civilizaciuricivilizaciuri Ziebani...
Transcript of civilizaciuricivilizaciuri Ziebani...
ivaneGjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)
civilizaciuricivilizaciuricivilizaciuricivilizaciuri ZiebaniZiebaniZiebaniZiebani
Civilization Researches
# # # # 3333
gamomcemloba artanuji Publishers ARTANUJI
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
2005
“civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas statia warmodgenili unda iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT [A4, AcadNusx, 12, 1,5]. literaturis miTiTebis wesi krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis Sesabamisad.
dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212; tel. 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, an mogvwereT eleqtronuli fostiT: [email protected]
saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovaninino Ciqovaninino Ciqovaninino Ciqovani, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)
levan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordeziani, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
malxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZe, politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
nino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalava, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori bebebebeJJJJan javaxiaan javaxiaan javaxiaan javaxia,,,, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti
redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia: qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), mmmmalxaz Toriaalxaz Toriaalxaz Toriaalxaz Toria,,,, daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe, SalvaSalvaSalvaSalva mekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, ivane wereTelivane wereTelivane wereTelivane wereTeli (pasuxismgebeli mdivani)....
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi) ISSN 1512-1941
redaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTi
saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, I korpusi, oTaxi 212 tel.: (995 32) 290844 el. fosta: [email protected] Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi kvlevis centris Sesaxeb ix. veb-gverdze: kultura.geoweb.ge
REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
(Head of the reviewers board)
Levan Gordeziani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor
Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Bejan Javakhia, Candidate of Historical Sciences
EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan Kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Malkhaz Toria, David
Matsaberidze, Shalva Mekravishvili, Ivane Tsereteli (Executive
Secretary).
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)
ISSN 1512-1941
ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE
1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University T. (99532) 290844
e-mail:::: [email protected]
More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies
(Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.geoweb.ge
SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi
malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7777
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”..........................................................................................................................7
qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17171717
kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT.................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42424242
saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi............................................................................................................................ 42 (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)........................................................................................................................................ 42
daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54545454
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi............................................................... 54 (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) .................................................................. 54
SoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63636363
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi.......................................................................... 63 (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) ............................................................................... 63
Salva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 78787878
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88888888
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi........................................................ 88 (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) ................................................................................................................ 88
giorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZe ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96969696
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi ................................................................................. 96
ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99999999
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi .......................... 99
TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 112112112112
jojojojonaTan foqsinaTan foqsinaTan foqsinaTan foqsi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 112112112112
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142142142142
drois aRqma.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
reziumeebireziumeebireziumeebireziumeebi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169169169169
Summaries ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169169169169
S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i
malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”””” Malkhaz Toria
Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang
Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla
qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili
kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT Ketevan Kakitelashvili
The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts
(5-11th
centuries)
beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia
saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) Bejan Djavakhia
Georgia in the Common European Space (From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)
daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) David Matsaberidze
The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus (The End of the 80’s
and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th
Century)
SoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSviliSviliSviliSvili
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) Shota Khinchagashvili
Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition (Aims, Importance and Theoretical
Background of Research)
SalvSalvSalvSalva mekraviSvilia mekraviSvilia mekraviSvilia mekraviSvili
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi Shalva Mekravishvili
Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future
Perspectives
Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) Tea Kamushadze
The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life
giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi Giorgi Lobjanidze
The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran
ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi Ia Udzilauri
The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population
TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi
jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli Jonathan Fox.
Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami drois aRqma Barbara Adam
Perceptions of time
Summaries
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”
drois gancdis TaviseburebaSi vlindeba kulturis xasiaTi.
adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdeloba drois aRqmis erT-erTi
formaa. droze zemoqmedeba xdeba misi Senelebis, aCqarebis, warsulis
kvlavwarmoebis, momavlis movlenebze zegavlenis da sxva formiT. droze
zemoqmedebis saxeebi SeiZleba kulturebis da epoqebis mixedviT
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes. magaliTad, miTosur da qristianul
epoqebs/realobas droze zemoqmedebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli,
specifikuri formebi axasiaTebs. amasTan, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
miTosuri da qristianuli cnobiereba, droze zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT, Taviseburad vlindeba.
droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxs Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosis
juanSeris Txzulebis “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da islandieli
avtoris snori sturlusonis “haimskringlas” safuZvelze ganvixilavT.
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis teqstis safuZvelze
droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxis kvlevam, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos am
periodis saqarTveloSi drois gancdis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es,
Tavis mxriv, waadgeba qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevas,
radgan “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis
arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois gagebaSi vlindeba”1.
meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Cven lokalur-civilizaciur
midgomas vemyarebiT. droze zemoqmedebis kuTxiT, qarTuli specifikis
warmosaCenad aucilebelia sxva kulturul realobasTan misi Sedareba,
komparativistuli meTodis gamoyeneba. komparativistika tipiurad msgavsi,
Tanazomadi faqtebis Sedarebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, gadaxveva SesaZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom juanSeris
teqsti da “haimskringla” sxvadasxva Janrs ganekuTvneba da sxvadasxva
epoqebSi Seiqmna, Cveni azriT, juanSeris da snoris nawarmoebebis
1 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М ., 1984, c. 19.
erTmaneTTan Sedareba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mainc SesaZlebelia: 1.
arc “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da arc “haimskringla” erTi
konkretuli Janris farglebSi ar Tavsdeba, amitom Znelia romelime
calsaxad SevadaroT qronikas, mxatvrul an sxva tipis teqsts; 2.
miuxedavad amisa, orive Txzuleba saqarTvelos da skandinaviis
(norvegiis, islandiis, SvedeTis da a.S.) istoriis wyaros warmoadgens; 3.
orive teqsti im periods asaxavs, roca qristianoba axali damkvidrebuli
iyo an mkvidrdeboda.
islandieli istorikosis snori sturlusonis “haimskringla” (sagebi
norvegiel konungebze) XIII saukunis skandinaviuri literaturis Zeglia.
masSi aRwerilia norvegiisa da CrdiloeT evropis sxva qveynebis istoria.
saga folklorisa da literaturis zRvarze myofi Janria. sagebSi Zalian
didia zepirsityvierebis gavlena, Tumca Caweris dros folkoruli
masalebi aucileblad ganicdida transformacias. “saga warmoiSva im
sazogadoebaSi, sadac istoriuli da mxatvruli literatura mkafiod ar
iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. saga erTic aris da meorec, da amitom is
arc istoriaa da arc romani1.
juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” XI saukuneSi daiwera
(sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad _ VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi). juanSeris teqsti
qarTlis cxovrebis krebulSi Sedis, Tumca is Sua saukuneebis
saistorio Janris farglebSi zustad ar Tavsdeba. iv.javaxiSvilis
mosazrebiT, “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” “iseTi kiloTi aris
gamsWvaluli da imgvari daujerebeli cnobebiT aris aRsavse, rom
zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias”2.
Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, drois meufe RmerTi iyo.
netari avgustine Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs RmerTs: “Seni dRevandeli
dRe maradisobaa... yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze uwinaresi
xar... ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame, aki Sena xar
TviT drois Semoqmedi3. Sesabamisad, qristianuli eklesiebis
samrekloebidan zarebis rekviT regulirdeboda drois mdinareba.
eklesia krZalavda muSaobas sadResaswaulo dReebSi, awesebda marxvis
periods; mosaxseniebeli locvebis da wirvebis saSualebiT, romelic
1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага. М., 1972, с. 15-16. 2 javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t.VII. Tb., 1977, gv. 19. 3 netari avgustine. aRsarebani. Tb., 1995, gv. 232.
gardacvlilTa imqveyniuri tanjvebis Semsubuqebas isaxavda miznad,
eklesia saiqios drois msvlelobaSic ereoda, radgan aseTi liturgiebic
garkveul periodSi tardeboda.
warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris urTierToba skandinaviaSi da
saqarTveloSi sxadasxvagvarad warimarTa, rac aisaxa kidec, erTis mxriv,
“haimskringlaSi” da, meore mxriv, juanSeris teqstSi.
skandinaviaSi qristianobam, ra Tqma unda, Searyia warmarTuli
msoflmxedveloba, Tumca is Zireulad ar Seucvlia. marTalia, sagebSi
qristianoba oficialurad Zlieria da warmarTul cnobierebasTan
SedarebiT upiratesadaa warmodgenili, magram “skadinaviuri, da
gansakuTrebiT, islandiuri Sua saukuneebis qristianoba sakmaod Txel
fenas warmoadgenda, romlis qveS dafaruli iyo sxvadasxva rwmena-
warmodgena da crurwmena, romlebic saTaves winaqristianul xanaSi
iReben”1.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianoba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli
saukuneebidanve mZlavrad ikidebs fexs. ufro metic, zogierTi avtori
ukve meoTxe saukunidan saqarTveloSi jvarosnuli msoflmxedvelobis
msgavsi samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis arsebobasac ki
varaudobs. aleqsandre TvaraZis azriT, es juanSeris teqstSi mkafiod
Cans: “samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedveloba Tavisi dasrulebuli
saxiT saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ukve fiqsirdeba mexuTe saukuneSi, xolo
amis Sesaxeb istorikosi wers merve saukuneSi an kidev meTerTmete
saukunis Sua xanebSi. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli msoflmxedveloba am
droisTvisac aqtualuria, radgan gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi
Seqmnili nawarmoebebi yovelTvis Seesabamebian saxelmwifos an publikis
interesebs”2.
“haimskringlasa” da “vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” qristianobis
gavlenis gansxvavebuloba droze zemoqmedebis saxeebSic Cans. sagebSi
fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli
formebi. juanSeris teqstSi Cvens mier dafiqsirebuli droze
zemoqmedebis xerxi, umTavresad, qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi
jdeba.
1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 166. 2 TvaraZe a. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 19.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebSi drois kontrolis funqcia
eklesias hqonda, Tumca adamianebi zogjer ereodenen mis am
kompetenciaSi.
“haimskringlaSi” aRwerili erTi pasaJi amaze naTlad miuTiTebs::::
konungi olaf xaraldsoni gadawyvets, sikvdiliT dasajos erT-
erTi didgvarovani, romelmac misi msaxuri mokla. rogorc avtori
aRniSnavs, konungi gansakuTrebiT imitom ganrisxda, rom mkvleloba
aRdgomis dResaswaulis dReebSi iyo Cadenili. sikvdilmisjilis
megobrebi cdiloben, ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana rogorme kvira dRemde,
anu im dromde gadaadebinon, roca sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia.
amisaTvis isini konungs xan imaSi arwmuneben, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis
sikvdiliT dasja RamiT, xan imaSi, rom jer saTanado dro ar damdgara.
SabaTs sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi mRvdels moisyidian da avaleben,
rom roca konungi trapezs daamTavrebda, zustad im dros zarisTvis
Camoekra, raTa emcno “heglaris”, anu im dRis dadgoma, roca yvelanairi
saqmis keTeba da, miTumetes, sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. trapezis
Semdeg olafma ver moaswro mkvlelis moyvanis brZanebis gacema, radan
zaris rekvis xma gaisma da mas uTxres, rom wminda dro dadga. sanam
konungi eklesiaSi loculobda, kvira dRec movida da sikvdiliT dasja
isev gadaido.
am moTxrobis mixedviT Cans, rom drois meufe da makontrolebeli
eklesiaa (SabaTis da kviris wminda dReebad miCneva, saaTis dadgena
eklesiis zarebis rekviT, eklesiaSi misvla gansazRvrul dros). Tumca
isic Cans, rom adamiansac ZaluZs “daaCqaros” an “Seanelos” drois
msvleloba. amis magaliTia mRvdlis mosyidva, raTa man droze adre
amcnos adamianebs “wminda drois” dadgoma. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti,
rom RamiT sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis tradicia ukve kanonieri da
ukanono mokvlis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmarTuli warmodgenidan modis1.
sagaSi saubaria agreTve droze zemoqmedebis sxva formebzec,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia warmarTuli xanisaTvis; isini gviCvenebs
momavalTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs: : : : CrdiloeTSi warmarTul epoqaSi
yovelwliurad marTavdnen nadimebs da msxverplSewirvebs, raTa kargi da
mosavliani weli yofiliyo. konungi flobda saidumlo Zalas, romlis
1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 38-39.
meSveobiTac is drois sasikeTo dinebas da sakuTari xalxis warmatebebs
uzvrunvelyofda. droze zemoqmedebis unari mmarTvelis pirad Tvisebebze
ar iyo damokidebuli. am unars magiuri xasiaTi hqonda. sakuTriv
Zalaufleba sakraluri iyo. konungs gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqonda
zebunebriv ZalebTan. amitom mas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina drosa da
mosavalze ara marto sicocxlis dros, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac.
“inglingebis sagaSi” saubaria, rom konung domaldis dros SvedeTSi
mosavali ar movida da xalxi SimSilobda. amitom ufsalaSi didi
msxverplSewirva moewyo. pirvel wels msxverplad xarebi miitanes, magram
amiT situacia ar gamosworebula; meore wels msxverplad ukve adamianebi
Seswires, Tumca amasac ar mohyolia Sedegi. maSin miiCnies, rom
SimSilobis mizezi TviTon domaldi iyo da msxverlplad misi Sewirva
gadawyvites. konungi mokles da sakurTxeveli misi sisxliT mobanes. amis
Semdeg, domaldis Svilis dros, qveyanaSi kargi mosavali movida da
mSvidobac damyarda.
sagaSi aseve gadmocemulia legenda, romlis mixedviT konungi auni
sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad odins Tavis Svilebs swiravda1.
winaqristianul xanaSi momavlis ganWvreta uSualod ukavSirdeba
bedisweris ideas. samyaros da adamianis cxovrebas bedi marTavs da mas
veravin gaeqceva. is realuria adamianis TvalSi, magram aranairi
WeSmariteba ar gaaCnia. amitom bedis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, mxolod imkiTxao.
bedi winaswar sxvadasxva formiT avlens Tavs, magaliTad, grZneuli
sizmrebis saxiT. adamianebi grZneul sizmrebs maSin xedaven, roca maT
cxovrebaSi kritikul momenti dgeba da roca bedi “axlosaa”.
“olaf triugvasonis sagis” mixedviT, norvegiis mmarTveli iarl
xakoni iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo da damalvoda konung olafis
bondebs, romlebic gabrazebuli iyvnen misi meqalTaneobis gamo. iarlis
monam karkma sizmari naxa, romelic, iarlis azriT, misi Svilis sikvdils
moaswavebda (is marTlac mokla olaf triugvasonma). Semdeg karkma meore
sizmaric naxa, romelic iarlma ukve Tavisi sikvdilis momaswaveblad
miiCnia. mdevrebis SiSiT iarli Tavisi sayvarlis daxmarebiT msaxurTan
erTad saRoreSi daimala. aqac naxa msaxurma sizmari, romelSic iarlma
mosalodeli sikvdlis niSnebi amoicno. misi TqmiT, mas Tavisive msaxuri
1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 29-31.
uRalatebda da mters gadascemda da amis Semdeg olafi sikvdiliT
dasjida mas. sabolood es asec moxda1.
rogorc vxedavT, islandiur sagebSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba droze
zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli formebi. es
TavisTavad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom skandinaviaSi warmarToba da
qristianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda.
juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” gamsWvalulia
qristianuli providencializmiT. aq yvelaferi RmerTis mier aris
winaswargansazRvruli da yvelaferi misi nebiT xdeba. droze
zemoqmedebis formebic qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. sanam
uSualod magaliTebze gadavalT, unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli
religiis dominirebis pirobebSi droze zemoqmedebis formebi, SeiZleba,
ise cxadad ar GCans, rogorc es islandiur sagebSi gvxvdeba.
gansxvavebiT snoris Txzulebisagan, juanSeris teqstSi droze
zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT adamianis roli friad mokrZalebulia,
Tumca garkveuli miniSnebebi amis Taobaze mainc aris.
Cveni yuradReba ramdenime momentma miiqcia. im monakveTSi, romelic
vaxtang mefis osebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobas asaxavs, juanSeri wers:
“da vaxtang mefe ganvida qalaqiT mcxeTiT, da ganasrulna spani
Tvisni da ganasxna: moewonnes simravliTa, cxenkeTilobiTa da
mokazmulobiTa, da ixilna yovelni igi mxiarulad da azarviT, rameTu
savseni iyvnes SuriTa ovsTaTa. aRivso sixaruliTa da madlobda
RmerTsa. Semovida qalaqad, da aRasrula Svideuli erTi locviTa, da
marxviTa, da Ramis-TeviTa2.
miuxedavad imisa, rom brZolis win mefe mkacr religiur ritualebs
aRasrulebs, igi TviTneburad amcirebs locvis dros. igi kviris
(Svideuli) locvas erT locviT, marxviT da RamisTeviT moistumrebs. es,
ra Tqma unda, racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo, radgan win brZola
elodeboda, magram man mainc daarRvia is WeSmariteba, rom dro mxolod
RmerTs ekuTvnis.
1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 41-43. 2 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 151.
meore momenti SeiZleba, RamiT brZolis Tu adamianis mokvlis
akrZalvis tradicias exmaureba (rogorc islandiur sagaSi). Tumca is
qristianuli saburveliT aris dafaruli.
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi, “maSin roca
xelovnuri sinaTle iSviaToba iyo, Rame safrTxis momaswaveblad
miiCneoda. amitom Rame ketavdnen karebs eklesiebSi, cixeebSi. qalaqebSi
ayenebdnen Ramis guSagebs. gansakuTrebiT isjeboda is, vinc RamiT
Caidenda danaSauls. magram, umTavresad Rame zebunebrivi safrTxis,
cdunebis, moCvenebebis da eSmakis dro iyo. XI saukuneSi, titmar
merzeburgelis azriT, RmerTma dRe cocxlebs aCuqa, Rame ki
micvalebulebs. Rame kudianebis da demonebis sakuTreba iyo. meores
mxriv, berebisaTvis da mistikosebisaTvis Rames upiratesi mniSvneloba
hqonda, radgan am dros mimdinareobda sulieri brZola, am dros
fxizlobdnen da loculobdnen”1. vaxtangi erT SemTxvevaSi icavs am
tradicias da, rogorc samagaliTo qristiani, Rames locvisTvis iyenebs.
es Cans im pasaJSi, romelic “goliaT” TarxanTan vaxtangis SebrZolebas
asaxavs:
“da daRamda dRe igi, da vaxtang Sevida karvad Tvisad. da dadga
locvad, da cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa, da vidre ganTenebadmde ara
dajda que locvisagan: iTxovda RmrTisagan Sewevnasa. da mindobiTa
RmrTisaTa eguleboda TviTbrZola Tarxanisi ...
viTar ganTena, kualad STamovida Tarxan kidesa mdinarisasa,
ayuedrebda kualad, da iTxovda muqarasa”2.
vaxtangi pirvelive Setevisas klavs Tarxans, miwaze davardeba,
RmerTs Tayvans scems da ambobs: “kurTxeul xar Sen, ufalo, romelman
moavline angelozi Seni da daeci mteri Cemi!”3.
aq pirdapir araa naTqvami, magram garkveuli miTiTeba aris imaze,
rom RamiT brZolis dro ar aris.
Tumca meore adgilas, rodesac juanSeri sparselebTan brZolas
aRwers, gorgasalma am mxrivac gamoiCina garkveuli “TviTneboba”:
“Ramesa nislisagan ganciskrebulsa oden daesxa vaxtang sparsTa
zeda... da ciskari ra aReReboda, daesxa da Sevlo vidre palatamde
1 Ле Гофф Ж. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. Екатеринбург, 2005, с. 217. 2 juanSeri, gv. 152. 3 juanSeri, gv. 153.
mefisa. Sevida karavsa Sina mefisasa da mefe Seeswra cxensa zeda, da Ze
misi bartam mokla da mohkueTa Tavi misi1.
anu, am SemTxvevaSi vaxtangi locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dros _ RamiT
_ mters Tavs daesxa.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagaSi adamiani bedisweris ganaCens da
momavlis Sesaxeb informacias grZneuli sizmaris meSveobiT igebs.
juaneSrTan momavalis gageba Tu masze zemoqmedeba wmindad qristianuli
xilvebis meSveobiT xdeba. xilvebs RmerTi rCeul adamianebs uvlens da
amiT mis Tu qveynis momavalze niSans aZlevs. TxzulebaSi “cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa” aseTi xilvis Sesaxeb informacias im monakveTSi
vxvdebiT, sadac bizantielebis winaaRmdeg omzea saubari. warmarT
osebTan omis mere moulodnelia pasaJi, rodesac gorgasali
sparselebTan erTad qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg midis saomrad.
gorgasals daqvemdebarebuli jaris nawilebi, ZiriTadad sparselebi,
angreven eklesiebs da xocaven sasuliero pirebs. gorgaslis brZanebiT,
Sewydeba es devna, Tumca gaTavisuflebuli berZeni mRvdeli petre ridiT
etyvis, rom miuxedavad amisa, manamde qristianebis xocviT mefem mainc
ganarisxa RmerTi. mRvdeli Txovs, rom vaxtangs sparselebis nacvlad
keisarTan hqondes kargi urTierToba. vaxtangi pasuxobs: Tu am Rames
locviT keisars miCvenebT, maSin dagijereb, rom Seni ganzraxva
qristesTvisac sasurveliao.
gorgasals ZilSi gamoecxadeba wminda nino, romelsac igi zecisa da
qveynis mefeebis winaSe mihyavs. zeciuri meufe, am SemTxvevaSi, aris
grigol nazianzeli, xolo qveynis mbrZanebeli _ bizantiis imperatori.
bizantiis imperatori taxtze Tavis gverdiT uTavisuflebs gorgasals
adgils, uboZebs Zvirfas beWeds da Semdeg mimarTavs mas:
“ukeTu gnebavs, raTa mogce gvirgvini, aRuTqvi vin-ese dgas Cven zeda,
raTa hbrZodi mterTa misTa da miiRe misgan gvirgvini. moixila vaxtang
da ixila jvari, romelsa frTeTa misTa zeda aqvnda gvirgvini. da
umetesad xilvaman jvarisaman dasca SeZrwuneba, rameTu usaSineles iyo
zari misi. da dadumna . . . da mihyo xeli keisarman da moiRo gvirgvini
jvarisagan da daarqva gvirgvini igi vaxtangs Tavsa”2.
