office & Hotel• Under construction, expected completion 2007• Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & Wong

and Ouyang (HK) Ltd.• Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners• Expected to be Hong Kong’s tallest building and the

world’s fourth tallest building

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Lateral Stability System

• 4-level steel outriggers

• Reinforced concrete core

• High stiffness reinforced concrete mega columns

• Change in structural form at thehotel levels

Hot

el Z

one

Offi

ce Z

one

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International Commerce CentreInternational Commerce Centre --Construction as of October 2006Construction as of October 2006

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WhatWhat’’s Next China Tallest buildings Next China Tallest building??Shanghai World Financial CenterShanghai World Financial Center

Composite Space Truss•492 m•101 stories – Office & Hotel•Under construction, expected completion

2007•Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. &

East China Architectural Design & Research Institute

•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.•Expected to be China’s tallest building and

the world’s third tallest building

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International Commerce CentreInternational Commerce Centre --Construction as of November 2006Construction as of November 2006

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WhatWhat’’s the Worlds the World’’s Next Tallest Building s Next Tallest Building ??

Coupled Reinforced Concrete System

•Over 800 m•Over 160 stories – Office & residential•Under construction, expected completion

2008•Architect: Skidmore O•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.•Expected to be China’s tallest building and

the world’s third tallest building

BurjBurj DubaiDubai

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BurjBurj DubaiDubai --Construction as of August 2006Construction as of August 2006