1 juanSeri, gv. 202. 2 juanSeri, gv. 167.
xilvis mere vaxtangi bizantielebis mxares gadadis, ikvreba kavSiri
keisarTan. es ukanaskneli sparselebisagan saidumlod gorgasals
gvirgvins da jvars gaugzavnis. mefobis erTgvari legitimacia qristes
da jvris xeldasxmiT xdeba. gorgasali realobaSi iRebs imas, rac
sizmarSi ixila. TiTqos ise Cans, rom am xilvaSi adamianis xeli ar
urevia, magram sayuradReboa momenti, rodesac vaxtangi sasuliero
pirebisagan locviT xilvis gamowvevas moiTxovs. anu, es xilva vaxtangis
Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo da, Sesabamisad, misi momavalic aman gansazRvra.
am pasaJSic Cans, rom vaxtangis xelisufleba sakraluria. oRond,
skandinavieli konungebisagan gansxvavebiT, is Zaluflebas RmerTisagan
iRebs, da ara warmarTuli xanis zebunebrivi Zalebisagan.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT, juanSeris teqsti
qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. magram sainteresoa, am
Txzulebis avtorisa da personaJebis drosTan damokidebuleba mxolod
qristianuli religiiTaa ganpirobebuli? aseTi kiTxvis dasmis
safuZvels, vfiqrobT, is garemoeba iZleva, rom “cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa” calsaxad ar Tavsdeba erTi romelime Janris farglebSi.
am TxzulebaSi mravlad moipoveba eposisTvis da, zogadad, Sua
saukuneebis mxatvruli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebi.
juanSeris teqstSic (im monakveTebSi, sadac msgavsi momentebi Cndeba) xom
ar SeiniSneba droisadmi iseTi midgoma, rogoric mxatvruli
literaturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli? rogorc cnobilia, eposis da,
saerTod, Suasaukuneebis mxatvruli literaturis maorganizebeli Zala
sivrcea da ara dro, upiratesia “sad”, vidre “rodis”. faqtobrivad, dro
sivrcobrivad gaiazreba. sxvadasxva drois personaJebi Tu xdomilebebi
asaxulia gverdigverd, rogorc erTiani suraTis nawilebi. magaliTad,
nibelungebis eposSi gmirebi sxvadasxva dros da sivrces ekuTvnian. isini
xSirad gadian TavianTi qronotopidan da erT qronotopSi iyrian Tavs.
gadian Tu ara juanSeris teqstis personaJebi TavianTi qronotopidan?
ras mivaweroT juanSeris Txzulebis qronologiuri aRrevebi _
qronotopidan gasvlas Tu sxva mizezs? saerTod, juanSeris teqstis
“Janrobrivi ekleqtizmi” xom ar gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, masSi
msoflaRqmis sxvadasxva tipis da, Sesabamisad, drois gansxvavebuli
gagebebis erTdroulad arseboba davafiqsiroT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema amjerad ar xerxdeba, magram isini aucileblad moiTxovs kvlevas
imisaTvis, rom qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis problema ukeT
gaviazroT.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili
kulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva V----XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli
teqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviT
Cveni mizania, Tvali mivadevnoT V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul kulturul
sivrceSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas, rac xorcieldeboda
kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT, informaciis
gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvriT,
qarTuli kulturis da kulturuli sivrcis mizanmimarTuli formirebiT,
rac Semdgom kulturuli/eTnikuri identurobisa da saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda.
es sakiTxi ganxilulia qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvris WrilSi: nebismieri politikis da, miT
ufro, kulturuli procesebis warmarTva warmoudgenelia miznis,
samoqmedo gegmis, meTodis, droiTi perspeqtivis mkafiod gansazRvris
gareSe. yovelive es imTaviTve gamoricxavs intuitiur da qaotur
qmedebas. Sesabamisad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT qarTuli kulturis
garkveul tipologiur maxasiaTeblebze _ racionalizmi, pragmatizmi,
droisadmi damokidebuleba, inovaciuroba/tradiciuloba _ Cvens mier
Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze. es aris V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli
naratiuli wyaroebis jgufi. am teqstebis analizi, fragmentebi,
romlebic, Cveni azriT, aseTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
qvemoT iqneba motanili, ase rom, Tavad geqnebaT am daskvnis gamotanis
procesisaTvis Tvalis midevnebis SesaZlebloba.
statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros kulturis
tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis arsi da kulturasTan misi mimarTebis
sakiTxi. am safuZvelze gamoikveTeba qarTuli kulturis kvlevis
SesaZlebloba da marTebuli, Secdomebisagan maqsimalurad dazRveuli
gza.
kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba,
romelic am sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa
da azrovnebis formaSi vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri
fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi droSi met-naklebad
ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da mas
“erovnul” an “kulturul xasiaTs” uwodeben. rogor xdeba kulturul
maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT,
ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia
rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, aseve gare
faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad,
maT urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.
kulturis maxasiaTeblebi, marTalia, nela, magram mainc icvleba
konkretuli kulturis istoriuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uamravi
Sida da gare faqtoris gavleniT. ase rom, Tu romelime kulturis
ganviTarebis/istoriis/arsebobis kontinuums davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom miuxedavad maxasiaTebelTa mdgradi xasiaTisa, droSi
mniSvnelovnad dacilebuli ori periodi radikalurad gansxvavdebuli
iyos erTmaneTisagan swored maxasiaTebelTa TvalsazrisiT da,
Sesabamisad, tipologiuradac.
kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven
eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba
sxvadasxva terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli
xasiaTi, kulturuli (eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba,
mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc
“mouxelTebelia”, bolomde axsnili ar aris da, SesaZloa, arc
eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba
zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri
xasiaTis erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. es azri Zalian mkafiod aqvs
gadmocemuli g. gaCevs: “erovnuli xasiaTi... Zalian “cbieri” da Znelad
xelCasaWidi “materiaa”. grZnob, rom is arsebobs, magram rogorc ki
ecdebi misi sityvebiT gansazRvras, is xelidan gisxlteba da grZnob, rom
banalobebs ambob, imas, rac axasiaTebs ara mxolod am konkretul,
aramed sxva nebismier ersac. am saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba ar
SeiZleba, SeiZleba mxolod mudmivad gaxsovdes is, cdilobde masTan
brZolas, magram ara gamarjvebas”1.
1 Гачев Г. Национальные образы мира. М., 1988. с.55.
aqedan gamomdinareobs yvela is pirobiToba, romelic kulturul
maxasiaTeblebTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelic aucileblad
gasaTvaliswinebelia am Temaze saubrisas.
ama Tu im kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, sworad
iyos danaxuli kulturisa da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
urTierTmimarTebis problema. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom maxasiaTeblebi
ki ar qmnian kulturis xasiaTs, aramed kulturaSi, misi ganviTarebis
cocxal procesSi xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamisad,
Cven unda vecadoT, ar movaxdinoT ama Tu im kulturis xasiaTis
gamovlena ukve dadgenil maxasiaTebelTa sqemaze morgebiT, aramed
SeviswavloT da davafiqsiroT garkveul maxasiaTebelTa gamovlenis
formebi konkretul kulturaSi. aseTi midgoma naklebad sqematizebuli,
gacilebiT produqtiuli da realobasTan miaxloebuli iqneba.
ratom Vratom Vratom Vratom V----XI saukuneebiXI saukuneebiXI saukuneebiXI saukuneebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi istorias xSirad
ugulebelyofen, Tvlian ra, rom “Soreulma wiaRsvlebma SesaZloa
Tavgzac agvibnios”, Cven vTvliT, rom aseTi “wiaRsvlebis” gareSe
“Tavgzis abnevis” meti saSiSroeba arsebobs. CvenTvis V-XI saukuneebi
mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac am periodSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli
kulturis safuZvlebi, mkafiod ikveTeba qarTvelTa kulturuli
identuroba da TviTidentifikacia, TvalnaTelia qarTuli kulturis
bizantiuri kulturuli sivrcis ganapira kulturidan kavkasiuri
kulturuli erTobis birTvad transformacisaTvis safuZvlis mzadeba.
Cveni statiis miznidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT am
kulturuli procesebis gaazrebul da mizanmimarTul marTvas V-XI
saukuneebis zogierTi qarTuli naratiuli wyaros analizis safuZvelze.
aqve unda aRiniSnos am periodis Tavisebureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom
am dros nebismieri azri yalibdeba da gamoiTqmis religiuri formiT,
religiuri terminebiT da RmerTis umaRlesi avtoritetze dayrdnobiT.
swored amis gamo kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis
qarTul teritoriebze eklesiis farglebSi mimdinareobs, ramac
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia marTvis formasa da Sinaarsze. nebismier
epoqaSi kulturuli politika saxelmwifo politikis nawilia.
saqarTveloSi erTiani saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi, bunebrivia,
am process eklesia warmarTavda. Tumca, asec rom ar iyos, V-XI
saukuneebis ZiriTadi faseulobis (religiis) gaTvaliswinebiT,
zemoxsenebuli procesebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristianobasTan,
religiuri moRvaweobis sferosTan. garda amisa, religia iyo
kulturuli identurobis ZiriTadi safuZveli da swored misi meSveobiT
xdeboda eTnikuri identurobis sxva elementebis (magaliTad, ena) win
wamoweva da gamyareba.
ra aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTva
Tu vaRiarebT, rom kulturuli dinamika, kulturis saxis formireba
cocxali da spontanuri procesia, ramdenad SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes
is marTvas? ver vityviT, rom nebismieri kulturuli procesi sruliad
iyos racionalurad marTvadi. marTuli SeiZleba iyos mxolod
kulturuli procesis gacnobierebuli mxare, Tumca, Tavad marTvis
xerxisa da saSualebis arCeva, albaT, naklebad eqvemdebareba
gacnobierebas da kulturis TaviseburebiT aris gansazRvruli. amitom,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturuli procesebis cnobieri marTvis
SesaZlebloba, rogorc faqti, Tavad aris kulturis Taviseburebis
gansazRvris saSualeba, xolo am procesebis marTvis aracnobieri xerxi
Tavad SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebis obieqti da aseve miuTiTebdes
kulturul specifikaze.
ratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebi
istoriuli teqstebi saukeTeso masalaa, zogadad, kulturis
kvlevisaTvis, radgan maTi meSveobiT kultura sakuTar Tavs Tavadve
xsnis da uamrav kiTxvaze gvTavazobs pasuxs. xasgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom maTi mravalmxrivi analizi aucilebelia maSin, rodesac garkveuli
kulturis Seswavlasa da misi tipologiuri Tu sxva aspeqtebis
gansazRvraze gvaqvs pretenzia. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki V-XI saukunis
wyaroebi kulturuli procesebis marTvisa da qarTuli kulturis
Camoyalibebis gacnobierebuli da mizanmimarTuli politikisaTvis
Tvalis gadevnebis unikalur saSualebas gvaZlevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas,
rodesac vsaubrobT kulturul maxasiaTeblebsa da maT droSi
transformaciaze: es teqstebi am processac asaxavs da gamqrali
cnobieri kompleqsebis dafiqsirebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
wyaros interpretacia TavisTavad sakamaTo sakiTxia, radgan es
mravalgvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes. Tumca, es garemoeba, Cveni azriT, kidev
ufro zrdis wyaros mniSvnelobas da maTze muSaobis momxibvlelobas.
wyaroebi, romelTac Cven veyrdnobiT, miekuTvnebian V-XI saukuneebis
qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis jgufs, kerZod, agiografiul Txzulebebs.
esenia ~wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa” (iakob xucesi, V s.), ~martviloba
da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa” (ucnobi avtori, VI s.), ~wameba haboisi”
(ioane sabanisZe, VIII s.), ~konstantine-kaxais martviloba” (ucnobi avtori,
IX s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi” (basili zarzmeli, X s.),
~gobronis martviloba” (stefane mtbevari, X s.), ~Sroma da moRvaweoba
grigolisi” (giorgi merCule, X s.), ~cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”
(giorgi mTawmindeli, XI s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi
mTawmindelisa” (giorgi mcire, XI s.), ~abibos nekreselis martviloba”
(IX-X ss.), ~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba” (ucnobi avtori, X s.), ~cxra Zma
kolaelTa martviloba” (ucnobi avtori, IX s.), ~daviT da konstantines
wameba” (ucnobi avtori, ), ~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, ”cxovreba
Sioisi da evagresi”, ~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”. agiografiuli
Txzulebebi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, or jgufad
SeiZleba daiyos: pirvelSi erTiandeba “SuSanikis wameba”, ”evstaTi
mcxeTelis wameba”, nawilobriv, asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi, “cxoreba da
moqalaqoba serapionisi”, “kolael yrmaTa wameba”, ~gobronis
martviloba”, ~konstantine kaxais wameba”, ~daviT da konstantines wameba”,
sadac ar aris aqcentirebuli kulturuli da eTnikuri aspeqtebi,
ganmsazRvrelia mxolod sarwmunoebrivi faqtori; da meore, sadac
SeiZleba gaerTiandes ~abos wameba”, “Sroma da moRvaweoba grigolisi”,
“cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi mTawmidelisa”, ~ilarion qarTvelis
cxovreba, “cxovreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”, sadac religiuri faqtori
aucileblad ikveTeba kulturul faqtorebTan _ enasTan,
eTnikurobasTan; religia, am TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli identurobis
safuZvelia da individis identificirebas axdens ara zogadad
qristianul samyarosTan, aramed sivrcesTan, romelic swored
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa am erTian qristianul sivrceSi. es
teqstebi SegviZlia miviCnioT kulturuli procesebis marTvis, erTis
mxriv, saSualebad, meore mxriv, deklaraciad.
magaliTebi, albaT, ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdis zemoTqmuls. pirveli
jgufis teqstebSi eTnikuri warmomavloba ar aris aRniSnuli
(gamonaklisia daviT da konstantines wameba _ ~iyvnes wmidani ese mowameni
daviT da konstantine qarTvelni”, 152)1:
“asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaspetisa” (iakob xucesi, 26)2. “ese netari... aRmocenda qveyanasa klarjeTisasa mSobelTagan RirsTa”
(serapioni, 88). ~yovlad qebuli mamai Cueni aRmoecena queyanisagan Suamdinarisa...
pirvel xsenebulisa queyanisagan momRebel ars naTesaobasa miwierisa mamulisasa sanatreli ese kaci” (~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, 13).
~ese wmidai... mamai Sio iyo queyaniT asureTisaiT, didiT miT RmrTis
qalaqiT antioqiaiT... mSobelTa RmrTis msaxurTa da aznaurTa Svili” (~cxorebai Sioisi da evagresi”, 71).
~gamomRebeli vidreme mamuli amis Rirsisa... mamisa Suamdinare Relisa
asureTisa iyofebis” (~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”, 146). ~kaci ese iyo warCinebul friad didad yovelsa qveyanasa qarTlisasa”
(~kostanti kaxis wameba”, 132).
rogorc vxedavT, am frazebSi ar aris eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis
aRmniSvneli terminebi, aramed aRniSnulia maTi kavSiri konkretul
geografiul sivrcesTan.
meore jgufis teqstebSi (gamonaklisia mxolod grigol xanZTelis
cxovreba _ ~ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa, didebulTa da marTlmorwmune
mama-dedaTa”, 127) yvela SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia eTnikuri warmomavloba:
“ese naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaeliTa, tomisagantomisagantomisagantomisagan
sarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 67). “ese netari mama Cveni iovane iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (giorgi
mTawmindeli, 225).
1 statiaSi gaanalizebuli masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, umjobesad CavTvaleT
gamoyenebuli wyaroebis teqstSive miTiTeba. 2 aq, marTalia aRniSnulia mTavari personaJis eTnikuri kuTvnileba, magram es xdeba
identurobis aRmniSvneli terminis (magaliTad, naTesaviT, tomiT...) gamoyenebis gareSe, arapirdapiri gziT (asulisomexTa spaspetisa).
“ese wmida mama Cveni giorgi iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (giorgi mcire, 276).
“ese wmidai Cveni ilarion iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (~ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 448).
eTnikuri warmomavlobis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis gaazrebis
TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebisa” da ~abos
wamebis” teqstebis Sedareba. am SedarebaSi kargad ikveTeba sxvadasxva
xarisxiT warmoCenili kulturuli identurobis gancda. amaze is
cnebebic miuTiTebs, romlebsac qvemoT moyvanil frazebSi vxvdebiT.
CvenTvis saintereso informacia Cadebulia Tavad kiTxvis
mizanmimarTulebaSi:
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~romlromlromlromlisaisaisaisa soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa xar, anu romlisaromlisaromlisaromlisa qalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisa, anu romeliromeliromeliromeli rCulirCulirCulirCuli gipyriesgipyriesgipyriesgipyries?” (42).
~vinani xarT, anu romeliromeliromeliromeli rCulirCulirCulirCuli gipyriengipyriengipyriengipyrien?” (43)
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~vin xar anu, romlisaromlisaromlisaromlisa naTesavisagannaTesavisagannaTesavisagannaTesavisagan, anu romlisa erisagan, anu romliTaromliTaromliTaromliTa SjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTa scxondebodescxondebodescxondebodescxondebode?” (84)
pasuxi (TviTiTviTiTviTiTviTidentifikaciadentifikaciadentifikaciadentifikacia):
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~me soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa sparseTisasparseTisasparseTisasparseTisa viyav, xevisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisa ganZaaaakisa viyav. mamamamamamamama CemiCemiCemiCemi mogvmogvmogvmogv iyoiyoiyoiyo... da me mogvoba ara Tavs videv” (42).
~da maT uTxres kacad-kacadman sofeli Tvisi da daba TiToeulisa da hrqves yovelTa: ~mamulsaRa zeda rCulsa viyveniT, sparsTasparsTasparsTasparsTa rCulirCulirCulirCuli vicodeT, xolo raJams qarTlad SemovediT da qristeaneTa rCuli vixileT, qristiane viqmneniT” (43).
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~me var bunebiTbunebiTbunebiTbunebiT sarkinozsarkinozsarkinozsarkinoz, Sobili mas Sina mamulad da dedulad; ganwsavlul viyav SjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTa maT mahmedisiTamahmedisiTamahmedisiTamahmedisiTa da vcxovndebode mas Sina, vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav” (73).
identifikaciaidentifikaciaidentifikaciaidentifikacia
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~movida kaci erTi sparseTissparseTissparseTissparseTis soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa arSakeTisaarSakeTisaarSakeTisaarSakeTisa, Ze mogvisamogvisamogvisamogvisa, da warmarTiwarmarTiwarmarTiwarmarTi iyoiyoiyoiyo igiigiigiigi” (41).
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~ese naSobinaSobinaSobinaSobi iyoiyoiyoiyo abrameaniabrameaniabrameaniabrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisaTa, tomisagantomisagantomisagantomisagan sarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTa, da yovladveyovladveyovladveyovladve arabielTaarabielTaarabielTaarabielTa TesliTesliTesliTesli, romlisa mama misi da deda misi... iyvnes munve qalaqsa mas Sina baRdads babilovnisasa” (abos wameba, 67).
frazebis es sami jgufi warmogvidgens: 1) kiTxvis dasmis
SesaZleblobas konkretul periodSi; 2) kiTxvis adresatis
TviTidentifikacias; 3) moqmedi piris identifikacias avtoris mier.
ramdenadac TiToeuli teqsti erT konkretul avtors ekuTvnis,
bunebrivia, rom identifikacia da TviTidentifikacia erTmaneTs emTxveva
da teqstebis Seqmnis periodisaTvis aqtualuri cnebebis arealiT aris
ganpirobebuli, iseve rogorc kiTxvis dasmis SesaZlebloba.
meore jgufis teqstebSi sagangebod aRiniSneba, rom wmindani
sasuliero ganaTlebas qarTul enaze iRebs, magaliTad:
“qarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsa enasaenasaenasaenasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (grigol xanZTeli, 127). “SesZina swavlad qarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisa mwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”
(abos wameba, 67). am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari.
religiuri da kulturuli faqtoris gadakveTaze warmoSobili
kulturuli identurobis safuZveli yvelaze ukeT Cans frazaSi:
“qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa
eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis” (giorgi merCule, 182).
sagulisxmo gansxvavebebia weris motivaciis TvalsazrisiTac. pirveli
jgufis teqstebSi, umravles SemTxvevaSi ar aris weris mizani
gansazRvruli, xolo Tu aris, aseTi saxiT:
~maSin aR-vinme-dges kacni morwmuneTaganni, iwyes aRwerad cxorebai
wmidaTa mowameTai... sadideblad wmidaTa mowameTa da aRsabaZvelad... amisveamisveamisveamisve mizezisaTvismizezisaTvismizezisaTvismizezisaTvis mecamecamecameca... vinebevinebevinebevinebe mibaZvadmibaZvadmibaZvadmibaZvad pirvelTapirvelTapirvelTapirvelTa maTmaTmaTmaT dadadada aRvweaRvweaRvweaRvwerererere cxorebaicxorebaicxorebaicxorebai da wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisa...” (“kostanti kaxis wameba”, 131-132).
gacilebiT ufro datvirTulia motivacia sxva teqstebSi, romelTac
qvemoT ganvixilavT, aq ki magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT mxolod erT
citatas “abos wamebidan”:
~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca
pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxseneblad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa, vinvinvinvin iyvneniyvneniyvneniyvnen SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (ioane sabanisZe, 57).
qristianad moqcevis mizezi:
“rameTu ganZaks qalaqsa qristeaneni ufrois arian da ebiskoposi da mRvdelni, da maTganRa yovelsa zeda miviwie, rameTu ufrois ars yovelsa rCulsa qristeanoba, vidre uRmrToeba da aw me qriste mwams da qristes msaxurebasa Sina var” (“evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba”, 42).
~odes saTno myo RmerTman, romelma gamomirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa
Soris CemTa... da mixsna me iesu qristes mier... da gulisxma miyo me umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli ... da aw Sevudeg me WeSmaritsa qristeis mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa” (ioane sabanisZe, 74).
~aRivso suliTa wmidiTa da hrqva mas: ~me ganvizraxeganvizraxeganvizraxeganvizraxe da qristeane var”
(ioane sabanisZe, 78). pirveli citata evstaTis gaqristianebas garkveul SemTxveviTobaTa da
garemoebaTa Sedegad warmogvidgens. mkafiod arc RvTis neba Cans (Tumca,
ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba) da arc personaJisa. sruliad gansxvavebulia
meore SemTxveva: abos gaqristianeba, pirvel rigSi, aris RvTis madli,
amave dros, personaJis gacnobierebuli neba.
orive SemTxvevaSi avtoris azrovnebis wesi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT.
ioane sabanisZe uSvebs movlenebis cnobieri marTvis SesaZleblobas,
rasac mTeli misi Txzuleba cxadyofs1.
ioane sabanisZe pirveli TavSi kargad warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis
bizantiur kulturul erTobaSi lokalizacias (“romelni varT yuresa
amas qveynisasa” 60), gamokveTilia kulturuli identurobis gansazRvris,
“Cvenianisa” da “ucxos” gamijvnis kriteriumi/safuZveli (abo “ara Tu
pirveliTganve CvenganiCvenganiCvenganiCvengani iyo, aramed umecari sarwmunoebisagan Cvenisa,
ucxoucxoucxoucxo ucxoiTa SjuliTa...” 61). Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba kulturuli
1 am or Txzulebas erTmaneTisagan ori saukune aSorebs. aSkarad Cans, rom es
periodebi gansxvavdeba aqcentebis gadanawilebiT. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom VIII saukunesa da Semdgom periodSic iqmneba teqstebi, romlebic wminda sarwmunoebrivi interesebiT ifargleba.
tradiciebisa da TviTidenturobis (“Cveulebisamebr mamulisa svla”)
SenarCunebis saSualebaa, amdenad, ioane sabanisZe ganmartavs qristes
rjulis arss, faqtobrivad, qadagebs sarwmunoebas, da aqve ar iviwyebs
imis xasgasmas, rom “ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri
moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SoreulTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca
mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame
TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris
Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (ioane sabanisZe, 66).
aq kargad ikveTeba bizantiasTan, rogorc kulturuli erTobis liderTan
upiratesobis Tu ara, Tanasworobis demonstrireba. am frazas zurgs
umagrebs sityvebi: arabebma “mravalni SeacTunnes... romelni xuTasis
wlisa JamTa da uwinareisRa Sjul-debul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa
naTlis-RebisaiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 60-61).
da daskvna, Sesabamisad, asaxavs Txzulebis mizans:
“Sen gamo, wmidao mowameo, siyvaruli igi qristesi Cvendami da
sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba CveniCveniCveniCveni misa mimarT kvalad ganaxlda, rameTu aRverieniT ersa, ucxosaucxosaucxosaucxosa sjuliTasjuliTasjuliTasjuliTa, gandgomilsa qristeisgan, naTesavsa sawuTroisa amis moyvaresa, Teslsa urwmunosa Zisa RmrTisasa, sarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqvmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 84).
giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo monakveTi (giorgi
mTawmindeli, 264-268) aseve niSandoblivia CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. aq
koncentrirebulia nawarmoebisa da avtoris mTeli moRvaweobis mizani,
cnebaTa donezec kargad Cans qarTuli kulturis gamokveTis,
damkvidrebis da momavalSi am ukanasknelTa uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba.
moviyvanT ramdenime citatas, romlebic, Cveni azriT, komentars aRar
saWiroeben:
~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven
zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).
~lavrasa Sina, romeli-ese ... CvenCvenCvenCven qarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo da
aRmarTebul” (264). mTawmindis monasteri aSenda ~ganmamravlebladganmamravlebladganmamravlebladganmamravleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa”
(264), ~samkvidrebladsamkvidrebladsamkvidrebladsamkvidreblad qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa” (265).
eqvTimem ~TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko
naTnaTnaTnaTesaviesaviesaviesavi da enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni” (265). ~da ara mravlisa Jamisa Semdgomad mama giorgi daviwyebad movida, da
arca erTi rai zrunva aqvnda qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa aRorZinebisaaRorZinebisaaRorZinebisaaRorZinebisa, aramed sruliad berZenTa mieqca da igini ganamravlna” (265).
rodesac ~CvenCvenCvenCven friad Semcirebulni viyveniT, Jami poves berZenTa da,
viTarca cecxlni, aRegznnes CvenCvenCvenCven zeda da sruliad aRmofxvra CveniCveniCveniCveni eneba da daproba samkvidrebelisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (266).
~da amis yovlisagan SegveSinaSegveSinaSegveSinaSegveSina da mosaxsenebeli ese aRvwereT da
davdeviT SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa momavalTamomavalTamomavalTamomavalTa naTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvis raTaraTaraTaraTa aaaaradaviwyebulradaviwyebulradaviwyebulradaviwyebul iqmnasiqmnasiqmnasiqmnas da garewar eseviTari ese mravalferi Relva (268).
~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca
RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneseqmneseqmneseqmnes da... ese adgili qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da CveniCveniCveniCveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars... da romelTa qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa ganmravlebaganmravlebaganmravlebaganmravleba iRvawon da ese wmida adgili naTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsa CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa daumtkicon, saukunomca ars saxsenebeli da kurTxeva maTi” (268).
axla ki gvinda, moviyvanoT is magaliTebi meore jgufis teqstebidan,
romlebic, Cveni azriT, V-XI saukuneebSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas
adastureben. marTva, rogorc aRiniSna, mimdinareobs informaciis
gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvris gziT,
bizantiur kulturul sivrceSi qarTuli kulturis, rogorc
damoukidebeli da TviTkmari erTeulis argumentirebiT (~Cven” _
qarTvelebis, ~naTesaviT qarTvelis” xazgasmiT da moxseniebis sixSiriT,
qarTuli enis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis, mniSvnelobis
gamokveTiT, kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT. yvela es
aspeqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da, bunebrivia, zogi
citata yvela am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso. amitom es erTiani procesis
Zalian pirobiTi gamijvnaa.
istoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebaaaa, rrrrogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli
istoriuli mexsierebis formireba da, Sesabamisad, informaciis
gadarCeva mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im teqstebis Seqmnis motivaciasTan,
sadac am informaciis SerCevis SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT. drois warmavlobis
gancda, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
azrovnebisaTvis, magram motanil citatebSi drois warmavlobis gancdas
TiTqos Crdilavs informaciis SerCevisa da momavali TaobisaTvis
gadacemis mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es teqstebi ar aris
istoriuli xasiaTis da aseT mizans, albaT, naklebad unda isaxavdes.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, iseve rogorc
ena, sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli identurobis safuZvlad
SeiZleba iyos gaazrebuli.
~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca
pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxseneblad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa, vinvinvinvin iyvneniyvneniyvneniyvnen SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (ioane sabanisZe, 57).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mizans, romelic
zemoT iyo ganxiluli, TvalsaCinoa, rom mis mier Seqmnili Txzuleba ara
marto erTi konkretuli martvilobis ambis momavali TaobebisaTvis
gadacemas isaxavs miznad.
es mizani kidev ufro mZfrad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg citatebSi:
“... wmidaTa mamaTa Rirsad-cxorebulTa simxne moTminebisa da siwmidiT
Sroma uflisa saTno da saswaulTa maTTa simravleni qveyanasaqveyanasaqveyanasaqveyanasa mas qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa daSWirdesdaSWirdesdaSWirdesdaSWirdes misTvis, ... romelTa jer iyo dawera, vidre naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT naTesavamdenaTesavamdenaTesavamdenaTesavamde ukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamde moTxrobadmoTxrobadmoTxrobadmoTxrobad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa. aramed aw saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes siRrmesa daviwyebisasa” (grigol xanZTeli, 126).
~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven
zeda berZenTa, araaraaraara daviwyebuldaviwyebuldaviwyebuldaviwyebul iqmnasiqmnasiqmnasiqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).
~xolo rai ars qeba RmrTisa, dideba da Sesxma wmidaTa misTa?
moTxroba cxorebisa da moRvawebisa maTisa weriT da uwerelad, raTa scnes ese Teslman sxvaman, da Svilni, romelni iSvebodian, aRdgen, da miuTxrobdenmiuTxrobdenmiuTxrobdenmiuTxrobden mamanimamanimamanimamani maTnimaTnimaTnimaTni SvilTaSvilTaSvilTaSvilTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa” (giorgi mcire, 271).
qvemoT moyvanili citata giorgi mTwmindelis monastris winamZRvrad
gaxdomis Semdgom moRvaweobas aRwers. aqac cxadia, rom TiToeuli
qmedeba garkveuli informaciis SenaxviT qarTvelTa poziciis gamyarebas
isaxavs miznad. es qmedebebi rom savsebiT gacnobierebuli da
mizanmimarTulia, Cans Tavad giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo
monakveTidan (264-268), romelic zemoT ganvixileT. giorgi mcire ki zust
mniSvnelobas aniWebs maT:
giorgi mTawmindelma ioanes da eqvTimes dadgenili wesebi kvlav
aRadgina; Seiswavla ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba da moRvaweoba “da aRweriT
dagvitevna... sawvrTelad da saxilveladsaxilveladsaxilveladsaxilvelad momavalTamomavalTamomavalTamomavalTa naTesavTanaTesavTanaTesavTanaTesavTa aRumarTaaRumarTaaRumarTaaRumarTa” (giorgi mcire, 292);
eqvTime aTonelisa da sxva berTa wminda nawilebi monasterSi ganaTavsa, “amiT eseviTariTa saxiTa kninRa da yovlisa soflisa saxilvel da Tayvanis-sacemel yo mTawmidiTgan vidre Savsa mTasa da yovelsa asureTsa da ierusalimsa da aRmosavladmde wmida mama Cveni efTvimi marjvenisa mier Tvisisa, mefeTagan da mTavarTa, mRdelTmoZRvarTagan da mRdelTa da yovlisa erisa” (giorgi mcire, 294);
ioanesi da sxva mamaTa saflavebi dakarguli iyo, isini moiZia da gadmoasvena da maTi saflavebi Seamko.
am citatebSi, informaciis gadarCevasTan erTad, kargad Cans
avtorebis droisadmi damokidebulebac. es CvenTvis sayuradReboa,
ramdenadac drosTan mimarTeba kulturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia.
“aw saswaulni maTni JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa simravlisagansimravlisagansimravlisagansimravlisagan miecnesmiecnesmiecnesmiecnes siRrmesasiRrmesasiRrmesasiRrmesa
daviwyebisasadaviwyebisasadaviwyebisasadaviwyebisasa” (giorgi merCule, 126). ~xolxolxolxoloooo vinaiTganvinaiTganvinaiTganvinaiTgan sigrZesigrZesigrZesigrZe JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa yovelsaveyovelsaveyovelsaveyovelsave daviwyebaddaviwyebaddaviwyebaddaviwyebad momomomoiRebsiRebsiRebsiRebs” (giorgi
mTawmindeli, 222). SeiZleba es ori citata arasakmarisad damajerebeli mogveCvenos.
magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom agiografiuli Txzulebebi ar
ganekuTvnebian saistorio Janris nawarmoebs, es da qvemoT motanili
frazebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
isini im periodis qarTvelebis droisadmi damokidebulebas asaxavs.
~iyo mervesamervesamervesamervesa welsawelsawelsawelsa sparsTa mefisasa” (SuS, 26). ~rameTu eqvsieqvsieqvsieqvsi weliweliweliweli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula” (SuS, 34). ~da viTarca meSvidemeSvidemeSvidemeSvide weliweliweliweli dadgeboda” (SuS, 37). ~da ars dasabami tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTa TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa apnisisasaapnisisasaapnisisasaapnisisasa,
mervesamervesamervesamervesa TTvisasaTTvisasaTTvisasaTTvisasa da dResadResadResadResa oTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsa; da meored gvema misi Semdgomad aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResadResadResadResa orSabaTsaorSabaTsaorSabaTsaorSabaTsa da kvalad tanjva vardobisa TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa aTcaTcaTcaTcxrametsaxrametsaxrametsaxrametsa. da aRsruleba misi TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa okdombersaokdombersaokdombersaokdombersa aTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsa... da dRe xuTSabaTixuTSabaTixuTSabaTixuTSabaTi iyo, romelsa ganvaweseT saxsenebelni wmidisa SuSanikisi” (40).
~wmida evstaTi... pyrobil yvnes viTar eqvseqvseqvseqvs TveTveTveTve oden” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 44).
~da Semdgomad samisasamisasamisasamisa wlisawlisawlisawlisa, Semovida veJan buzmir qarTlisa
marzapnad” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 45). “samisasamisasamisasamisa wlisawlisawlisawlisa JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa iqceoda... gancxadebulad qristianed” (ioane
sabanisZe, 71). “iyo netari igi sapyrobilesa Sina cxracxracxracxra dRedRedRedRe” (ioane sabanisZe, 75). “da raJams ganTena meaTemeaTemeaTemeaTe igi dRedRedRedRe dResaswaulisa mis macxovrisa
naTlisRebisasa, romel ars TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa ianvarsaianvarsaianvarsaianvarsa eqvssaeqvssaeqvssaeqvssa, iyo dRe igi paraskeviparaskeviparaskeviparaskevi” (ioane sabanisZe, 76).
“iyo JamiJamiJamiJami pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli RamisaRamisaRamisaRamisa mis” (ioane sabanisZe, 80). “orisaorisaorisaorisa weliwadTaweliwadTaweliwadTaweliwadTa JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa iyvnes opizas” (giorgi merCule, 131). ~da viTarca gardaxda weliwadiweliwadiweliwadiweliwadi SvidadSvidadSvidadSvidad aRTvaluliaRTvaluliaRTvaluliaRTvaluli” (“serapion
zarzmelis cxovreba”, 115). ~TvesaTvesaTvesaTvesa ivnissaivnissaivnissaivnissa oTxsaoTxsaoTxsaoTxsa, dResadResadResadResa xuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsa” (“serapion zarzmelis
cxovreba”, 121). “da mere ganvida lavrasa wmdisa sabaissa... dayo SvidiSvidiSvidiSvidi weliweliweliweli...”
(~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 449). “dayo hroms Sina oriorioriori weliwadiweliwadiweliwadiweliwadi” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 452). ~aResrula mamai Cveni ilarion TvesaTvesaTvesaTvesa noenbersanoenbersanoenbersanoenbersa aTcxrametsaaTcxrametsaaTcxrametsaaTcxrametsa, dResadResadResadResa
SabaTsaSabaTsaSabaTsaSabaTsa, JamsaJamsaJamsaJamsa mexuTesamexuTesamexuTesamexuTesa dRisasadRisasadRisasadRisasa, mefobasa basilisasa” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454).
“vinai igi dayves aTormetaTormetaTormetaTormetiiii weliweliweliweli” (giorgi mcire, 283). “weliwadsaweliwadsaweliwadsaweliwadsa SvidsaSvidsaSvidsaSvidsa ... simdabliT hmsaxurebda” (giorgi mcire, 288). “davyaviT aRmosavleTs xuTixuTixuTixuTi weliweliweliweli” (giorgi mcire, 324).
aseTi magaliTebis moZebna kidev SeiZleba. isic unda iTqvas, rom
cnebebi, romlebic drois gadmosacemad aris gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad
garkveuli informaciis matarebelia. magram, ramdenadac amjerad drois
aRqmis kvleva am naSromis mizani ar aris, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom
Cvens mier gamoyenebuli masalis mixedviT im periodis qarTvelebisaTvis
drois kategoria mniSvnelovania. imasac davamatebT, rom Tu giorgi
merCulesa da giorgi mTawmindelis pirvel or citataSi droisadmi
damokidebuleba sruliad gaazrebulia, danarCeni magaliTebi, zogadad,
droiTi azrovnebis wesis sailustraciod gamodgeba.
enaenaenaena, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvelis safuZvelis safuZvelis safuZveli
aq sagangebod ar vaanalizebT ioane zosimes, radgan is Tavad
warmoadgens qarTuli kulturuli identurobisaTvis qarTuli enis
mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas da am faqtis deklarirebas. Cven gvainterebs
sxva wyaroebSi mimofantuli masala, romelic cxadyofs qarTuli enis,
rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvlis mniSvnelobas da am faqtis
srul gacnobierebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, zogierTi magaliTi ufro
mkafioa, radgan qarTul enas ufro miwier ganzomilebaSi ganixilavs.
garda amisa, maTSi ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli
imdenad naTladaa danaxuli da gadmocemuli (magaliTad, “ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”), rom pirdapir kulturis Tanamedrove
mkvlevarTaTvis aris gamzadebuli. xazgasmulia enis da enis matarebelTa
umWidroesi kavSiri (giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mcire).
qvemoT motanili citatebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa
dalagebuli. es saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT mSobliuri enis
mniSvnelobis sul ufro Rrma gacnobierebas.
“SesZina swavlad qarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisa mwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”
(ioane sabanisZe, 67). “qarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsa enasaenasaenasaenasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (giorgi merCule, 127). [ilarions da mis Zmebs ulumbos mTidan gagdeba daupires] “da mas
Ramesa daadgra wmidai dedofali Cveni RmrTismSobeli risxviT mamasaxlissa mas da hrqva: raisa inebe maTi ganZebai, romelni mosrul arian siyvarulisaTvis RmrTisa, da ara daimarxe mcnebai ucxoTa SewynarebisaTvis, viTar etyvis ufali da Ze Cemi mdidarsa mas?! anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mraalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisamaTisamaTisamaTisa enisaenisaenisaenisa metyvelni da cxovnebad arian?” da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian!” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 451) (Sdr. giorgi mTawmindeli, RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi. giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).
[ilarion qarTvelma TesalonikSi iqauri mTavris mxevlis Svili
gankurna, rodesac dedofali dainteresda, Tu vin moaxdina es saswauli, mxevalma] “warmouTxra yoveli niSani maTi da enaicaenaicaenaicaenaica” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 453).
~maSin mohgvarna mefeman ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidao mamano, da aswaveT amaT enaienaienaienai da wwwwigniigniigniigni TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).
giorgi mTawmindeli ioanesa da eqvTimes damsaxurebaTa Soris
aRniSnavs: ~aRayvaves enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni da qveyana TargmanebiTa wmdaTa werilTaiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).
gorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda
samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa enaenaenaena da qveyana, namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, aramed saberZneTisasaca” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).
~pirveladpirveladpirveladpirvelad qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuli swavlaswavlaswavlaswavla aswava da merme berZnulad gaaswavla
yovliTave swavlulebiTa srulebiT” (giorgi mTwmindeli, 238). ~awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva qarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTa
eniTaeniTaeniTaeniTa... aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).
~efTvimi, romelman yovliTa wesiTa keTiliTa ganaSvena wmida ese
adgili da TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko naTesavi da enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni” ( ( ( (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265))))....
RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi: ~warmomidga vinme
didebuli dedofali da mrmrmrmrqqqqvavavava qarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTa eniTaeniTaeniTaeniTa: ~rai ars, rai gelmis, efTvime?... ararai ars vneba Sen Tana. aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad xsnilaxsnilaxsnilaxsniladddd ubnobdiubnobdiubnobdiubnobdi....”
~mun Jamamde ZniadZniadZniadZniad ubnobnubnobnubnobnubnobn qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad da friadfriadfriadfriad mwuxaremwuxaremwuxaremwuxare viyavviyavviyavviyav amisamisamisamis pirisaTvispirisaTvispirisaTvispirisaTvis, xolo mieriTgan dauyeneblad viTarca wyaro amodin uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).
eqvTimem ~umecrebisa igi saburveli mosZarcva gonebaTagan CvenTa...
simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa naklulevaneba enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa aRavso” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).
“da esreT yovelnive saRmrToni werilni Zvelisa da axlisa
Sjulisani, romelni oden CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa enasaenasaenasaenasa povna, yovelnive keTilad gulad ixvna” (giorgi mcire, 288).
“egeviTari Targmani, Tvinier wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efTvimissa, sxva
ara gamoCenila enasaenasaenasaenasa CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa da vgoneb, Tu arca gamoCinebad ars! ... daatkbo ena Cveni”, “romelnime wignni sruliad ara yofilni da enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan ucxoni siRrmeTagan umecrebisaTa naTlad gamoabrwyinvna” (giorgi mcire, 303-304).
~viTarca ixila sikeTe sulisa misisa... ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa
da suliTa gulisxma-yo, rai-igi yofad iyo, rameTu surviel iyo wmida
igi beri, raTamca kvalad gamo-vinme-aCina mowyalebaman RmrTisaman naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci, romelmanca srul-yo naklulevaneba enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa, , , , romeli-igi wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efvTvimesagan daSTomil iyo”. (giorgi mcire, 286).
giorgi Seyenebuli giorgi mTawmindels: ~romelman wmida igi (eqvTime)
sikvdilisagan ixsna da qarTqarTqarTqarTuliuliuliuli enaenaenaena ganumarta, igive SemZlebel ars Sendaca Sewevnad, rameTu ms didad ewyalis da uyvars naTesavi Cveni” (giorgi mcire, 287).
zemoT motanili zogierT citataSi Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, rac, TavisTavad, enis mniSvnelobis
gaazrebaze miuTiTebs. Semdegi citatebi da is faqti, rom eqvTime
aTonelma da giorgi mTawmindelma, TargmanTa Sesasruleblad datoves
monastris winamZRvroba (rogorc xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli teqstebSi),
kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am faqts.
ioane mimarTavs eqvTimes _ ~Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa qveyana didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan... aw iRvawe, raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan” (giorgi mTawmindeli 239).
~TargmanebaTargmanebaTargmanebaTargmaneba wignTawignTawignTawignTa aqvndaaqvndaaqvndaaqvnda nametnavadnametnavadnametnavadnametnavad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa saTnoebaTasaTnoebaTasaTnoebaTasaTnoebaTa da
gvirgvinadgvirgvinadgvirgvinadgvirgvinad da ganmganmganmganmanaTlebladanaTlebladanaTlebladanaTleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 260).
~saRmrTosaRmrTosaRmrTosaRmrTo eseeseeseese talantitalantitalantitalanti... romelromelromelromel arsarsarsars TargmanebaTargmanebaTargmanebaTargmaneba wignTa saRmrToTa
berZnulisaganberZnulisaganberZnulisaganberZnulisagan qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad” (giorgi mcire, 287). giorgi mTwmindelma datova winamZRvroba, radgan “RmrTivRmrTivRmrTivRmrTiv----moniWebulimoniWebulimoniWebulimoniWebuli
igi talantiigi talantiigi talantiigi talanti ara aRorZndeboda, romel arsromel arsromel arsromel ars RmrTiv----sulierTa wignTawignTawignTawignTa TargmnaTargmnaTargmnaTargmna” (giorgi mcire, 301).
bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da
TviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuli
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura bizantiuri sivrcisagan
damoukideblad ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes. es garemoeba mZafrad
ganicdeboda im periodis qarTvelebis mier, radgan maT mudmivad
uxdebodaT sakuTari gansxvavebulobis xazgasma, bizantielTa
upiratesobis gabaTilebiT maTTan sakuTari TanabarmniSvnelovnebis da,
Semdeg ki, upiratesobis gamokveTa.
pirvel rigSi, movitanT im ideebis amsaxvel citatebs, romlebsac
upirispirdebodnen qarTvelebi sakuTari kulturis1 gancalkevebulobis
da TviTkmarobis dasacavad.
romelni ese barbarozbarbarozbarbarozbarbaroz wodebulwodebulwodebulwodebul viyveniTviyveniTviyveniTviyveniT elenTaelenTaelenTaelenTa miermiermiermier
uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa,” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275). patriarqi giorgi mTawmindels “daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xarxarxarxar,
sxviTa kvla yovliTayovliTayovliTayovliTa swavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTa sruliadsruliadsruliadsruliad berZeniberZeniberZeniberZeni xarxarxarxar” (giorgi mcire, 308).
“daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli ars, xolo yovliTurTyovliTurTyovliTurTyovliTurT wesiwesiwesiwesi CveniCveniCveniCveni
(berZnuli q.k.) hmosieshmosieshmosieshmosies” (giorgi mcire, 328). “netaro mamao, daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xarxarxarxar, xolo
swavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTa da mecnierebiTamecnierebiTamecnierebiTamecnierebiTa CveniveCveniveCveniveCvenive sworisworisworiswori xarxarxarxar, jer-ars, romel eklesiani da mRvdel-moZRvarni Tqvenni xelsa qveSe samociquloisa amis saydrisasa imwysebodin” (giorgi mcire, 308).
Tu wyaroebs Tvals mivadevnebT, vnaxavT, rom qarTvelebis
bizantiasTan damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania V-XI saukuneebSi. am
cvlilebebs isev citatebiT gavxdiT TvalsaCinos. maTi meSveobiT
naTelia transformaciis Semdegi etapebi: bizantiis meSveobiT
TviTidentifikaciidan _ bizantiasTan gatolebis gavliT _ bizantiisagan
gamijvniT TviTidentifikaciamde.
pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba
radgan agiografiul TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cven veyrdnobiT, ar
SeiZleba bizantiuri kulturuli sivrce TviTidentifikaciis safuZvlad
iyos warmodgelnili (es teqstebi swored sawinaaRmdegos isaxaven
miznad), am etapis dasaxasiaTeblad moviSveliebT juanSeris ~cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa”-s. es nawarmoebi erTdroulad asaxavs bizantiasTan
damokidebulebis pirvel or etaps2.
~moiyvana mRvdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT” (juanSeri, 145).
1 cxadia, es sakiTxi politikisagan damoukideblad ar ganixileba, magram, jer erTi,
Cven problemis kulturuli aspeqti gvainteresebs, da meore, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, gansaxilveli periodis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo politika ar arsebobda, amdenad, erTiani kulturuli politika win uswrebs da, iqneb, SesaZlebelsac xdis erTian saxelmwifo politikas.
2 qarTul kulturul sivrceSi bizantiur samyarosTan identurobis gancda yvelaze cxadad vlindeba agaTia sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi Semonaxul aietisa da fartaZis sityvebSi. am kuTxiT dasaxelebuli wyaros analizi ix. q. kakitelaSvili, dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi. // ena da kultura, #1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.
~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarcaviTarcaviTarcaviTarca exilnesexilnesexilnesexilnes monasternimonasternimonasternimonasterni saberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178).
~ara umecrebaman aRgZra brZolad ZeTa zeda RmrTisaTa, aramed
SuelisaTvis naTesavisa Senisa sparsTasa. da ara uwyia, rameTu berZenniberZenniberZenniberZenni naTesavninaTesavninaTesavninaTesavni RmrTisaniRmrTisaniRmrTisaniRmrTisani arianarianarianarian” (juanSeri, 165).
~mnebavs, raTa Sen mier aRgzebuli ese cecxli Senve daSrito da
megobarmegobarmegobarmegobar iyoiyoiyoiyo keisrisakeisrisakeisrisakeisrisa, viTarca dRsamomde iyav sparsTa” (juanSeri, 66). ~siyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsa berZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasa nunununu dauteobTdauteobTdauteobTdauteobT” (juanSeri, 203).
~Cuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessa” (juanSeri 160).
xilvaSi wminda nino vaxtang gorgasals keisrisaken miuTiTebs da
mimarTavs: ~aw ukue mived mefisa da miiRe niWi Seni”. vaxtangi “mivida mefisa, da ambor uyves urTierTas, da adgil-sca saydarTasaydarTasaydarTasaydarTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa, da daisuadaisuadaisuadaisua igiigiigiigi TanaTanaTanaTana. da miscamiscamiscamisca beWedibeWedibeWedibeWedi xelisaxelisaxelisaxelisa misisganmisisganmisisganmisisgan...” (juanSeri 167).
keisarma ~miumcno aRTqmiTa da ficiTa ZlieriTa, raTa swor iyosswor iyosswor iyosswor iyos
mefobisamefobisamefobisamefobisa TvisisaTvisisaTvisisaTvisisa” (juanSeri, 170).
meore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatoleba ~araaraaraara xoloxoloxoloxolo TuTuTuTu berZenTaberZenTaberZenTaberZenTa sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba eseeseeseese RmrTisamieriRmrTisamieriRmrTisamieriRmrTisamieri moipovesmoipovesmoipovesmoipoves,
aramedaramedaramedaramed CvencaCvencaCvencaCvenca, SorSorSorSorieieieielTalTalTalTa amaTamaTamaTamaT mkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisacaqarTlisacaqarTlisacaqarTlisaca mkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTa aqvsaqvsaqvsaqvs sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba dadadada wodebulwodebulwodebulwodebul arsarsarsars dedaddedaddedaddedad wmidaTawmidaTawmidaTawmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (66).
“JamTa ukvanaisTa, romel ipovnen qristes nebis-myofelni mamani,
Cvensaca uwinares iyvnen da mamaTaca CvenTa” (grigol xanZTeli, 200). eqvTime aTonelis “namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da
TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xoloxoloxoloxolo qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa, aramedaramedaramedaramed saberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasaca”””” (giorgi mTawmindeli 224).
eqvTimem ~simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa
naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa aRavso, da romelni ese barbaroz wodebul viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa, maTTanave aRgvracxnaaRgvracxnaaRgvracxnaaRgvracxna RmrTisaRmrTisaRmrTisaRmrTisa miermiermiermier mocemuliTamocemuliTamocemuliTamocemuliTa miTmiTmiTmiT sibrZniTasibrZniTasibrZniTasibrZniTa TvisiTaTvisiTaTvisiTaTvisiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).
~vinaiTgan ukve zemo xsenebulni ese netarni mamani Cvenni araraiTararaiTararaiTararaiT
unaklulounaklulounaklulounaklulo iiiiyvnesyvnesyvnesyvnes pirvel gamoCinebulTa wmidaTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 223).
giorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTa ena da qveyana... da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba... oxris
yovelsa qveyanasa ara xoloxoloxoloxolo qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa, aramedaramedaramedaramed saberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasaca”””” (giorgi mTawmindeli 224).
mesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTeba am etapze ramdenime aspeqti gamoiyofa. bizantiasTan ucxoobis,
upiratesobis da aSkara antagonizmis demonstrireba.
ucxooba ilarion qarTveli Tesalonikis mmarTvels: ~keTili hyav, rameTu
Semiwynare me glaxaki ese da codvili da ucxoi” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454).
ilarioni keisars ~keTili hyav Sewynarebai Cemi, ucxoisaiucxoisaiucxoisaiucxoisai” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 459).
~moiReT ucxoTucxoTucxoTucxoT Sewynarebai!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457). aTonis mTaze myofma qarTvelma berebma “sixaruliT Seiwynares”
hromiT mosuli monazoni, “evedrebodes aqa yofasa da etyodes, viTarmed CvencaCvencaCvencaCvenca ucxoniucxoniucxoniucxoni varT da SencaSencaSencaSenca ucxoucxoucxoucxo xar” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 243).
upiratesoba ~maSin mohgvarna mefeman (bizantiis keisarma qarTvel berebs _ q. k.)
ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT enaienaienaienai da wigniwigniwigniwigni TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).
patriarqi ilarionis sam mowafeze eubneba episkoposebs ~eseni arian
romelTa mparavi ara miexebis amaT didi madli momaniWes me dRes. da miumcno mefesa esreT viTarmes: friad aRvSendi amaTiTa xilviTa. da WeSmaritad eseni arian msaxurnimsaxurnimsaxurnimsaxurni uflisaniuflisaniuflisaniuflisani dadadada meoxnimeoxnimeoxnimeoxni sulTasulTasulTasulTa CvenTaniCvenTaniCvenTaniCvenTani. da ufalmanufalmanufalmanufalman locviTalocviTalocviTalocviTa maTiTamaTiTamaTiTamaTiTa daifarendaifarendaifarendaifaren mefobaimefobaimefobaimefobai TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa savanebelTagansavanebelTagansavanebelTagansavanebelTagan, da CvenCvenCvenCven yovelniyovelniyovelniyovelni, ukunisiukunisiukunisiukunisi ukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamde” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 456).
bizantiis imperatori: “brZanebs mefobai Cveni TesalonikelTa mimarT,
raTa swrafiTa didiTa da pativiTa warmohgzavnneT nawilni ilarion qarTvelisalni Tvinier yovlisa mizezisa” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458).
“basili, codvili mefe, monai caTa mefisai, gevedrebi, wmidao mamao ilarion, aRmoved qalaqada sameufod!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458).
patriarqi: ~vieTnime naklulevanebasa swamebdes qarTvelTa da, aha
esera, mravliTa saxiTa uzeSTaesuzeSTaesuzeSTaesuzeSTaes ipovnesipovnesipovnesipovnes CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (giorgi mcire, 308).
“mieriTgan daewesa, raTa qarTvelni svimon-wmidas Jamsa wirviden, rameTu yovelniyovelniyovelniyovelni mecniermecniermecniermecnier xarTxarTxarTxarT, vidre amis netarisamde Jamsa ver wirvides” (giorgi mcire, 308).
auwyes patrearqsa, viTarmed: “...eklesiani da mRvdelT-moZRvarni
qarTlisani ara romlisa patreaqisa xelmwifebasa qveSe arian da yovelni saeklesioni wesni maT mier ganegebian, da TviT daisvmen kaTalikosTa da ebiskoposTa da ara samarTal ars ese, rameTu aTormetTa mociqulTagani aravin misrul ars qveyanas maTsa; da jer ars raTa qalaqsa amas RmrTisasa da saydarsa mociqulTa Tavisasa daemorCilnen... rameTu naTesavi ars umecari da samwyso mcire, da Cvenda maxloblad arian da jer-ars, raTa xelmwifebasa qveSe antioqieli patrearqisas imwysebodian”.
“wmidao meufeo, Svenis esreT, raTa wodebuliwodebuliwodebuliwodebuli igi mwodebelsamwodebelsamwodebelsamwodebelsa mas daemorCilosdaemorCilosdaemorCilosdaemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa Tvissa da Zmasa andreas, da raTaraTaraTaraTa TqvenTqvenTqvenTqven CvenCvenCvenCven dagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneT” “da eseca SesZina, viTarmed: “wmidao meufeo, romelni _ ege Cven umecrad da subuqad gvxedavT da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofian, iyoiyoiyoiyo JamiJamiJamiJami, romelromelromelromel yovelsayovelsayovelsayovelsa saberZneTsasaberZneTsasaberZneTsasaberZneTsa SinaSinaSinaSina marTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadidebloba araaraaraara ipoipoipoipoebodaebodaebodaeboda dadadada ioaneioaneioaneioane guTelguTelguTelguTel ebiskoposiebiskoposiebiskoposiebiskoposi mcxeTasmcxeTasmcxeTasmcxeTas ikurTxaikurTxaikurTxaikurTxa ebiskoposadebiskoposadebiskoposadebiskoposad, viTarca sweria didsa svinaqsarsa” (giorgi mcire, 309-310).
giorgi mTawmindelma “warmoTqva sarwmunoeba marTali Cven qarTvelTa
naTesavisa.. . . . “eseeseeseese arsarsarsars sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba marTalimarTalimarTalimarTali naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa dadadada, raJaraJaraJaraJamsmsmsms erTierTierTierTi gvicnobiesgvicnobiesgvicnobiesgvicnobies, arRaraarRaraarRaraarRara midrekilmidrekilmidrekilmidrekil varTvarTvarTvarT marcxulmarcxulmarcxulmarcxul ginaginaginagina marjulmarjulmarjulmarjul dadadada arcaarcaarcaarca mivdrkebiTmivdrkebiTmivdrkebiTmivdrkebiT”” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).
antagonizmi ~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca
RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneqmneqmneqmneseseses da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da CveniCveniCveniCveni saxsenebelisaxsenebelisaxsenebelisaxsenebeli amoswyvidosamoswyvidosamoswyvidosamoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 268).
ara marto azrobrivi, aramed azris gamoxatvis formis
kontrastulobas cxadyofs Semdegi ori frazis Sedareba: erTi mxriv,
~siyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsa berZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasa nunununu dauteobTdauteobTdauteobTdauteobT” da, meore mxriv, “siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa
berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneseqmneseqmneseqmnes”.
gavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitireba
erT-erT saintereso faqtad qarTuli kulturuli TavisTavadobis
gaazrebuli formirebis procesSi SegviZlia miviCnioT gavlenaTa
gaazrebuli limitacia. kulturuli gavlena, rogorc aseTi, umarTavi
procesia. magram arsebobs sfero, sadac SesaZlebelia am procesebis
kontroli. es funqcia V-XI saukuneebSi eklesias hqonda.
am TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli poziciis danaxva.
1. ucxo, umTavresad, bizantiuri sivrcis gavlena nebayoflobiT
miiReba:
~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarca
exilnesexilnesexilnesexilnes monasternimonasternimonasternimonasterni saberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178). ~xolo mama grigol guls etyoda, viTarmed: ~viTarca monastrisa
Cemisa mamani saTnoebiTa uzeSTaes arian Jamisa amis monazonTa, egreTca wes ars wesi saRmrTo saeklesio eklesiasa Sina CemsaCemsaCemsaCemsa dawesebad brZenTagan ganukiTxveli”. amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes saWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored ierusalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da yovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisa wmidaTa adgilTa moxilvad da locvad. mas Jamsa ierusalems warmavali vinme pova megobari Tvisi da mas dahvedra sabadahvedra sabadahvedra sabadahvedra saba----wmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocema” (giorgi merCule, 145). maSin ierusalemiT moiwia kaci, romelman moarTva sabawmidisa gangeba da werili (giorgi merCule, 147).
momdevno frazaSi sayuradReboa, rom ucxo tradicia, nebayoflobiT
miRebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucileblad gadairCeva:
xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa eklesiisa da eklesiisa da eklesiisa da eklesiisa da
monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli, viTarca safase daulevnelTa keTilTa” (giorgi merCule, 147).
2. gavlenas ewinaaRmdegebian sakuTari TviTkmarobis xazgasasmelad:
guaram mamfali kiTxulobs _ ~wmidano RmrTisano, ukeTu qveyanisa Cvenis eriskaci vinme wignTa saRmrToTa mecnieri da enaTaca wurTili miiwios ierusalemad, anu sxvaTa wmidaTa adglTa da ixilos raime keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa Svenodis da Cven Soris ara iyos, ginaTu wignTagan wmidaTa gulisxma-yos da TaviT TvisiT ersa uswavlelsa auwyebdes, keTil arsa anu ara?” berebis pasuxi _~weril ars: ~tvirTi ganwesebuli eyofin navsa: uveTu daumZimo, dainTqas da, ukveTu subuqad iyos, qarTa da RelvaTa waritacon”. egreca ttttvirTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars da RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavs----mdebni.mdebni.mdebni.mdebni. (giorgi merCule, 180).
sainteresoa, rom es citatebi (juanSeris garda) erTi teqstidanaa
amoRebuli. aqve Cans, rom monopolia inovaciebis damkvidrebaze eklesiis xelTaa: ~ukeTu axali raime keTili wesi eris-kacman gulisxma-yos ... umjobes
dumili ars, viTarca Tqva iakob mociqulman, viTarmed: ~nu mravalni hmoZRvriT, Zmano; da ukeTu dumili ver Zal edvas, ara TaviT TvisiT qadagebdes, aramed auwyos Tvissa episkopossa da, Tu jer iyos, man aswaoss Tvissa samwysosa” (giorgi merCule, 180-181).
am procesebis kontrolis logikuri Sedegi: ~pirvelad aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda.
xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronisa kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusalimisa patriarqisa ganwesebiTa da wamebiTa sixaruliT. aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRircxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis, xolo kvirieleisoni berZnulad iTqvmis, romel ars qarTulad: ~ufalo wyaloba-yav”, gina Tu ~ufalo Segviwyalen” (giorgi merCule, 181-182).
eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, anu
~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”
giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom Teodore da
qristefore grigol xanZTelisagan ~farulad warvides afxazeTs da Tana Zmanica vinme warhyves” (149). es, albaT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda grigolisTvis afxazeTSi Casvlisa da iq samonastro qselis gafrToebis uzrunvelyofas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT periodis specifikas (religia identurobis safuZvelia, kulturuli Taviseburebebis gamokveTa masTan kavSirSia SesaZlebeli), es, albaT, saqarTvelos kultruli sivrcis formirebasa da SemosazRvras isaxavda miznad (~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”). Semdeg movlenebi ase viTardeba: grigoli ~waremarTa afxazeTs” da iq ~sarwmunoebisaebr mefisa aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ube da ilarion vinme ierusalemiT mosruli, sarwmuno moxucebuli daadgina mamasaxlisad... da aqvndes mas keTilni wignni. da mamamanca grigol Tvisni wignni romel aqvndes, da-ve-utevna monastersa mas,” (giorgi merCule, 151). Cvens varauds amyarebs is, rom Teodore da qristefore, romelTa iniciativa iyo afxazeTSi gamgzavreba da romelTac ~aqvnda saRmrTo Suri monastrisa Senebisa”, TviTon iq ar darCnen, da isic rom aseTive scenariT moxda qarTlSi gamgzavrebac: ~maSin farulad xanZTiT Rame gamovides da Zmanica vinme Tana wariyvanes da kvalad warvides kerZoTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu ufali uwodda maT uxilavad brZanebiT da aRaSenebda wmidaTa maT monasterTa maT mier neZvsa da kvirikewmidisasa. xolo netarsa grigols euwya uflisa mier, raTa arRara daabrkolnes guls-modginebisa misgan maTisa, aramed Tanamdgom eqmnes keTilsa mas saqmesa” (165).
kkkkulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancda
kulturuli procesebis marTvis erT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT
qarTvelTa mkafio TviTidentifikacia. amis warmoCena SeiZleba Tundac
mxolod giorgi mTawmindelisa da giorgi mcires Txzulebebidan
motnili frazebiT. am teqstebSi zemoTganxiluli problema yvelaze
ukeTaa gaazrebuli da koncentrirebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
~samkaulad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224), ~CvenCvenCvenCven
qarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo”, ~eneba, raTa qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen
monastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrni yovelni yovelni yovelni yovelni.” (giorgi mTawmindeli 230),
~ganmamravleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264),
~samkvidreblad qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi da ena
CveniCveniCveniCveni” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa momavalTa naTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvis”,
~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan kaci” (giorgi mTawmondeli,
268) “naTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsa Soris CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa kaci” (giorgi mcire, 286), ~uyvars naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi
CveniCveniCveniCveni”, “naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi CveniCveniCveniCveni wrfel iyo da umanko” (giorgi mcire, 287), “kacni
vinme svimonwmidelni SuriTa... aRiZrnes CvenCvenCvenCven qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa zeda da eneba,
raTamca naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi CveniCveniCveniCveni ZiriTurT aRmofxvres svimon-wmidiT”,
“gagvaTavisuflen kacTagan... ucxoTeslTa... romelni qarTveladqarTveladqarTveladqarTvelad saxelsaxelsaxelsaxel-
idebenidebenidebenideben TavTaTavTaTavTaTavTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa”, “umecar iyo naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 307)
“naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xar, (giorgi mcire, 308) ~naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli ars”
(giorgi mcire, 328), ~naTesavmannaTesavmannaTesavmannaTesavman CvenmanCvenmanCvenmanCvenman” (giorgi mcire, 324), ~CvenCvenCvenCven
qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa....”, , , , ~naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).
da bolos, am Sedegis samomavlod SenarCunebaze zrunvis naTel
magaliTad gvesaxeba giorgi mTawmindelis mier oTxmoci yrmis
bizantiaSi wayvanis motivacia da Sefaseba, rogorc “uzeSTaesi sjulisa,
saqme axlisa madlisa Semamkobeli da gvirgvini... dasabamiTgan soflisaiT
da vidre aqamomde vervis xel uyofies da vercaRa vin xel-hyofs da
Sehkadrebs” (giorgi mcire, 320). am qmedebis mizezebad giorgi mcire
asaxelebs:
1. “Jamisa misTvis gansacdelisa”; 2. ~vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba
raTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswava. xolo vinaiTgan SeuZlebel iyo hasakiTa sruliTa da ganmwvisebulTa ganswavla, amisaTvisca buneba igi lbili da CCvili, romeli viTarca cvili sabeWdavsa egreT miiRebs swavlulebasa, eseviTari krebuli orRanod Semwynarebelad swavlaTa TvisTa moipova, romlisagan ara gancruvna sasoeba misi”.
3. “iyo rai wmida ese (giorgi mTawmindeli _ q. k.) mTasa amas wmidasa _ pirvelad dekanozobasa Sina da merme winamZRvrobasa _ axsovda mravali axsovda mravali axsovda mravali axsovda mravali Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian swavlulni, xswavlulni, xswavlulni, xswavlulni, xolo romelniolo romelniolo romelniolo romelni----igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa
mamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTa RmerT RmerT RmerT RmerT----SemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodis” (giorgi mcire, 324).
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. teqstebi
gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i.abulaZem. redaqtori a.SaniZe.
Tb., 1955.
2. basili zarzmeli. cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 86-125.
3. giorgi merCule. Sroma da moRvaweba grigolisi. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 125-222.
4. giorgi mTawmindeli. cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi. // Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. 222-270.
5. giorgi mcire. cxoreba da moqalaqeoba giorgi mTawmindelisa. // Zveli
qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 270-352.
6. daviT da konstantines wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv.
150-162.
7. iakob xucesi. wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa. // Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 25-41.
8. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979.
gv. 448-460.
9. ioane sabanisZe. wameba wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristeisisa
haboisi. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 57-86.
10. kolael yrmaTa wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 162-166.
11. konstanti kaxis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 131-141.
12. martviloba da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa. // Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 41-57.
13. stefane mtbevari. gobronis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb.,
1979. gv. 141-150.
14. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier.
t. I, Tb., 1955. gv. 139-244.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
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saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi
(antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)
saqarTvelo Sua saukunebs iwyebs erTian qristianul sivrceSi,
evropaSi. evropis SemakavSirebels nominalurad isev warmoadgenda
qristianuli romi, anu bizantiis imperatori, romelic axal imperias
ganagebda axali qristianuli romidan _ konstantinopolidan.
Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizacia Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda
rogorc erTiani sivrce, Tumca mas gansxvavebuli wanamZRvrebi SeiZleba
hqondes bizantiasa da dasavleT evropaSi1.
qarTuli Sua saukuneebi iwyeba zogadevropul Sua saukuneebTan
erTad. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura ganviTarebas zogadevropuli
Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis farglebSi iwyebs, masTan saerTo
wanamZRvrebi aqvs da, amdenad, ganviTarebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebi.
qarTuli Sua saukuneebi aRmocenda, rogorc zogadevropuli fenomeni _
antikuri kulturisa da qristianobis Sepirispirebisa da maTi sinTezis
Sedegad.
rasakvirvelia, iseT vrcel regionSi, rogoric evropaa, mTeli im
aTaswleulis manZilze, romelsac moicavs Sua saukuneebi, garda
geografiuli pirobebisa, arsebobda sxva socialur-politikuri
faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapiroba am teritoriaze aRmocenebul
saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. magram evropis qristianul
1 Zalian sainteresoa a. rudakovis azri bizantiuri sivrcis, rogorc erTiani
qristianuli sivrcis Sesaxeb: “msgavsad kirosis, aleqsandresa da avgustusis monarqiebisa, bizantia warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze naTel ilustracias ideisa, rom WeSmariti sakacobrio kultura ar saWiroebs nacionaluri saxelmwifos arsebobas. msgavsad dasaxelebuli monarqiebisa, bizantia Segnebulad cdilobda ganexorcielebina erTiani samwysosa da erTiani mwyemsis ideali. Tuki moazrovne bizantieli siamayiT warmoidgenda Tavs “romead”, mas am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar hqonda Tavisi erovneba, berZnuli ena, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi berZenisTvis, sirielisTvis da mcireazielisTvis saxeli “romaeli” ucnauri iqneboda; am saxelwodebiT is mianiSnebda Tavis mikuTvnebulobas udidesi kosmopolituri monarqiisadmi, romelic marTlmadidebeli basilevsis gvirgvinis qveS aerTianebda mTel civilizebul samyaros, yvela xalxsa da toms. asea Tu ise, isini arian memkvidreebi im keTildReobisa, romelic memkvidreobiT miiRes Zveli civilizaciisagan” (Рудаков А.П. Очерки византииской культуры по данным греческой агиографии.
СПб, 1997, с.64-65).
saxelmwifoTa zogadi ganviTarebis gza mainc saerToa Sua saukuneebis
manZilze.
marTalia, didi saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg saqarTvelo,
bizantiasTan erTad, darCa marTlmadideblur sivrceSi, magram mas,
rogorc saxelmwifos, bizantiis imperiisagan gansxvavebuli miznebi da
amocanebi hqonda. am ukanasknelis mizans erTiani, qristianuli msoflio
imperiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos ganviTarebis
gza, misi miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad, ufro daemsgavsa im
qveynebis ganviTarebas (dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi), romlebic
Tavdapirvelad erTad iyvnen Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis saTaveebTan
da SemdgomSi, saqarTvelos msgavsad, saxelmwifoebad daiwyes
Camoyalibeba.
evropel xalxebs Sua saukuneebis damdegisaTvis ar hqondaT
eTnikuri niSniT Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi da sakuTari
damwerloba. Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis etapebi ufro
xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. evropis saxelmwifoebma romis imperiidan
gamosvlis gansxvavebuli etapebi gaiares. pirveli _ rodesac frankTa
saxelmwifom TviTon gamoacxada Tavi romis memkvidred da karlos didma
gvirgvini romSi ikurTxa; es iyo imperiis gadatana axali romidan
(konstantinopolidan, romelmac Tavi romis memkvidred gamoacxada,
rodesac IV saukuneSi bosforis sanapiroze gadmoitana romi, anu Seqmna
qristianuli romi). romis gadmotanisa da didebuli romis memkvdreobis
am tendenciis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT karlos didis mier
imperatoris gvirgvinis dadgma. Tumca karloss maSinve ar gamoucxadebia
Tavi romis imperatorad, igi amisaTvis Tanxmobas iTxovda axali romidan,
bizantiisagan (es Tanxmoba man mogvianebiT miiRo bizantiis
imperatorisagan, Tumca bizantiis imperatorebi arasodes Seguebian
imperatoris titulis arsebobas maTi qveynis gareT). Cven es dasavleT
romis sivrcidan gamoyofis pirvel etapad (aq igulisxmeba realuri
Zalauflebis mqone qristianuli romi _ bizantia) miviCnieT, magram es
gamoyofa ar momxdara eTnikuri niSniT, piriqiT, es gaxldaT axali romis
imperiis Camoyalibeba dasavleTSi, anu Translatio imperii (imperiis gadatana),
imperiis axali centris Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba evropis gayofa. iqmneba
dasavleT evropa da safuZveli eyreba saeklesio ganxeTqilebasac. Cndeba
ori politikuri centri _ ori imperatoris tituli da ori umaRlesi
sasuliero xelisufleba: papi dasavleTSi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis
Tavi, da konstantinopolis patriarqi, aRmosavleT evropis qristianTa
winamZRvari, msoflio patriarqi. amis Semdeg, frankTa samefos daSlis
Sedegad, TandaTanobiT yalibdeba erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. es procesi
aRmosavleT evropaSi mimdinare procesis msgavsia: Tu aRmosavleTSi
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi bizantiis imperatoris garkveuli
meTvalyureobiT yalibdeboda, dasavleTSi am rols romis papi
asrulebda.
saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebi iwyeba qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebis droidan, imperator konstantine didis xanaSi,
mefe mirianis zeobis dros. qarTlsa da romis imperiaSi qristianobis
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba Tanadrouli faqtebia.
qarTuli Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT ufro da ufro dauaxlovda
bizantiurs, rasac ganapirobebda isic, rom mis wanamZRvrebSi, msgavsad
bizantiurisa, Warbobda elinisturi elementebi.
iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs “cxovelmyofeli elinurobis
arsebobas” da gavlenas qarTul saistorio mwerlobaze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven naklebad gvaqvs am epoqis (adreuli Sua saukuneebis _
IV_VI ss.) saistorio wyaroebi, Cvenamde moRweuli hagiografiuli
mwerloba, rogorc qarTuli, aseve berZnuli mainc mianiSnebs qarTuli
kulturis siaxloves elinistur kulturasTan. miT ufro, am periodis
arqeologiuri masalebi aSkaras xdis qarTuli kulturis kavSirs
antikur samyarosTan. es garemoeba, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT romis
imperiis ufro Zlieri politikuri gavlena saqarTveloze, vidre mas
dasavleTis axladaRmocenebul barbarosul saxelmwifoebze hqonda,
qarTuli Sua saukuneebis ganviTarebis gzas bizantiurTan aaxloebda. am
politikur gavlenas ganapirobebda saqarTvelos sazRvarze sasanuri
iranis saxelmwifos arseboba: misi agresiisagan Tavdasacavad
saqarTvelos bunebrivi mokavSire bizantiis qristianuli imperia iyo.
mogvianebiT Sua saukuneebis erTiani civilizacia TandaTan or
nawilad iyofa, romelTac bizantiursa da dasavleT evropul Sua
saukuneebs uwodeben. saqarTvelosTvis politikurad da geografiulad
ufro axlos bizantiis imperia iyo da, amdenad, qarTul kulturas
xSirad bizantiur civilizacias miakuTvneben. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
dasavleTis qveynebsa da saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gzebs Soris
arsebobda msgavseba. bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic imperia iyo,
qarTvel da dasavleT evropis xalxebSi Sua saukuneebSi yalibdeba
erovnuli saxelmwifo ideologia.
romis imperiis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi mdebare es
saxelmwifoebi, Tavdapirvelad mainc, Sedioda romis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc frankTa mefem xlodvigma, aseve ostrogoTebis
mefem Teodorixma miiRes saimperatoro karis moxeleebis titulebi
anastasi imperatoris xanaSi. ioane malalas gadmocemiT, iustine
imperatoris mmarTvelobis dros lazTa mefe waTem aseve miiRo romis
(bizantiis) imperatorisagan porfiris mosasxami da sxva samefo niSnebi.
erTi periodis sxvadasxva saistorio wyaroSi damowmebuli cnobebi
romis imperiis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli axali samefoebis mier
bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesobis dadasturebis Sesaxeb niSania romis
erTiani sivrcis SenarCunebisa da erTiani qristianuli romis arsebobisa.
es faqtebi CvenTvis sainteresoa agreTve imdenad, ramdenadac qarTul
istoriografiaSi arsebuli zogierTi mosazrebiT, qarTulma
saxelmwifoebma qristianobis miRebiT dasavluri orientacia airCies. an
kidev, VI saukuneSi egrisis mefis gubazis mokvlis Semdeg fartaZisa da
aietis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTvelTa
mier orientaciis gansazRvris mcdeloba1. saerTod, rodesac qveyana
damarcxebulia, mefe moklulia da iq ucxo qveynis jari dgas,
Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelad warmosadgenia.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom arCevani konkretuli omis Sedegad ver iqneboda
miRebuli. kolxeTis warCinebulTa krebaze warmoTqmuli sityvebi ufro
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. dasaxelebuli
gamosvlebidan Cans, ramdenad erTiania qristianuli sivrce da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania is qarTvelebisaTvis. qarTvelebi Tavs aRiqvamen erTiani
qristianuli samyaros nawilad. ase rom, SeiZleba gavakeToT ufro
srulyofili daskvna: qarTuli Sua saukuneebi Camoyalibda, rogorc
1 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: javaxia b. goTebi da didi omianoba egrisSi. _
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XII, Tb., 2002.
saerToevropuli fenomeni, ramdenadac saerTo evropuli anu
qristianuli Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis msgavs wanamZRvrebs daefuZna.
fartaZis sityvaSi1 gadmocemuli azri saqarTvelos bizantiasTan
kulturuli erTobis gacnobierebis faqtad aqvs dasaxelebuli n.
Ciqovans. fartaZis azriT, qarTvelebs bizantielebTan saerTo aqvT
“sazogadoebrivi kanonebi, saxelmwifo wyoba da cxovreba”, “azrTa
erTianoba”, sarwmunoeba, “wminda saidumloTa umwikvvloeba” da, saerTod,
“mSobliuri wesebi”2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizaciis saerTo
evropuli xasiaTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi
gamoTqmuli mosazreba saqarTveloSi qristianobis ori sxvadasxva
nakadis saxiT Semosvlis Sesaxeb ar unda iyos mTlad marTebuli. IV
saukuneSi qristianobis berZnuli da siriul-palestinuri an somxuri
nakadebis Camoyalibebuli saxiT arseboba, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo,
radganac qristianoba am droisaTvis jer kidev erTiani gaxldaT da misi
saxelmwifo an nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb saubari naadrevia.
rac Seexeba im azrs, rom TiTqos am etapze arsebobda raime
dasavluri saxis qristianoba, es, TavisTavad, mcdaria, radganac
qristianoba dasavleTSi (TviT, ase vTqvaT, ukidures dasavleTSic,
magaliTad, galiaSi) gavrcelda aRmosavleTidan da am procesis saTaveSi
sworedac aRmosavleTidan mosuli wminda mamebi idgnen. qristianobis
dasavluri nakadi, anu qristianobis dasavluri saxe yalibdeba
mogvianebiT, rasac iwvevs romis papis Camocileba bizantiis sivrcidan,
dasavleTSi axali imperiis aRmoceneba karlos didis frankTa imperiis
saxiT (Translatio imperii), aseve evropaSi qristianobis gavrceleba
irlandieli berebis mier (Peregrinacio pro Christi _ yariboba qristesaTvis).
1 nawyveti fartaZis sityvidan: “SevswyromodiT sazogadoebriv kanonebs, romelTa dacva
agviRia Cvens Tavze, da ase iolad Segvecvala mTeli saxelmwifo wyobileba da cxovreba. yvelaze cudi is iqneba, rom aseTi saqcieliT Cven SevbRalavT marTlmorwmuneobas da wmindaTa saidumlo umwikvloebas. aba, ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRrmTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen” (qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi da masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi win warumZRvara da saZieblebi daurTo n. kandelakma. Tb., 1958).
2 Ciqovani n. saqarTvelos kulturuli raobada civilizaciuri kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi. Tb., 2005, gv. 187.
amdenad, IV saukuneSi qristianobis nakadebad warmodgena
umarTebulod migvaCnia1. aseve umarTebulo unda iyos azri saqarTveloSi
qristianobis aRmosavleT romidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis dros
aRmosavleT romis xseneba naadrevia.
saqarTvelo Tavs, msgavsad sxva damoukidebeli evropuli
saxelmwifoebisa, romis sivrceSi moiazrebda. warmarTuli romis imperiis
ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli qristianoba xdeba,
romelic saqarTvelos msoflmxedvelobrivad kidev ufro akavSirebs ara
mxolod romis imperiis memkvidre bizantiasTan, aramed am axali imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi nominalurad darCenil sxva xalxebTanac. saqarTvelos
warmodgenaSi bizantiis, rogorc WeSmariti qristianobis damcvelis
sivrceSi yofna ar unda iyos sadao. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli da
aseve berZnuli wyaroebi savsebiT Tanxmdebian erTmaneTSi. amis
sailustracio magaliTebad sakmarisia saqarTveloSi ukve V-VI
saukuneebidan mmarTveli wrisaTvis bizantiuri titulis miniWeba, rac
dasturdeba rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriis
magaliTze. priske panionelis, agaTia sqolastikosis, ioane malalas,
prokopi kesarielis Tu sxva berZeni istorikosebis SromebSi pirdapir
aris dadasturebuli lazikis (egrisi) mefeTa bizantiis samefo karTan
damokidebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac lazikis mefeebi Tavs aRiareben
bizantiuri qristianuli samyaros warmomadgenlad. priske panioneli
aRwers leon I (457-475) mmarTvelobis dros lazikis mefis gubaz I
Casvlas konstantinopolSi2. berZeni istorikosi Teofane mogviTxrobs 522
wels, lazebis mefis damnazes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi vaJis waTes
Casvlaze bizantiis imperator iustine I-Tan, sadac man miiRo samefo
Rirsebis Sesabamisi saCuqrebi da colad SeirTo konstantinopolis
patriciusis qaliSvili3. prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, “lazebi
1 am SemTxvavaSi ara gvaqvs saubari adrindeli mwvaleblobebis Sesaxeb, romelTac,
rasakvirvelia, hqonda warmoSobis raime lokaluri mizezi. xSirad isini damokidebuli iyo aseve romelime sociumis ganviTarebis doneze an mis raime nacionalur mikuTvnilobazec (es sakiTxi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ganaTlebul qristianul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare qristologiuri davebis Sedegi).
2 priske panioneli. georgika, I, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1961, gv. 259.
3 Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. georgika, IV, nakv. I, berZnuli teqsti s. yauxCiSvilis qarTuli TargmaniTurT da ganmartebiT. Tb., 1941, gv. 77-78.
dasabamidan cxovroben kolxeTis miwaze, iyvnen romis mfarvelobis qveS
ise, rom ar uxdidnen arafers, ase rom, xarkiT an raimeTi ar
gamoxatavdnen morCilebas, mxolod maSin, rodesac gardaicvleboda mefe,
romis basilevsi xelisuflebis niSnebs ugzavnida mas, visac unda mieRo
taxti”1. agaTia sqolastikosis Tanaxmad, gubaz II Zma, romelmac egrisis
taxti didi omianobis Semdeg daikava, cxovroda bizantiaSi. mis
gamefebas lazebi sTxoven bizantiis imperator iustiniane dids (527-565)2.
msgavsi magaliTebis moSvelieba SeiZleba qarTlis istoriidanac.
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi Seicaven cnobebs qarTlis
bizantiasTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mirian mefis monaTvlis dros,
rogorc “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstSia mocemuli, misi Zma MmZevlad
yofila romSi3.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod migvaCnia q. kakitelaSvilis
naSromSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi VI-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa kulturuli
TviTidentifikaciis Sesaxeb. avtori ioane sabanisZis abos wamebidan
aRebuli frazis – “romelni ese varT yuresa amas qveynisasa” _ mixedviT
askvnis, rom saqarTvelo bizantiuri kulturuli sivrcis nawilad
moiazrebs Tavs4.
qarTvelTa mier sakuTari Tavis erTian romaul sivrceSi aRqmis
magaliTi unda iyos agreTve “moqcevai qarTlisais” gadmocema
saqarTveloSi qristian moZRvarTa Camosvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am dros saqarTvelosTan ufro axlo teritoriaze arsebobdnen
qristiani episkoposebi, qarTvelTa mefe konstantinopolSi agzavnis
mociqulebs moZRvarTa Camosayvanad. “waravlina mociquli da wigni
ninoisi saberZneTsa, mefisa konstantines Txovad mRvdelTa. xolo igini
mwrafl miiwines. da mosca mefeman iovane episkoposi da erTi diakoni da
1 Прокопий Кесарийский. Воийна с персами. СПБ., 1998, кн. 11, с. 105. 2 agaTia sqolastikos mogviTxrobs: “waTe gamogvigzavne, gubaz mefis umcrosi Zma,
romelic amJamad bizantiaSi cxovrobs, raTa dacul iqnes mama-papuri wesi da Zveli samefo gvari Seuryvneli darCes” (bizantieli mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1936).
3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1955, gv. 128.
4 ioane sabanisZe. habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1987, gv. 459. kakitelaSvili q. sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologizaciis safuZveli. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2004, gv. 47.
wigni elene dedoflisai da xati macxovrisai da Zeli cxovrebisai
ninoisaTvis”1.
igive wyaro vaxtang gorgasalis mier damoukidebeli eklesiis
Camoyalibebis mcdelobaze mogviTxrobs. “xolo mefeman waravlina
mociqulni saberZneTad da iTxova mefisagan da patriarqisagan
kaTalikozi”2. konstantinopolidan saqarTveloSi Camovida ara mxolod
moZRvari, aramed xuroTmoZRvaric, rac aseve mianiSnebs
konstantinopolis primatis aRiarebas saqarTvelos mier, iseve rogorc
amas aRiarebdnen mTel saqristianoSi. konstantine didis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli pirveli didi saeklesio mSeneblobani ierusalimsa da
romSi.
mirian mefis mier saqarTveloSi moZRvarTa gamosagzavnad
konstantinopolisTvis mimarTva isedac ar unda iyos gasakviri. nikeis I
saeklesio krebis (325) istoriidan Cans, rom imperatori konstantine didi
am etapze qristianuli wesis ganmwesrigeblad gvevlineba. bizantiuri
samyaros da misi imperatoris gavlena eklesiaze Semdeg periodSic
didia. amis dasturia konstantine didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ariozeli
imperatorebis gamefebis dros, mTels bizantiur sivrceSi ariozelobis
droebiT dakanoneba, rasac mohyva konfliqti aleqsandriis
sapatriarqosTan; niSandoblivia aseve is faqti, rom goTebSi qristianoba
ariozuli saxiT gavrcelda. amis mizezad gvevlineba is, rom rodesac
goTebis episkoposi vulfila ekurTxa 340 wels, maSin imperiaSi
ariozeli samRvdeloeba3 iyo gabatonebuli.
romis imperatoris primatis dasadastureblad ramdenime faqtis
moSvelieba juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebisadmi miZRvnili
nawarmoebidanac SeiZleba. Cven mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT. vaxtang
gorgasalis sizmris aRwera sruldeba imiT, rom bizantiis imperatori
gadascems vaxtangs samefo gvirgvins: “da mihyo xeli keisarman, da miiRo
gvirgvini juarisagan, da daarqua vaxtangs Tavsa”4. ufro metad
damajerebels xdis mosazrebas ara mxolod qarTvelTa bizantiuri
1 moqcevai qarTlisai. Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b.
gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb., 1979, gv. 322. 2 iqve, gv. 325. 3 vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT saWiroa aseve imperiis nacionaluri regionebis eklesiis
istoriis kvleva. 4 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 168.
orientaciis, aramed imperatoris, rogorc zogad qristianuli samyaros
meTauris aRiarebis Sesaxeb. juanSeris istoriis Semdeg gverdebze
gadmocemuli Txroba: “esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes
yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da qvemoni, da wargzavnes
mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe
naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnes erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvisa
saerisTaosa Seucvaleblad. maSin keisarman aRasrula Txova maTi, da
mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZenis colisagan,
romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTsa da javaxeTs”1.
saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba mimdinareobda dasavlur
sivrceSi, jer elinur samyaroSi, Semdeg romis imperiaSi da aseve
bizantiur sivrceSi. Tumca igi Tavisi ganviTarebis yvela etapze
cdilobda damoukidebeli politikuri cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnas da
qmnida TviTmyofad kulturas, romlis zogadi faseulobani msgavsi iyo
im xalxebis kulturisa, visTan erTadac igi qmnida Tavdapirvelad
antikur, xolo SemdegSi qristianul kulturas. saqarTvelo, rogorc
antikuri romis arsebobis xanaSi, aseve Sua saukuneebSic asrulebda
Tavis politikur funqcias _ daecva romauli sivrce barbarosebisagan.
misi funqcia yovelTvis gamokveTilia, rogorc kavkasiis karibWis
mcvelisa. wminda ninos cxovrebaSi aris cnoba, romelic vaxtang
gorgasalis mier am funqciis Sesrulebaze miuTiTebs: “daimorCila ovsni
da yivCaRni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da
daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni misi adgilisani da uwoda mas
karad darialisa, da aw Tvinier brZanebisa mefisa ver xel-ewifebis
gamosvla ovsTa da yivCaRTa”2. is faqti, rom qarTvelebi romis sivrces
barbarosi xalxebisagan icaven, TavisTavad mianiSnebs imaze, rom
qarTvelebi romaul sivrceSi moazrebian, romelic IV saukunis
damdegidan xdeba qristianuli.
saqarTvelo rom Tavs evropul sivrceSi moiazrebs, amas adasturebs
ioane sabanisZis kidev erTi cnoba, sadac pirdapir aris miniSnebuli, rom
qarTvelebi qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan
moazrebian: “rameTu ara xolo berZenTa sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri
1 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 218. 2 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa.qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv 156.
moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa, viTarca wamebs ufali
da ityvis: “movidodian aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT da inax-idgmiden
wiaRTa abrahamisTa, isakisTa, da iakobisTa”. aha esera qarTlisaca
mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmuneobai da wodebul ars dedaT wmindaTa, romelTame
TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxvaT mosrulTa Cven Soris
Jamad-Jamad iesuis mier, uflisa Cuenisa, romlisai ars didebai ukuniTi
ukunisamde, amen”1. is, rom qarTvelebi identifikacias qristianul
civilizaciasTan axdenen, aseve naTelia ioane sabanisZis nawarmoebSi
kavkasiis CriloeTSi mcxovrebTa daxasiaTebisas, rodesac is maT,
rogorc araqristianTa Sesaxeb wers: “kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis
buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi mxolod
Semoqmedi ician”2. mogvianebiTac, maRal Sua saukuneebSi, roca
barbarosebzea saubari, isini moixseniebian kavkasiis mTebis gadaRma. am
mxriv sainteresoa jvarosanTa xanis evropel mogzaurTa, franciskanul
da dominikanur sasuliero ordenebis wevrTa cnobebi, romlebic gogisa
da magogis adgilsamyofels kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma moixsenieben.
Sua saukuneebis saTaveebTan erTiani qristianuli sivrcis aRqmis
dasturia mTel qristianul samyaroSi wmindanTa saerTo institutis
arseboba, rac did ganxeTqilebamde gagrZelda. m. TamaraSvils Tavis
wignSi moyvanili aqvs IV-VI saukuneebis dasavleTis didi moRvaweebisadmi
miZRvnili qarTuli marTlmadidebluri wminda locvani. am masalidan
CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa IV saukuneSi moRvawe pap silvestrisa, da
aseve pap leon I-isadmi (V s.) miZRvnili locvani romelmac romi hunebis
Semosevisagan ixsna. aseTive suraTi warmogvidgeba, Tu gadavxedavT
qarTul saeklesio kalendars.
romis sivrceSi sakuTari Tavis moazreba amave dros romis
memkvidreobaze pretenziis gamocxadebas niSnavda. msgavsi pretenzia
evropul qristianul sivrceSi Semaval yvela qveyanasa da xalxs hqonda.
igive pretenzia romis memkvidreobisa gauCndaT frankebs karlos didis
xanaSi. aseTi pretenziebi hqondaT aRorZinebis xanis qveynebs, romlebic
romis memkvidris titulis miRebisaTvis ibrZodnen. romis
1 adrindeli feodaluri literatura, prof. k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT. tfilisi, 1935, gv.62.
2 ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba, t.I, Tb., 1987, gv 447.
memkvidreobisaTvis brZolis nimuSia ruseTSi XV saukuneSi
ganviTarebuli mesame romis Teoria.
qarTul saxelmwifoSic igive pretenzia Cans maRal Sua saukuneebSi,
e. w. qarTuli renesansis xanaSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenime faqtors.
es aris, upirvelesad, qarTvel mwignobarTa SromebSi bizantiis
imperiisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi, rodesac giorgi mTawmindeli
berZnebs sayvedurobs TavianT gulzviadobas da ampartavnobas. aseve
qarTul saistorio wyaroSi saqarTvelos upiratesobis Zebna. am
periodSi Cndeba naSromebi, romlebic Zvel saistorio masalebSi eZeben
cnobebs saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, am etapze iRebs
saqarTvelos kaTalikosi kaTalikos-patriarqis tituls. am etapze
moiZiebs istorikosi saqarTvelos samefo dinastiis RvTaebriv
warmoSobas. es aris renesansis xana saqarTveloSi. renesansi ki ar
SeiZleba warmovidginoT mxolod antikurobis aRdgenad, an epoqad,
rodesac msoflmxedveloba gaTavisuflebulia qristianuli
dogmatisagan; es aris, rogorc J. le gofi aRniSnavs, ara romSi
dabruneba, aramed dabruneba abraamis wiaRSi, amqveyniur samoTxeSi, mama
RmerTis samyofelSi. romSi dabruneba maTTvis niSnavda, ubralod, mis
gadatanas, rodesac gadaaqvT umaRlesi xelisufleba da mecniereba.
romis gadmotanis pirveli mcdeloba ganxorcielda konstantinopolis
daarsebiT da is pirdapirac ase moixsenieboda _ axali romi. vfiqrobT,
msgavsive movlena iyo saqarTveloSi maRali Sua saukuneebis xanaSi,
rodesac qarTulma kulturam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, qarTulma
saxelmwifom udidesi politikuri gamarjvebebi moipova da uaryo
bizantiuri saimperatoro karis titulebi. romis memkvidreobis,
renesansuli gagebis pretenziis gamJRavnebad SeiZleba miviCnioT ioane
SavTelis “abdulmesianis” strofi, romelSic avtori xotbas asxams im
adgils, sadac unda daikrZalos Tavisi patroni:
“axalo romo, SenTvis Tqves, romo
ufros iqmneso myofTa yovelTa.
vnatri eladsa, TviT mas gelaTsa,
sad rom dakrZalven wmindaT sxeulsa1.
1 ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani. Tb., 1937, gv. 50.
ase rom, Sua saukuneebis daswyisSi saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs moiazrebs
erTian msoflio qristianul samyaroSi, romlis Tavadac aRiarebs romis
imperators, romlis adgilmonacvle mogvianebiT gaxda bizantiis keisari.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi
(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80----iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90----iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)
am naSromis mizania kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilva nacionalizmis
WrilSi, am konfliqtebis (qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da
samxreT osebs, azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs, rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris
mimdinare dapirispirebebis) mimarTebis gansazRvra nacionalizmis
konkretul saxeebTan da am gziT imis dadgena, iyo Tu ara am
konfliqtebis safuZveli eTnikur umciresobebSi nacionaluri ganwyobis
gaZliereba, xolo Tavad konfliqtebi ki _ am procesis gamovlineba.
Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia nacionalizmis arsis ganmarteba.
nacionalizmi XIX-XX saukuneebis fenomenia, romelic moicavs
erTianobis gancdas da romelic Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis
mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, nacionalizmi
gansazRvrulia rogorc jgufis an eris politikurad gacnobierebuli
koleqtiuri qmedeba, mimarTuli mzardi teritoriuli avtonomiis an
suverenitetisaken. es gansazRvreba, vfiqrob, marTebulia CemTvis
saintereso sakiTxis _ kavkasiis konfliqtebis kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nacionalizmisa da religiuri
fundamentalizmis urTierTmimarTebis aRniSvna. CrdiloeT kavkasia, erTi
mxriv, islamuri fundamentalizmis aRorZinebisa da gamococxlebis
adgilad gvevlineba, meores mxriv ki, am regionSi Tavs iCens Zlieri
nacionalisturi ganwyoba; am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT CeCneTi gvaqvs
mxedvelobaSi. nacionalizmsa da fundamentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri
ganpirobebulia im faqtoriT, rom fundamentalizmi warmogvidgens
detalur da konkretul samoqmedo programas, xolo nacionalizmi _
enasa da eTnikurobaze damyarebuli fenomenia, romelic momavlisTvis
araviTar “gegmas” ar gvTavazobs.
aqve davZenT, rom nacionalizmi gansxvavdeba regionalizmisagan.
regionalizmi _ esaa erTianobis gacnobiereba im xalxis mier, romlebic
saxelmwifos SigniT SedarebiT vrcel teritoriaze cxovroben. isini ar
ayeneben teritoriuli suverenitetis sakiTxs. Tumca regionalizmma
SeiZleba, zogjer stimuli misces gansxvavebuli erovnuli identurobis
mqone jgufs, romelic iswrafvis saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebisaken.
axla ki uSualod gadavideT kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilvaze
nacionalizmis WrilSi. am problemaze msjelobisaTvis Sevecdebi,
ganvsazRvro maTi gamovlinebisa da gamomwvevi mizezebis mimarTeba
nacionalizmis oTx farTod gavrcelebul tipTan: liberalur,1
konservatorul2, eqspansiur3 da antikoloniur_postkoloniur4
nacionalizmTan. sainteresoa, afxazeTis, oseTis, yarabaRisa da CeCneTis
konfliqtebi nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo, Tu gareSe _ umTavresad
politikuri _ faqtorebiT inspirirebuli movlenebi?
CeCneTis CeCneTis CeCneTis CeCneTis konfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqti
kavkasiis konfliqtebis nacionalizmis WrilSi ganxilvas daviwyeb
CeCneTis SemTxveviT, romelic, sxva konfliqturi regionebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi ise Sevida, rom erovnuli
saxelmwifo arasodes hqonia. Svedi mecnieri svante korneli Tavis wignSi
“mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi” aRniSnavs: TviTgamorkvevasaTan
dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom CeCnebi ar warmoadgenen erovnul
umciresobas, ramdenadac maT ara aqvT sxva samSoblo; CeCneTi arc
ruseTis ubralo provinciaa. saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba ar yofila
dabrkoleba sxva koloniebisaTvis TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi.
amrigad, arc CeCneTis SemTxvevaSi, CeCeni xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolaSi iqneba is damabrkolebeli faqtori. Semdgom ki mkvlevari
dasZens: CeCneTs aqvs garkveuli safuZvlebi damoukideblobisaTvis,
1 liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi nacionalizmis uZvelesi formaa, romelic safrangeTis
revoluciidan iRebs saTaves. liberaluri nacionalizmis ideebs vxvdebiT juzepe maZinisTan, agreTve Jan-Jak rusos naSromebSi. liberaluri nacionalizmis principebs daefuZna vudro vilsonis cnobili “14 punqti”.
2 konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi mimarTulia ukve arsebuli eri saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebisaken da ara axlis mSeneblobisaken. misi mizania patriotizmisa da “erovnuli siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba. is nostalgiuri bunebisaa da mudam warsulis, gardasuli dReebis didebisa da triumfis gaxsenebazea orientirebuli.
3 eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi agresiul da militaristul elfers atarebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas eris TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze. mas axasiaTebs Sovinizmi, sakuTari eris upiratesobisa da dominirebis rwmena. aseT nacionalizms xSirad militarizmic sdevs Tan.
4 antikoloniuri antikoloniuri antikoloniuri antikoloniuri----postkoloniuripostkoloniuripostkoloniuripostkoloniuri nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi Tan mohyva 1945 wlis Semdeg dawyebul dekolonizaciis process. is dasavleTisa da yovelive dasavluris winaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
radgan im dros, roca man damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoaqveyna,
sabWoTa kavSiri ukve iSleboda1.
CeCneTSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebasa da gaZlierebas gadasaxlebebis
Semdeg CeCnebis TavinaT miwa-wyalze TandaTanobiTma dabrunebam Seuwyo
xeli. am regionSi daiwyo mosaxleobam mkveTri zrda. amis Sedegad
sabWoTa kavSirSi CeCnuri mosaxleoba 1959-1979 wlebSi TiTqmis gaormagda.
amave dros, rusebis xvedriTi wili CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa
socialistur respublikaSi Semcirda mosaxleobis naxevridan
mesamedamde. CeCnebis sasargeblod demografiuli suraTis cvlilebam ki
xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna satitulo eris2 mier damoukidebeli
politikis warmoebisaTvis. CeCnebSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebas xeli
Seuwyo agreTve CeCnuri enis Seviwroebam, rac mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda
(CeCneTSi, garkveulwilad, lingvisturi nacionalizmic gamovlinda,
magram is sxva tipis nacionalizmiT gadaifara). ACeCnebisa da inguSebis
identurobis CaxSobis yvelaze warmatebuli mcdeloba ganaTlebaSi
ganxorcielda, gansakuTrebiT, dawyebiT da umaRles skolebSi. sabWoTa
kavSiris yvela avtonomiur respublikaSi arsebobda ori tipis skolas
Soris arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba: 1. skola, sadac rusuli ena
warmmarTveli iyo, mSobliuri ena ki _ ukana planze gadaweuli da 2.
skola, sadac rusuli meoradi ena iyo da ganaTlebis miReba mSobliur
enaze SeiZleboda. CeCneTi da inguSeTi am meore SesaZleblobas
moklebuli iyvnen. CeCneTSi viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba reabilitaciasa
da sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul perestroikas Soris periodSi. am dros
CeCneTSi didi socialuri mRelvareba iyo. CeCnebisa da inguSebis
sayovelTao imedgacruebam da iq mcxovrebi rusebis SiSma adilobrivi
mosaxleobis mimarT didi daZabuloba gamoiwvia. 1958 wels groznoSi
adgili hqonda ruseTis masStabiT erT-erT did socialur mRelvarebas:
kerZo uTanxmoeba, romelsac msxverpli mohyva, gadaizarda eTnikur
dapirispirebaSi; adgilobrivma rusebma CeCnebis kvlav centralur aziaSi
gadasaxleba moiTxoves.
1 Cornell S. Small Nations and Great Powers (A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus). Curzon, 2001, p.
239. 2 satitulo eri _ am terminiT moixsenieba is erebi, romelTa TviTdasaxeleba da maTi
saxelmwifos saxelwodeba identuria (magaliTad, CeCnebi da CeCneTi).
svante kornelis TqmiT, kavkasiis konfliqtebze dakvirveba da maTi
urTierTSedareba cxadyofs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mxolod CeCneTs
ZaluZda brZola avtonomiisaTvis. amas xels Semdegi faqtorebi uwyobda:
CeCneTi mZafrad pasuxobda mis winaaRmdeg Cadenil qmedebebs. XIX
saukunis kavkasiuri omebi da meore msoflio omis droindeli
deportaciebi centralur rols TamaSobda CeCnebis SekavSirebaSi, rac
maT saSualebas aZlevda, hyolodaT Zlieri, qarizmatuli da
antirusulad ganwyobili lideri. garda amisa, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs
Soris CeCnebi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian rusebisadmi siZulviliT;
CeCneTi mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, gaziTa da navTobiT, rac
ganasxvavebs mas sxva avtonomiuri regionebisagan; Tavisi resursebisa da
baqo-novorosiiskis navTobsadenis CeCneTis teritoriaze arsebobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, CeCneTi potenciuri saxelmwifoa, TuU is, 1991-1994
wlebis msgavsad, ar SeizRudeba ruseTis mier.
ruseTisadmi dapirispirebis procesSi CeCneTSi ori ZiriTadi partia
Camoyalibda: vainaxuri demokratiuli partia (lideri _ zelimxan
iandarbievi, dudaevis ideologi da CeCneTis meore prezidenti) da
CeCneTis pannacionaluri kongresi. am oris garda, aRmocenda kidev
ramdenime partia. sayuradReboa, rom yvela maTgani islamuri an
nacionalisturi orientaciis iyo. nacionaluri kongresis formireba 1990
wlis zafxulidan daiwyo. is iyo ZiriTadi organizacia, romelic
aerTianebda nacionalistur dajgufebebs. maT msgavsi motivebi hqondaT:
gaeerTianebinaT yvela nacionaluri demokratiuli Zala da zewola
moexdinaT politikuri sistemis reformirebaze.
suzan goldenbergis sityviT, dudaevi CeCneTis nacionaluri lideri
mokle da STambeWdavi gamosvlebiT gaxda. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT
samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs, aq postsabWoTa liderebi, ZiriTadad,
am motiviT, kargi oratoruli gamosvlebiTa da nacionalisturi
miswrafebebis simZafriT gamoirCeodnen. kongresze erT saintereso faqti
moxda: misi mimdinareobisas dudaevma moiTxova respublikis struqturis
Secvla, pirvel rigSi ki axali konstituciis miReba, referendumis
Catareba respublikis samomavlo statusis gansasazRvrad da
saprezidento arCevnebis daniSvna. kongresis meore sxdomis Semdeg
dudaevma kontroli daamyara mTels CeCnur nacionalur moZraobaze, raTa
is ufro radikalur moZraobad gardaeqmna. maT moiTxoves sabWoTa
kontrolis gauqmeba da komunisturi partia, sxva struqturebTan erTad,
koloniuri zewolis instrumentebad gamoacxades. es yovelive
migviTiTebs, rom CeCneTSi arsebobda Zlieri antirusuli nacionalituri
ganwyoba.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg CeCnebis brZolas
antikoloniur_postkoloniuri nacionalizmis saxe hqonda. is mimarTuli
iyo ruseTisagan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos “iCqeriis”
Seqmnisaken. 1992 wlis zafxulisaTvis CeCneTs hqonda damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos yvela niSani; CeCneTSi aRar iyo rusuli droSebi da
rusuli jari (es ganasxvavebda mas sxva postsabWoTa da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebisagan). dudaevi kargad iyenebda yurans. rodesac mas
SeiaraRebuli opozicia daupirispirda, dudaevma yurani moiSvelia,
romelic ramadanis TveSi muslimTa mier sisxlisRvras krZalavs, roTac
oponentebis diskreditireba moaxdina, gamoacxada ra isini ruseTis
momxreebad.
rogorc vxedavT, islami yvelaze Zlieri politikuri da socialuri
Zalaa CeCnur sazogadoebaSi. amrigad, CeCneTis SemTxveva nacionalizmisa
da religiuri fundamentalizmis nazavs warmoadgens: aq politikur
ZalTa organizeba rwmenis safuZvelze xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT,
CeCneTis SemTxveva warmoadgens religiuri fundamentalizmisa da
antikoloniuri-postkoloniuri nacionalizmis nazavs, romelmac
gadafara Tavdapirvel etapze gamovlenili lingvisturi nacionalizmi.
MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis konfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqti
kavkasiaSi kidev erT cxel wertils mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti
warmoadgens, romelic azerbaijanSi arsebuli somxuri anklavis gamo
warmoiSva azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris. es konfliqti
aqtualizdeboda kavkasiaSi ZalTa yoveli gadajgufebis dros _
dawyebuli ruseT-TurqeT-iranis omebiT, sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1919-1921
wlebSi amierkavkasiis aneqsiiT damTavrebuli. magram axla am epoqis
movlenebis gaSuqebas ar daviwyebT da nacionalizmis WrilSi mxolod
1988-1990-iani wlebis movlenebis analiziT SemovifarglebiT. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa periodis yvela kampania, mimarTuli
somxeTisTvis yarabaRis SeerTebisaken, ganixileboda rogorc reaqciuli
nacionalisturi propaganda da maT sastikad uswordebodnen.
1983 wels somexma mweralma zori balaianma gamosca wigni, romelic
azerbaijanSi aRiqves rogorc Turqebis, konkretulad ki, azerbaijaneli
Turqebis diskreditireba. svante korneli aRniSnavs, rom am wignma,
miuxedavad imisa, rom is calsaxad SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc
nacionalisturi, gaiara imdroindeli cenzura da gamoica. 1987 wlidan
ki moskovisaken daiZra werilebi mTiani yarabaRis (sadac mosaxleobis
did nawils azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen) somxeTTan SeerTebis
moTxovniT. “glasnostis” periodis protestebi ekologiuri
usafrTxoebis moTxovniT gadaizarda mTiani yarabaRisa da naxWevnis
somxeTisTvis gadacemis nacionalistur moTxovnebSi. yarabaRis somxebs
imedi hqondaT, rom gorbaCovi maT sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas miiRebda,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ramdenime somxuri warmoSobis mrCeveli
hyavda. Tu davakvirdebiT, aqac nacionaluri faqtori ikveTeba.
1988 wlis TebervalSi erevanSi gamarTulma demonstraciam
gaaprotesta baqos kulturuli da ekonomikuri politika yarabaRis
avtonomiur olqSi. s. korneli aRniSnavs, rom erevanSi mowyobilma
gamosvlebma nel-nela iredentizmis saxe miiRo. ar dagvaviwydes rom
iredentizmi1 nacionalizmis erT-erTi saxe da gamovlinebaa.
somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls warmoSobilma
opoziciurma moZraobebma nacionalisturi xasiaTi miiRo. maTi pirveli
arakomunisti liderebi _ levon ter-petrosiani da abulfaz elCibei _
saxalxo frontebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, orive _ nacionalisturi
orientaciis da orive _ mWidrod dakavSirebuli mTiani yarabaRis
problemasTan, rac, bunebrivia, garkveulwilad am konfliqtis xasiaTs
gansazRvravda.
eTnikuri dapirispirebebi, romelTac adgili hqonda baqoSi, ganjaSi,
sumgaiTsa da somxebiT dasaxlebul sxva azerbaijanul regionebSi,
1 iredentizmTan dakavSirebiT moviyvan amerikeli profesoris donald horovicis (Donald
L. Horowitz) gansazRvrebas. misi TqmiT, iredentizmi _ es aris garkveuli regionis inkorporacia im saxelmwiofSi, romelTanac mas saerTo eTnosi akavSirebs da romelic mzadaa mis misaRebad. separatizmis saboloo mizania axali saxelmwifos warmoSoba, maSin rodesac iredentizmis mizania konkretuli jgufis “gadarCena”. mkvlevaris TqmiT, es ar aris ubralod aneqsia; SeerTeba am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur naTesaobas efuZneba.
yarabaRsa da somxeTSi mimdinare eTnikuri dapirispirebebis gamoZaxili
iyo.
svante kornels ekuTvnis saintereso migneba somxur da
azerbaijanul nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, isini erTmaneTs
“ireklavdnen”, iseve rogorc silueti irekleba sarkeSi, ramdenadac maT
arseboba mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT.
rogorc vxedavT, am konfliqtis safuZvels azerbaijanSi, mTian
yarabaRSi mcxovrebi somxebis somxeTTan inkorporaciisaken miswrafeba
warmoadgenda. es iyo eTnikuri nacionalizmis gamovlineba, romelsac
TiTqosda iredentizmis saxe hqonda. Tumca, kavkasiis mTliani
postsabWoTa viTarebisa da ruseTis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, me mainc
postsabWouri sivrcis cnobili eqspertis nil makfarleinis
Tvalsazriss daveTanxmebi da vityvi, rom es konfliqti
eTnonacionaluri xasiaTis iyo.
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebikonfliqtebikonfliqtebikonfliqtebi
eTnonacionalizmis niSnebs unda amJRavnebdes, TiTqos, afxazeTisa da
samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi, magram aq aSkaraa sxva faqtorebis
urTierTgadajaWva, ramac es momenti gadafara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavdeba eTnikurad
heterogenuli mosaxleobiT. vfiqrobT, aq konfliqtebis aRmocenebas,
gareSe faqtorebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli nacionalizmis Taviseburebam. misi
Camoyalibebis periodSi ar moiZebna forma da saSualeba umciresobebis
rolisa da adgilis gasaTvaliswineblad da qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT
CasarTavad. qarTvelebsa da erovnul umciresobebs Soris konfliqti
gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989-1991 wlebSi. aq mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac Tavisi kampania afxazeTsa da samxreT
oseTSi qarTvelebis uflebebze aago. Semdgomma politikam gaauaresa
urTierTobebi erovnul umciresobebTan. rogorc batoni zurab
daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma zviad
gamsaxurdiam xeli Seuwyo Sovinisturi nacionalizmis aRmocenebas,
xolo postsabWoTa saqarTvelos mkvlevaris, amerikeli mecnieris, stiven
jonsis daxasiaTebiT, gamsaxurdia Tavs miiCnevda qarTvel erovnul
gmirad. es, bunebrivia, amZafrebda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul
umciresobebSi nacionalizmis grZnobas.
umciresobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis axal
politikas, homogenizacias, gaqarTvelebas da gaqristianebas, miiCnevdnen
ra mas Sovinisturad. osebi da afxazebi, romelTac hqondaT
kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi
darCenas warmoudgenlad Tvlidnen.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponenti lingvisturi identurobaa, xolo religia meore planzea
gadaweuli. konfliqti Tavidan swored enis problemiT daiwyo. 1988 wlis
kanons, romelic saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis poziciebs amyarebda,
mRelvareba mohyva afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi.
oseTTan dapirispireba daiwyo 1989 wlis dasawyisSi, romelic
kanonTa omis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mohyva 1988 wlis kanons, romelic
ganamtkicebda qarTuli enis poziciebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
sapasuxod osebma moiTxoves, rom regionSi qarTuls, osursa da rusuls
Tanabari statusi hqonoda, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur enad osuris
gamocxadeba moisurves. amrigad, SesaZlebelia, rom damoukideblobis
brZolis pirvel etapze qarTuli nacionalizmi lingvistur
nacionalizmad daxasiaTdes.
analogiur movlenebs hqonda adgili afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa
da qarTvelebs Soris dapirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi,
magram es mcdelobebi warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebs hqonda adgili
1957 da 1967 wels, isini Riad gamovlinda 1977 wels, breJnevis
sakonstitucio reformis dros. afxazebma es gamoiyenes da kampania
gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac
wavidnen da saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves. afxazebis lingvistur
miswrafebebs amZafrebda is faqti, rom afxazeTSi moqmedebda qarTuli
anbani, maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sxva erovnul umciresobebs
hqondaT kiriliculi anbani. afxazeTSi yvela erovnul enaze moqmedi
skola daxuruli iyo.
rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli
iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis
iaraRad saqarTveloSi viTarebis destabilizaciisaTvis, misi
damoukideblobis sapirispirod. miuxedavad imisa, rom lingvisturi da
kulturuli uflebebis moTxovnebi umciresobebis mxridan msgavsi iyo
saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis analogiuri moTxovnebisa, qarTveli
nacionalistebi maT legitimurad ar miiCnevdnen. amasTanave, unda
aRiniSnos, rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSobda did
rols, da osebisa da afxazebis mier rusuli enis ZiriTad enad
gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa da
mxardaWerisa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvel etapze osuri da afxazuri
pretenziebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi lingvisturi nacionalizmis
farglebs ar scdeboda, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is seriozuli
konfliqtis mizezad iqca. antikoloniuri da postkoloniuri (am
SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ruseTi) nacionalizmis talRaze awyobilma
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver gaiTvaliswina is didi safrTxe,
romelic am yovelives (afxazTa da osTa lingvisturi uflebebisaTvis
brZolis) ukan imaleboda. amasTanave, afxazebisa da osebis moqmedebebi,
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc separatistuli nacionalizmi, romlis
calsaxa mizania qveynidan gamoyofis Semdeg sruli damoukideblobis
miRweva. MDEG
daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna
dasasruls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,
kavkasiis respublikebSi mcxovrebi satitulo erovnuli umciresobebis
mxridanaa inspirirebuli gareSe Zalebis seriozuli monawileobiT. am
konfliqtebSi monawile mxareebis pozicia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, erTis
mxriv, rogorc eTnonacionaluri (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs eTnikuri
umciresobebi), xolo meores mxriv, rogorc konservatoruli
nacionalizmi (magaliTad, saqarTvelo), romlis mizania arsebuli
erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTareba, patriotizmisa da “erovnuli
siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
SoTaSoTaSoTaSoTa KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi
(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)
sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema. naSromis mizania kavkasiis regionis muslimur
sazogadoebebSi sabWoTa politikuri sistemis daSlis Semdeg mimdinare
procesebis mimoxilva da gaaanalizeba. Cveni interesis sagania aseve
regionis muslimi mosaxleobis ideologiur da sulier cxovrebaSi
momxdari ZiriTadi cvlilebebi, maTi Sedegebi da mimarTeba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva mxareebTan. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa
mkafiod gamoikveTos amgvari kvlevis aqtualuroba, ganisazRvros misi
Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.
muslimi mosaxleoba, sxva regionebis msgavsad, sxvadasxvagvarad aris
ganawilebuli kavkasiis sxvadasxva politikur-administraciul
erTeulSi. regionis TiToeuli sazogadoebis socialuri, politikuri da
sulieri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis, aseve “adgilobrivi
islamis” xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT Cveni
kvlevisas amjerad CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebiT
SemovfargluliyaviT, romlebic SedarebiT mniSvnelovan msgavsebebs
amJRavneben erTmaneTTan. es saSualebas mogvcems, warmovidginoT
islamisa da socialuri identurobis mTliani regionuli suraTi.
naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba is sazogadoebebi, sadac muslimebi an
umravlesoba warmoadgenen, an mniSvnelovan rols asruleben da gavlenas
axdenen arsebul sociokulturul garemoze. amgvarad, Cven gverds
vuvliT saqarTvelosa da somxeTis respublikebis, maTi muslimi
umciresobebis, aseve azerbaijanis SemTxvevis ganxilvas, sadac,
politikuri da sxva faqtorebis gamo, tranziciis periodSi sulier
sferoSi momxdar cvlilebebs specifikuri xasiaTi aqvT.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT regionSi muslimuri sarwmunoebis
Taviseburebasa da istorias, SeuZlebeli iqneba gverdi avuaroT
TiToeuli respublikis mniSvnelovan politikur procesebs, rac Cveni
analizis safuZveli iqneba:
1) religiuri cxovrebis dinamika: ra gavlena iqonia da rogor
ganapiroba postkomunisturma epoqam da misma gamowvevebma tradiciuli,
xangrZlivad arsebuli muslimuri sarwmunoebis Tanamedrove saxis
Camoyalibeba kavkasiaSi; ramdenad sicocxlisunariani da aqtiuri iyo
islami ukanasknel wlebSi misi mimdevrebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (amis
garkvevaSi dagvexmareba religiurobis xarisxis amsaxveli faqtobrivi da
statistikuri monacemebi). aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT, arsebobs Tu ara
saerTo religiuri tendenciebi yvela muslimuri sazogadoebisaTvis,
islamisa da postkomunisturi transformaciis zogadi regionuli nimuSi.
meores mxriv, SevecdebiT, gamovavlinoT da avxsnaT arsebuli
gansxvavebebi.
2) islamis roli kavkasiis xalxTa postsabWoTa identurobis
ganviTarebaSi: Cven ganvixilavT muslimi kavkasielebis erovnuli
TviTSegnebis fenomens, aseve kulturuli (eTnikuri) da religiuri
identurobebis urTierTmimarTebas _ SevadarebT warsulSi arsebul da
Tanamedrove situacias. SevecdebiT aRvweroT mniSvnelovani da rTuli
urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTis mxriv, islamsa da mis “sasuliero fenas”,
xolo meores mxriv, axladaRmocenebul politikur elitebsa da maT
konkretul miznebs Soris. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, warmoadgenda Tu
ara islami samoqalaqo xelisuflebis xelSi im ZiriTad faqtors,
romliTac xdeboda postsabWoTa epoqis “axali identurobebis”
formireba, Tu adgilobrivi islamis auTenturi buneba Tavad
gansazRvravda am religiis aqtiur monawileobas mniSvnelovan
socialur-politikur movlenebSi, agreTve mis damokidebulebas
dasaxelebuli sazogadoebebis “civilizaciur arCevanTan” _ kulturul
orientaciasTan.
kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da
kvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologia.... pirvel rigSi, ganvsazRvroT is cnebebi,
romelTac kvlevisas gamoviyenebT.
CvenTvis ZiriTadia identurobis cneba. identuroba aris adamianis
fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar “me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul
mTlianobasa da individualurobaze, romlis meSveobiTac pirovneba
sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo,
socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba, asaki, sqesi, profesia da a.S.).
Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro mosaxerxebeli
iqneba, gamoviyenoT termini identifikacia. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs
identurobis dinamiur xasiaTze, subieqtis mier Tavisi kuTvnilebis
dazustebisa da gansazRvris procesze, sakuTari me-s mimarTebaze
sazogadoebis konkretul jgufTan (jgufebTan) da institutTan
(institutebTan). dRes sociologebi da socialuri fsiqologiis
mkvlevrebi identifikaciaSi gulisxmoben individis socializacias,
socialuri rolebis miRebasa da adaptacias, sociokulturuli
modelebis aTvisebas1. TiToeuli individi socializaciis procesSi,
kulturulad da socialurad gansazRvruli statusebis SeTvisebiT,
iTvisebs socialur identurobas. amgvarad, socialuri identuroba _ es
aris yvela im statusis erTianoba, romlebic individs gansazRvravs2.
aRsaniSnavia ori mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT identurobisa da identifikaciis fenomenTan
dakavSirebiT: a) TviTidentifikacia xandaxan SeiZleba ar emTxveodes
identifikacias; b) identurobis dinamikis garkvevisas mniSvnelovania
identifikaciis dakargva da cvlileba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
SevecdebiT im sazogadoebebSi mimdinare procesebis axsnas, romlebic
sociokulturuli garemos mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdian.
mogvianebiT SevexebiT identurobis krizisis sakiTxsac. Y
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebidan CvenTvis
amjerad sainteresoa religiuri da kulturuli identurobis cnebebi.
met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba.
rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas, is SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc im
“mSobliur, lokalur kulturasTan” mikuTvnebulobis sinonimi, romelic
moicavs regionSi xangrZlivad damkvidrebul rwmenebsa da faseulobebs,
da, CrdiloeT kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi, tradiciul muslimur swavlebas.
amgvarad, gamyofi mijna gadis “tradiciul” (adgilobrivi kulturuli
faseulobebis nawili) da “transnacionalur” (globalur) religiur
identurobebs Soris. aseTi gayofa ufro mizanSewonilia, vidre
diqotomia “adaTi” da “SariaTi”, romelic SezRudulia CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi caristuli/sabWoTa ruseTis politikis cnebaTa CarCoebiT.
1 Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.238. 2 Tischler H.L. Introduction to Sociology, The Harcourt Press, 2002, p.3.
sakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvneloba mravalma mizezma
ganapiroba. rogorc zemoT iTqva, pirovnebis identuroba mis mier
erTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. es
statusebi Camoyalibda pirovnulobis Tavdapirveli ganviTarebisa da
damkvidrebis dros, magram isini erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebuli ar
aris. termini statusTa erToblioba aRniSnavs yvela im statuss,
romelsac konkretuli pirovneba atarebs mocemul momentSi. statusi
SeiZleba iqnes miwerili (socialuri pozicia, romelic TavisTavadaa
miRebuli dabadebisas, an cxovrebis Semdgom etapze _ romelsac individi
saerTod ar irCevs, an romlis arCevis mcire SesaZlebloba aqvs),
miRweuli (socialuri statusi, romelic nebayoflobiTaa SeZenili da
asaxavs pirovnuli SesaZleblobisa da Zalisxmevis xarisxs) da a.S.1
individis mier sociokulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, faseulobebis
aTviseba da gaziareba, sakuTari adgilis damkvdreba ar aris
erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebiTac xasiaTdeba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT mecnierebi gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis
SesaZleblobas. am kriziss xSirad ganapirobebs sociokulturuli
garemos mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi
icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, iwyeba krizisi, Cndeba sakuTari Tavis
xelaxla aRmoCenis, TviTdamkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma
SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi miiRos. igive cneba Seesabameba xalxis did
jgufebs, sazogadoebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri
da politikuri organizaciis Zireuli gardaqmnis procesSia.
sociologiuri azrovnebis pirvelive wlebidan mecnierebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom pasuxismgeblobis zrda da arCevanis Tavisufleba (aucilebloba),
swrafadcvalebadi garemos fonze, iwvevs SfoTvas da, xSirad,
frustracias.
am TvalsazrisiT, naTeli xdeba sabWoTa mentalobis magaliTi.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebi met-naklebad
daculad grZnobdnen Tavs, maTi mikuTvnebuloba gansazRvruli iyo.
mravali areulobis, sisxlisRvrisa da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis
miuxedavad, sabWoTa politikurma elitam saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
aqtiuri propagandiT, mediisa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis cenzuriT
1 Macionis J.J. Sociology. 1987 by Prentice-Hall Inc., p.123.
moaxerxa, totalitarul reJimSi mcxovreb xalxSi Camoeyalibebina
“sabWoTa moqalaqeobis” gancda _ SegrZneba imisa, rom isini
miekuTvnebodnen sabWoTa supersaxelmwifos da daculi iyvnen mis mier.
“sabWoTa cxovrebis gza” Zalzed mkafio iyo, uzrunvelyofda imas, rom
wlebis manZilze ar Cndeboda kiTxvebi, cvlilebebi da eWvi mis
faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.
warumatebeli “perestroikis” Semdeg kavkasiis xalxebma aRmoaCines,
rom iyvnen “aramyari saxelmwifoebis SemTxveviTi moqalaqeebi”, rac
sruliad axali da ucnobi iyo maTTvis. Zveli konstruqcia aRar
muSaobda, magram ra unda Canacvleboda mas, jer ar iyo naTeli da arc
ganixileboda xalxis mier, am problemaze mxolod centraluri da,
xandaxan, adgilobrivi elitebi msjelobdnen.
amgvarad, rodesac identurobebi daSlisa da dezintegraciis pirasaa,
Tavs iCens socialur-fsiqologiuri krizisi, rac uzrunvelyofs axali
identurobebis gaZlierebas _ xelaxla konstruirebasa da Seqmnas. es
ganpirobebulia identurobis meqanizmis funqciuri mniSvnelobiT _ is
arsebiT rols TamaSobs tradiciuli socialuri struqturebisa da
kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebasa da gadacemaSi; aseve
mniSvnelovania misi roli politikaSi.
mesame msoflioSi dekolonizaciis Sedegad dawyebuli procesis
procesis msgavsad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris
daSlis Sedegad Camoyalibda eri-saxelmwifoebi (Tumca zogierTi maTgani
ar iyo srulad damoukidebeli), bundovani da daudgeneli sazRvrebiT,
romlebic kveTdnen gansxvavebul, dapirispirebul eTnosebs. es
ukanasknelni eswrafodnen TavianTi jgufis interesebisa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvas. eTnikurma jgufebma, romelTac hqondaT Zveli
sistemisa da misi politikuri memkvidreobis pirobebSi arsebobis
mtkivneuli gamocdileba, aRmoaCines, rom postsabWoTa epoqis sazRvrebi
ufro uryevi da myari iqneboda, vidre adre, saerTo administraciis
arsebobis dros iyo. amgvarad, isini dakargavdnen “naTesavebTan”
kontaqtis nebismier SesaZleblobas, da es iqneboda is umTavresi
problema, romlis pirispir isini aRmoCndebodnen. yofil “sabWoTa
socialistur naciebs” da sxva eTnosebs moskovis mier miniWebuli
hqondaT avtonomiis dabali done da maT mier sakuTari “erovnuli
interesebis” gansazRvra, umetes SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdeboda sxva
jgufis interesebs da eTno-politikur doqtrinebs.
XX saukunis bolos mTeli rigi identurobebisa daingra,
gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo doneze. aseT krizisul,
gardamaval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis
meoriT Canacvleba, rogorc wesi, axladSeqmnili elitebis
xelmZRvanelobiT. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba. erT mSvenier dRes sabWoTa
kavSiris moqalaqem aRmoCina, rom mas unda aerCia erT-erTi _ yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da yvelaze faseuli _ statusTa mTeli wyebidan
(tomobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, nacionaluri).
yovelive amis Sedegad, dezintegraciis rTul periodSi kavkasielebs
unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu ris mimarT yofiliyvnen loialurni, visTvis
emsaxuraT _ qveynisaTvis, romelsac politikuri statusi avtomaturad
hqonda miRebuli memkvidreobiT adrindeli wyobilebis daSlisa da
zesaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso politikuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad, Tu maT
unda ganesazRvraT da daemkvidrebinaT miznebi _ ZiriTadad,
ganuxorcielebeli _ metwilad, Zveli reJimis wyalobiT.
eTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTi
kavkasia lingvisturad da kulturulad erT-erTi yvelaze
mravalferovani regionia dedamiwaze. igi, Cveulebriv, iyofa CrdiloeT
da samxreT nawilebad. “CrdiloeT kavkasia” xSirad gamoiyeneba
istoriuli an geopolitikuri cnebis saxiT, oficialur rusul enaSi
“CrdiloeT kavkasiis ekonomikuri regionisa” da “Crdilo kavkasiis
samxedro olqis” aRsaniSnavad. CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnosebi
dResdReobiT ruseTis federaciis iurisdiqciis qveS (samxreTis
federaluri olqi) cxovroben. aq eqvsi respublikaa: adiRes respublikisa
da CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis garda, avtonomiebis mosaxleobis
umravlesoba muslimia. bunebrivia, eTnikuri jgufebi aucileblad im
administraciul erTeulebSi ar cxovroben, romlebic maT saxels
atarebs; yvela administraciuli erTeuli dasaxlebulia erTze meti
eTnikuri jgufiT (umTavresad, rusi umciresobebiT).
kavkasiis samxreTi nawili cnobilia rogorc amierkavkasia, sadac
sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani.
azerbaijanis respublikaSi, romelmac sabWoTa kavSirisagan
damoukidebloba 1991 wlis 30 agvistos moipova, muslimebi mTeli
mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen1.
kavkasia yovelTvis iyo kulturebisa da civilizaciebis gadakveTisa
da Sexvedris adgili. es regioni aTeulobiT enisa da eTnikuri jgufis
saxlia. aq warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio religia: qristianoba _
ZiriTadad rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis, qarTuli orTodoqsuli
eklesiisa da somxuri samociqulo orTodoqsuli eklesiis saxiT. aq
aseve gvxvdeba ramdenime mcire kaTolikuri da protestantuli jgufi.
islamic araerTgvarovani saxiTaa warmodgenili: Siitur ganxras yvelaze
mravalricxovani mimdevrebi hyavs azerbaijanSi _ mosaxleobis 75%
(eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi, aseve TaliSebi Tu sxva umciresobani).
sunituri ganxra Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis
umravlesobaSi, agreTve aWarasa da afxazeTSi; misi mimdevaria
azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%, CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alaniis
mosaxleobis 20-30% (digoreli osebi). iudaizmis mimdevrebi warmodgenili
arian saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi ebrauli TemebiT da
TaTebis mcirericxovani jgufiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. tibeturi
budizmis mimdevrebi arian yalmuxebi.
yalmuxeTis respublika mdebareobs ruseTis federaciis samxreT
federalur olqSi da igi erTaderTi budisturi respublikaa evropaSi.
yalmuxebs, specialur literaturaSi xSirad arc moixseniebian kavkasiaSi
mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT
samxreTel mezoblebTan _ daRestnis xalxebTan.
kavkakavkakavkakavkasiuri islamisiuri islamisiuri islamisiuri islami.... islams Zalzed specifikuri saxe hqonda CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi, riTac is gansxvavdeboda axlo aRmosavleTis muslimuri
sazogadoebebisagan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, islamisaTvis SeuZlebeli
iqneboda misTvis ucxo sazogadoebaSi SeRweva, Tu igi absoluturad
uaryofda adgilobriv rwmena-warmodgenebsa da wes-Cveulebebs. am
TvalsazrisiT, sufizmi efeqturi iaraRi iyo. igi warmoadgenda
Serbilebul versias, romelic erwymoda saerTo tradiciebs, iseTebs,
rogoricaa islamamdeli miTebi da kerpebi, winaparTa kultebi da
gmirebi; iRebda da iwynarebda tomobrivi, klanuri urTierTobebis mraval
1 azerbaijanis mTeli mosaxleoba 7.912 aTas kacs aRwevs (2005). ix. CIA the World Factbook.
elements1. faqtobrivad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis saboloo islamizacia,
religiis masebSi gavrceleba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod tarikas
saSualebiT; esaa muslimuri saZmo, romelic mxolod islamis sufistur
mimdinareobas axasiaTebs.
nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria. mTavari sufiuri religiuri ordenebi, romelTac
safuZveli Caeyara centraluri aziis stepebsa da, gansakuTrebiT,
otomanTa imperiis CrdiloeT teritoriebze XV saukuneSi, cnobili
iyvnen nakSbandiis2, kadiriisa3 da sxva saxelebiT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,
TurqmeneTis stepebsa da centraluri aziis ferganis velze sufizmis
warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba arasdros yofila asketi. iq, sadac
ruseTis dampyrobluri politika masobriv saxalxo winaaRmdegobas
awydeboda, sufiuri saZmoebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen sabrZolvelad
darazmvasa da winaaRmdegobis organizebaSi4.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufizmi kavkasiaSi ar iyo “paraleluri
islami”. is iyo realurad xalxSi arsebuli da gavrcelebuli islamis
forma. pirveli sufistebi kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen XI saukuneSi, aqedan
moyolebuli, is sul ufro da ufro Rrma fesvebs idgamda
Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi nakSbandia miuridizmis (zogjer
moixsenieba tarikatis saxeliT _ damamcirebeli saxelia, romelic
rusebma uwodes Crdilokavkasielebis liberalur-antikoloniur
winaaRmdegobas; aq muslimuri organizaciebi gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobdnen) ideologiur safuZvlad iqca.
amgvarad, kavkasiuri islami tradiciuli, araseqtanturi, regionuli
specifikis mqone ordenuli Stoa, romelic is, ZiriTadad, ori tarikatis
saxiT gvxvdeba _ nakSbandiisa (da misi ganStoeba Sadiliis) da kadiriis.
1 igive SeiZleba iTqvas bosniis, indoneziis, indoeTisa da centraluri aziis
sazogadoebebze. 2 nakSbandia erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sufiuri ordenia muslimur
samyaroSi. is fiqsirdeba dedamiwis mraval nawilSi: indoeTSi, pakistanSi, TurqeTSi, balkaneTsa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT afrikis umetes nawilSi. nakSbandia saukuneebis manZilze islamis tradiciuli forma iyo daRestnelebisaTvis da aseTadve rCeba dResac.
3 kadiriis ordenis cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Seix abdul-qadir al-jaziri, romelic saTaveSi edga alJirelTa brZolas franguli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, da Seix uTman dan fodio, romlis mimdevrebma gaamahmadianes dasavleT afrikis udidesi nawili da CrdiloeT nigeriaSi daafuZnes sokotos sasulTno.
4 Benningsen A. and Wimbush S.E. Sufism in Chechnya, from Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet
Union., C. Hurst and Company, London, 1985.
nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha
al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
cvlilebebi ganicada da TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic
Semovida. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma erovnulma gmirma Seix
mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni
fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi
ukanaskneli kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans.
CrdilokavkasielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraoba da TurqeTis,
iranis, ruseTisa da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxeba
kavkasiaSi XIX saukuneSi safuZvlianad Seiswavla Tel-avivis
universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma. CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis
imperiis sxva xalxebis, aseve somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTisa da sxva
qveynebis saarqivo masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna,
rom regionSi sufizmis gavrcelebasa da mebrZol Zalad mis
Camoyalibebas myari niadagi swored carizmis politikam Seuqmna. islamis
saxe da, kerZod, sufizmi Zalzed sainteresoa kavkasiuri omebis
periodSi, ramdenadac Cven SegviZlia garkveuli paralelebi gavaloT
Tanamedrove situaciasTan.
yazi-muhamadisa da hamzat-begis Semdeg Samili gaxda daRestnisa da
CeCneTis mesame imami, romelmac aRmosavleT kavkasiis mTielebi
Teokratiul-samxedro saxelmwifo _ imamatSi gaaerTiana. es ukanaskneli
termini xSirad orazrovania, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi religiis rolisa
da adgilis gamo. am periodSi islamis saxis gageba metad mniSvnelovania
CvenTvis, magram radganac es ar aris Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, Cven
mas mokled mimovixilavT. sufiuri warmomavlobis Samili metad mkacri
iyo da iziarebda radikalur orTodoqsul Sexedulebebs. is ar
iwynarebda aranair “bidda”-s (siaxles)1, rac sufizmisa da zogadad,
cxovrebis tradiciuli gzis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. meores mxriv, sxva
religiebTan mimarTebaSi is Zalzed liberaluri iyo da arasdros
ewinaaRmdegeboda (xandaxan iniciatoradac ki gamodioda) qristianebTan
TanamSromlobas. magaliTad, man neba darTo kazakebs, aeSenebinaT
TavianTi orTodoqsuli eklesiebi misi mfarvelobis qveS, qarTvel
aristokratebs mouwodebda ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg saerTo frontis
1 magaliTad, Rvinis sma, Tambaqos weva, tradiciuli musika, cekva...
Camoyalibebisaken. ufro metic, imamatis armiaSi iyvnen kaTolike
mebrZolebi, misi finansuri administratori ki ebraeli gaxldaT.
amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom “Sida” simkacre gamowveuli iyo
sxvadasxva tomis mtkiced da organizebulad SekavSirebis aucileblobiT
saerTo xelmZRvanelobis qveS (rac sakmaod mZime amocana iyo imamatis
mTeli arsebobis manZilze)1, da ara swavluli muslimi sasuliero
pirebisa da Zmobis wevrebis fundamentalisturi SexedulebebiT. amgvarad,
rusuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros sufizmi warmoadgenda
mTavar ideologiur-sulier wyaros kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis,
Tavisuflebisa da saerTo miznebisaTvis brZolis safuZvels. am
SemTxvevaSi, “liberaluri” da “zomieri” sufizmi gardaiqmna mkacri da
sastiki politikuri sistemis oficialur ideologiad.
Samilis Teokratiis damxobis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi,
kadiriis tarikati, rogorc tomTaSorisi erTobisa da anticaristuli
winaaRmdegobis alternatiuli ideologiuri/sulieri wyaro, masobrivad
popularuli xdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kadiria aRorZinda CeCen xunta
haji qiSievis mier. mSvidobiani sufiuri swavleba rusebis mier
Tavdapirvelad Sefasebul iqna rogorc regionSi carizmis batonobis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli potenciurad saSiSi ideologia, amitom
swavlulTa umetesoba an daxoces, an gadaasaxles. amgvarad, ruseTma
kadiriis moZraoba (romelic gansakuTrebiT mTis CeCnebSi iyo
popularuli), realurad gardaqmna daumorCilebel, umarTav moZraobad.
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi kadiriis
swavleba xandaxan Tu aRorZindeboda. sufistTa ukanaskneli ajanyebis
seriaTa Semdeg (1877-1878 ww.) saZmoebSi taqtikuri cvilebebi moxda: isini
iatakqveSeTSi gadavidnen. naxevradkonspiraciuli brZolis pirobebSi
isini drodadro uaryofdnen urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg Ria jihadis ideas.
xelisuflebaSi bolSevikTa mosvlis Semdeg, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis
nakSbandiis da kadiriis sasuliero liderebma Tavi gamoacxades “mtkice
komunistebad”, imedovnebdnen ra, rom anticaristuli xelisufleba
Seasrulebda Tavis sityvas da Seiwynarebda SariaTis wesebs mTis
xalxebSi. magram stalinis dapireba taqtikuri nabiji iyo. Crdilo
1 zogierTi mkvlevari eWviT uyurebs imamatis legitimurobas, klasikuri muslimuri
kanonmdeblobis principebidan gamomdinare.
kavkasielebis masobrivima deportaciam Sua aziaSi am xalxebis sulier
cxovrebaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, es gansakuTrebiT
vainaxebs exeba. cxovrobdnen ra ucxo garemoSi, siRaribesa da safrTxeSi,
kavkasielebi aqtiurad mimarTavdnen TavianT tradiciul sulier
swavlebebs. kavkasiaSi darCenili sufizmis mimdevrebis marginalizacia
gagrZelda poststalinur epoqaSic: komunistebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen
SeeqmnaT raRac tolerantuli, “wiTeli meCeTis” saxe, romelic Znelad
samarTavi kavkasieli muslimebis gakontrolebis iaraRi iqneboda; am
mxriv maT garkveul warmatebas miaRwies. amasobaSi, kavkasiuri islamis
sulieri da filosofiuri memkvidreoba dakargul da daviwyebul iqna.
ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da
transnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafia
termini “fundamentalizmi”, ZiriTadad, religiasTan mimarTebaSi
gamoiyeneba. TiTqmis yvela msoflio religiaSi arsebobs
fundamentalisturi mimarTuleba, maT Soris, budizms, induizms da
qristianobas. Tavad termini xazs usvams ideologiis fenomens, aRniSnavs
religiuri tradiciis ZiriTadi, fundamenturi elementebis aRadgenisa da
damkvidrebis mcdelobas arsebul socialur-politikur realobaSi.
islamis SemTxvevaSi fundamentalizmi warmoadgens adreuli islamis
socialuri institutebisa da iuridiuli normebis aRdgenis ideas
(romlebic idealad miiCneva), romlebic tipiuri iyo maSindeli
msofliosaTvis. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos reformistuli moZraobis tipad.
rodesac saqme exeba islamur fundamentalizms, mecnierebi aseve
iTvaliswineben misi safuZvlebis arareligiur aspeqts, rac, ZiriTadad,
ganpirobebulia misi faseulobebis “SerCeviTi aqtualizaciiT”. es is
faseulobebia, romlebic muslimebis mier miCneulia konkretuli
adgilisa da situaciis Sesabamisad. am dros ki, a. ignatienkos TqmiT,
muslimuri memkvidreobis sxva fundamenturi elementebi “anabiozur
mdgomareobaSi” rCebian1. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, fundamentalizmi
islamisaTvis warmoadgens sulieri tradiciebisa da socialur-
religiuri TviTSegnebis dacvisa da ganviTarebis Sinagan meqanizms,
romelic gansakuTrebiT kritikul politikur garemoSi vlindeba.
1 Исламский радикализм как побочный эффект холодной войны. - Центральная Азия и Кавказ, 2001, № 1 (7).
zemoTqmuli gvixsnis inteleqtualuri da socialuri fundamentalizmis
SesaZlo mizezebs. Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT tradiciuli
muslimuri azrovnebis arss, naTeli gaxdeba, rom fundamentalizmi
(sarwmunoebis Tavdapirveli safuZvlebis xazgasmis gagebiT) islamisaTvis
endogenuri fenomenia1.
ijTihadis sistema _ wminda yuranisa da sunas interpretacia,
warmoadgens aRorZinebis moZraobis safuZvels. calkeuli jgufebi
yovelTvis axdendnen interpretacias _ garkveul konkretul viTarebaSi,
im droisa da sivrcidan gamomdinare, romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen. am
TvalsazrisiT, muslims yovelTvis SeeZlo daeWvebuliyo interpretaciis
“marTebulobaSi”. “aSkara cvlilebebisa” da “mcdari interpretaciebis”
Sesaxeb msjelobisas muslimTa garkveuli jgufi mimarTavs Tavdapirvel
wyaroebs da cdilobs isini zedmiwevniT gaigos, moiqces im drois
cxovrebis wesis msgavsad, raTa ar Secdes. “islamis Tavdapirveli
ideebis aRorZinebis” es idea periodulad aqtualuri xdeboda da
dResdReobiT is politikuri moZraobebis samsaxurSia.
ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierebma SemogvTavazes sxva, ufro
specifikuri termini islamis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis sunituri
ganStoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli islamuri fundamentalizmis
aRsaniSnavad _ salafizmi. is momdinareobs arabuli sityvidan As Salaf
As-Salihun (“morwmune winaprebi”) da exeba im muslimebs, romlebic icaven
winaswarmetyvelisa (ashab) da mis mimdevarTa cxovrebis wessa da
swavlebas; mimdevrebis (tabi’un) da gviandeli momxreebis (tabi’u tabi’in)
religiuri meTods, ahl as-Salaf-i ewodeba2. is faqti, rom pirveli salafebi
miiCnevian islamis avtoritetuli religiur-iurisprudenciuli skolebis
_ aS-Safiasa da ahmad hanbalis damaarseblebad, kvlav imaze miuTiTebs,
rom fundamentalizmi, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, islamis ganuyofeli
nawilia3. amgvarad, rogorc i. aleqseevi aRniSnavs, sityvas salafia (iseve
rogorc fenomens) absoluturad gansxvavebuli konotacia aqvs realur
muslimur istoriul-kulturul da religiur konteqstSi da ar
1 Игнатенко А. А. Эндогенный радикализм в исламе. - Профи, 2000, № 2, c.27-33 2 maT surT yovelive imis gandevna, rac Seiqmna winaswarmetyvel muhamedis
gardacvalebidan pirveli sami Taobis Semdeg. 3 Tumca dRes bevri muslimi suniti swavluli eswrafvis gaemijnos salafizms, xazs
usvams ra, rom salafis mowodeba Tavisi principebiT ar misdevs konkretul skolas da mxolod ramdenime sakiTxSi eTanxmeba hanbalitur iurisprudencias.
arsebobs araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri radikalizmsa da eqstremizmTan. is
aris auTenturi brZola muhamedis kanonebisa da mogviano xanis
xalifatis idealuri wyobilebisaken mibrunebisTvis1.
sabWoTa xelisufleba warmatebiT iyenebda termins “islamuri
fundamentalizmi”, raTa gaemarTlebina sxvadasxva muslimur moZraobis
CaxSoba, rogorc es moxda avRaneTis da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSic ki.
azerbaijanis saxalxo fronti moskovis mier dadanaSaulebul iqna
“fundamentalisturi saxelmwifos”, “islamuri respublikis” Seqmnis
mcdelobaSi, rac qalaq baqoze samxedro SetevisaTvis sababad iqca2.
islamSi “fundamentalizmis” aqtiuri xasiaTis mTavari mizezia am
religiis sul ufro farTo da dinamiuri monawileoba socialur da
politikur cxovrebaSi, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT samyarosadmi
mis specifikur damokidebulebas. islami arasodes aRiarebda religiuri
sferos gamijvnas saerosagan, ramdenadac misi umTavresi idea yovelTvis
xazs usvams SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT saTanado socialuri wesrigis
damyarebis aucileblobas.
salafitebis moZraoba Tavdapirvelad iyo mowodeba ijTihadis
(pirovnuli gansjis) gamosacocxleblad, mas Semdeg rac is uaryofil
iqna abasidTa xalifatis dros baRdadis dacemis Semdeg. Tanamedrove
salafizmSi arsebobs SariaTis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. yvelaze
radikaluri frTa cnobilia vahabizmis saxeliT3. misi momxreebi TavianT
Tavs “salafiiun” an salafias mimdevrebs uwodeben. paradoqsia, rom
dResdReobiT swored salafebi imsaxureben yvelaze met kritikas sxva
suniti swavlulebis mxridan yuranis sityvasityviT gagebisaTvis,
radganac isini “usinaTlo Tvalebs miapyroben racionalobasa da
1 Алексеев И. Цивилизационные параметры исламского фундаментализма: к постановке проблемы. -
(profi.gateway.kg/alekseev). 2 Kurbanov E. Religion and Social-Political Developments in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. - Caspian Crossroads
Online Magazine, Volume 1, Issue No.4, Winter 1996. 3 dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, islamis romel frTas warmoadgenen vahabitebi
– hanbalituri skolis radikalur formas, salafitur mimdinareobas, Tu arcerTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad vahabitebi uaryofdnen yuranis hanbalitur gagebas, romlis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri wyaros werilobiTi teqstis bolomde Cawvdoma SeuZlebelia, amdenad, igi gaigeba teqstTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, yovelgvari adamianuri racionalizmisa da logikuri gansjis gamoricxviT. salafitebi dResac igive Tvalsazriss _ teqstis sityva-sityviT gagebis princips _ icaven. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi, Tavisi arsebobis pirvel wlebSi, garkveulwilad, “reformistuli” xasiaTis swavleba iyo. Tumca saukuneebis Semdeg, droisa da sivrcis Sesabamisad, sakmaod saxecvlili variaciebiTaa warmodgenili dRevandeli msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, maT Soris kavkasiis regionSi.
mizezs”. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad termini vahabizmi gaCnda Teologiuri
polemikis dros, rodesac gaakritikes muhamed ibn abdul vahabis
radikaluri swavleba, romelic mogvianebiT saudis saxelmwifoebriobis
pirveli ideologiuri wyaro gaxda. SemdgomSi, negatiuri datvirTvis
mqone termini aTvisebul iqna jer dasavleli mkvlevrebis, SemdgomSi ki
politikosebis mier. maT es cneba gaavrceles nebismier muslimur
sazogadoebaze, romelic ZalauflebisaTvis an xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
janydeboda msoflios nebismier nawilSi. meores mxriv, im faqtis
miuxedavad, rom vahabizmma gavlena iqonia arabeTisa da indostanis
muslimi sazogadoebebis Tanamedrove azrovnebaze, misi radikaluri
ideebi gulisxmobs Seurigebel mtrobas, pirvel rigSi, sxva
muslimebisadmi. radikalebi Tvlian, rom yvela sxva muslimi aTeistia,
TavianT erTobas ki miiCneven erTaderT WeSmarit ummad. amis Sedegi iyo
Tavad mTavari suniti mkvlevarebis mier vahabitebis seqtantobaSi
dadanaSauleba1.
ufro konketulad, vahabitebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen yvela mogviano
siaxlis uaryofas da islamis xelmeored ganwmendas. es gagebuli iyo
rogorc nebismieri tipis socialuri ierarqiis radikaluri mospoba. am
mimarTulebaSi organizaciul-struqturuli aspeqti aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, vidre sulieri mxare. Cveulebriv, vahabituri
sazogadoebebi Zalzed mtkice da disciplinirebuli arian,
SekavSirebulni da moqmedni rogorc mobilizebuli erToba; isini
garemos (TviT muslimurs, TavianTi organizaciis gareT arsebuls),
rogorc wesi, ganixilaven rogorc Zalzed mtruls da uwmindurs. aseTi
damokidebulebis Sedegia sxvebisadmi maTi Seuwynarebloba. Zaladobis
gamovlineba ar aris uCveulo vahabitTa saqmianobaSi.
mraval mkvlevars swams, rom vahabitur swavlebaze didi gavlena
iqonia ibn taimiias ideebma, es iyo hanbalitTa skolis Teologi,
romelic propagandas uwevda “islamis Tavdapirveli siwmindis” aRdgenis
saWiroebas. is miCneulia radikaluri islamuri fundamentalizmis erT-
erT ideologiur damfuZneblad.
rac Seexeba kavkasiis “vahabitur” sazogadoebas, igi saTanadod
Seswavlili ar aris. erTi SexedviT, esaa islamizmis Zalzed
1 Алексеев И. dasax. naSr.
danawevrebuli da gansxvavebuli jgufebis erToblioba. termini
islamizmi aq ufro zogadia da gamosayeneblad marjvea, ramdenadac is
aRniSnavs zogad ideologiur fenomens _ ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad
islami ara marto religiaa, aramed, agreTve, politikuri sistema,
romelic marTavs saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo, ekonomikur da socialur
sferoebs.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
Salva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSvili
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da
samomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebi
qarTuli kulturis mecnierul kvlevas, ZiriTadad, XIX saukunis
meore naxevridan Caeyara safuZveli. Tavis droze saqarTvelos
kulturuli memkvidreobis SeswavliT bevri qarTveli swavluli
dainteresda. Tu raoden didi da nayofieri Sroma gaswies am mxriv
Taobebma, dawyebuli dimitri baqraZiTa da damTavrebuli ivane
javaxiSviliT, sayovelTaod aris cnobili da amjerad maTi Rvawlis
mimoxilvas ar SevudgebiT. statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnavT
mxolod im meTodologiur baziss, romelic im periodis ara marto
qarTvel, aramed zogadad, evropel mecnierTa azrovnebis safuZvels
warmoadgenda. vgulisxmobT pozitivizms, romelic swored XIX saukuneSi
warmoiSva da arasabunebismetyvelo xazis evropel swavlulTaTvis
inteleqtualuri safuZveli gaxda.
pozitivisturi meTodologiis mixedviT, istoria warmoadgens
qronologiuri principiT dalalgebuli faqtebis rigs. pozitivizmis
mamamTavris, leopolod fon rankes ideali _ istorias aesaxa is, rac
“sinamdvileSi moxda”, gulisxmobda procesebis Rrmad gaazrebas da maTi
urTierTkavSiris dadgenas (anu diaqronulTan erTad sinqronul
Wrilsac). sayuradReboa, rom pozitivisti istorikosebis udidesi
umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, politikuri istoriis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli1.
kultura pozitivistebisaTvis arasodes yofila kvlevis damoukidebeli
sfero da verc iqneoda, maTi meTodologiidan gamomdinare.
pozitivisti iyo ivane javaxiSvilic, magram igi ar Semoifargla
Cveni qveynis mxolod politikuri istoriiT da uaRresad faseuli
gamokvlevebi Seqmna qarTuli kulturis istoriaSic. damoukidebeli
saxiT qarTuli kulturis istoria jer marqsistuli (a.surgulaZis
“qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi”), Semdeg ki wminda
1 Тош Дж. Стремление к истине. Как овладеть мастерством историка. М., 2000, с. 106.
pozitivisturi meTodologiis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT daiwera (g.
lorTqifaniZis da n. Ciqovanis “qarTuli kulturis istoria”).
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg mecnierebisa
da filosofiis epistemologiur safuZvlad marqsizm-leninizmi (rogorc
v. vilCeki uwodebs, “мраксизм”) iqca1. erTxans mecnierebaSi kidev
grZeldeboda SedarebiT Tavisufali azrovneba, magram mas Semdeg, rac
gamovida i. stalinis narkvevi “dialeqtikuri da istoriuli
materializmis Sesaxeb”, sabWoTa mecniereba, faqtobrivad, politikuri
ideologiis propagandistad iqca2. istoriuli matrializmi erTaderT
WeSmarit da universalur meTodologiad gamoacxades, romlisgan
gadaxvevac danaSaulis tolfasi iyo. 1930-iani wlebidan, faqtobrivad,
bolo moeRo pluralizms mecnierul azrovnebaSi.
statiis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, oriode sityviT Sevexebi istoriis
materialisturi xedvis meTodologiur arss. rogorc cnobilia, k.
marqsma da f. engelsma Camoayalibes moZRvreba sazogadoebriv-
ekonomikuri formaciebis Sesaxeb. formacia aRniSnavs sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis garkveul istoriul etaps, romlis saxesac gansazRvravs
misi safuZveli _ materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi. am wesiTaa
gapirobebuli formaciis socialuri struqtura, politikuri
organizacia, samarTlebrivi sistema, ideologia, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva mxareebi da, maT Soris, kulturac. amrigad, marqsistuli
meTodologiis mixedviT, konkretul sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur baziss
Seesabameba garkveuli “zednaSeni”, romelSic kulturac Sedis.
sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi yofierebiT,
sulieri kultura meoradia materialurTan SedarebiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, sulieri da materialuri faseulobani warmoCndeba
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis fonze. niSandoblivia,
rom kulturisadmi miZRvnil naSromebic ki ver ascda klasobrivi
brZolis Temas, romelic erT-erTi ZiriTadi iyo marqsistul
istoriografiaSi: “feodalur kulturas axasiaTebda progresul da
reaqciul mimdinareobaTa brZola, sadac progresuls upiratesad
ganasaxierebda xalxis kultura... feodaluri kultura asaxavda da
1 Вильчек В.М. Алгоритмы истории. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2004, с.7. 2 kulturologia. kulturis istoria da Teoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 11; yoranaSvili g. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 461.
emsaxureboda gabatonebuli feodaluri klasis interesebs. am samsaxurSi
wamyvan rols religia asrulebda...”1. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
meTodologiuri safuZvlis arasrulyofileba ganapirobebs Sedegis,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, absurdulobas. swored amis gamo, dRes marqsistuli
Teoria kulturis mecnierebaSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ndobas ver
imsaxurebs.
imis Tqma mainc ar SeiZleba, TiTqos qarTuli istoriografia
(romelic moicavda kulturis istoriasac) sabWoTa periodis
ganmavlobaSi unayofo gaxda. piriqiT, gafarTovda wyaroTmcodeobiTi
baza, gaiSala arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba. empiriuli
safuZvlis gafarToebasTan erTad iqmneboda mniSvnelovani naSromebic2.
magram yvelaferi es erTaderTi, “kanonizebuli” meTodologiis
farglebSi xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
sabWoTa istoriografiis mesveurnic mixvdnen, rom sferos
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo meTodologiis ganaxleba, rasac
praqtikuli RonisZiebani mohyva. farTod gaiSala saTanado Teoriuli
kvleva-Zieba ara marto moskovSi, aramed sxva samecniero centrebSic,
TbilisSi, n.berZeniSvilis iniciativiT, istoriis institutSi safuZveli
Caeyara meTodologiur seminars. magram es wermateba dRemokle aRmoCnda:
mcire xnis Semdeg istoriis Teoriuli seminari mxolod formaluradRa
agrZelebda arsebobas, faqtobrivad ki is Sewyda. istoriis institutSi
Tu vinmes meTodologiuri xasiaTis kvleva-Ziebis survili gauCndeboda,
mas araTu mxardaWera, aramed xelis SeSla eloda3.
sabWoTa epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad wertili daesva
monomeTodologiuri midgomis aucileblobasac. garda amisa, Tbilisis
universitetSi kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris daarsebis
Semdeg saucxoo SesaZlebloba gaCnda qarTuli kulturis
SeswavlisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodologiur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da
marqsistuli moZRvrebis uaryofis kvaldakval Cvens mecnierebs ar
miumarTavT alternatiuli meTodologiebisaTvis da erTxans erTgvari
Teoriuli vakuumic gaCnda, udaoa, rom “unda damkvidrdes Teoriuli,
1 surgulaZe ak. qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi. wigni I. Tb., 1997, gv. 87. 2 yoranaSvili g. dasax. naSr. gv. 460. 3 iqve, gv. 464-465.
meTodologiuri pluralizmi, rac uTuod waadgeba qarTuli
istoriografiis Semdgomi aRmavlobis saqmes”1. Teoriuli pluralizmis
saWiroeba kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, rodesac kvlevis obieqtad iReb iseT
rTul da araerTgvarovan fenomens, rogoric aris kultura. aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia sxvadasxva meTodologiis prizmaSi qartuli
kulturis ganxlva da Seswavla.
winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT qarTuli kulturis istoriis (IV-XI
saukuneebi) kvlevis SesaZlebobebs civilizaciuri midgomisa da p.
sorokinis kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia,
rom lokaluri civilizaciebis Teoriebis gamoyenebas Cveni kulturis
kvleva-ZiebaSi safuZveli axali Cayrili aqvs da garkveuli warmatebebic
SeiniSneba am mxriv. kulturul zesistemaTa Teorias rac Seexeba, is
qarTul kulturasTan mimarTebaSi jer yofila gamoyenebuli.
civlizaciuri midgoma, erTiani msoflio istorisa da erTiani
civilizaciis nacvlad, aRiarebs lokaluri kulturebisa da
civlizaciebis simravlesa da mravalferovnebas. misTvis amosavali
cnebebia kultura da civilizacia. ramdenadac kulturis cnebis erTi da
sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, amitom aucilebelia
zogadi, samuSao definiciis Semotana. igi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
kultura aris adamianTa erTobis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili
“meore buneba”, romelic, da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs am erTobis
cxovrebas2. civilizaciis gagebaSi moiazreba garkveuli fundamenturi
niSnebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi kulturebis erToblioba.
IV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis specifikidan gamomdinare,
dagvWirdeba “ganapira kulturis”, “sasazRvro kulturis”, “birTvi-
periferiis” cnebebis gamoyenebac. ganapirad miiCneva ama Tu im
kulturuli sivrcis (civilizaciis) ara centrSi, aramed periferiaze
mdebare kultura, romelic erTgvarad SemosazRvravs am sivrces, amave
dros “xsnis” mas sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis. sasazRvro kulturas
axasiaTebs: sinkretuli dominantis arseboba; sxvadasxva istoriuli
qronologiis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa aqtivizacia;
TviTidentifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba;
1 iqve, gv. 467. 2 Ciqovani n. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri
aspeqti. // kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 5-17. gv. 6.
civilizaciebs Soris Suamavlis funqciis Sesrulebis unari. a. j.
toinbis ganmartebiT, birTvSi igulisxmeba civilizaciis warmoSobis
areali, anu is sivrce, sadac ZiriTadad yalibdeboda misi
sociokulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema. periferia ki gulisxmobs
am arealis gavrcelebis (gafarToebis) Sedegad birTvis farglebSi
moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs faseulobaTa igive sistema da
met-naklebad igive sociokulturuli saxe aqvs. periferiaze
ganTavsdebian ganapira da sasazRvro kulturebi.
rac Seexeba IV-XI saukuneebis qarTul kulturas, misi sqematuri
suraTi ase warmogvidgenia: IV saukunidan saqarTveloSi qristianobis
gavrceleba-damkvidrebiT iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali epoqa qarTuli
kulturis istoriaSi; IV saukunidanve yalibdeba aRmosavlurqristianuli
civilizacia, romlis kulturul birTvadac gvevlineba bizantia, xolo
qarTuli kultura, rigi niSnebis gamo, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc
am civilizaciis ganapira da jer sasanur-sparsulTan, Semdeg mahmadianur
samyarosTan sasazRvro kultura; aRniSnul periodSi SeZleba, Tvali
mivadevnoT ramdenime kulturul process. am epoqis qarTveli
moRvaweebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo TviTidentifikaciis problema,
qarTuli kulturis adgilis Zieba imdroindel samyaroSi. es sakiTxi
ukavSirdeba qarTuli kulturis ganapirulobas, radgan
TviTidentifikaciis simZafre awored ganapira kulturebis
damaxasiaTebeli niSania1; aseve, sainteresoa qarTvelTa kulturuli
metoqeoba bizantiasTan, jer masTan gaTanabrebis, xolo Semdeg
upiratesobis pretenziiT (es sakiTxi SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas a.
toinbis “gamowveva-pasuxis” meqanizmis meSveobiTac); civilizaciuri xedva
iZleva komparativistuli kvlevis SesaZleblobas, rac xorcieldeba
kulturis maxasiaTebelTa gamoyofiTa da maTi SedarebiT sxva kulturis
(civilizaciis) maxasiaTeblebTan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovkveToT
ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli (istorizmi, racionalizmi,
inovaciuroba, Riaoba...).
1 es sakiTxi ganxiluli aqvs n. Ciqovans naSromSi “qarTuli kulturis istoriis
periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri aspeqti. kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 7-9. qarTvelTa TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxs ki exeba q. kakitelaSvilis naSromi “dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi”. // ena da kultura, # 1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.
istorizmis ramdenime magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT qarTuli
agiografiuli da saistorio mwerlobidan. ”SuSanikis wamebis” pirvelive
winadadeba imTaviTve axdens im movlenaTa droSi lokalizacias,
romlebic Semdeg moTxrobilia TxzulebaSi. garda amisa, masSi bevria
wminda istoriuli pasaJi. igives Tqma SeiZleba sxva agiografiul
Txzulebebzec (“abos wameba”, “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da a.S.).
giorgi mTawmindeli (XI s.) “ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebas” friad
niSandoblivi sityvebiT iwyebs: “xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTai yovelsave
daviwyebad moiRebs, daRacaTu winaSe RmrTisa yovelive cxad ars da
saCino, da uwyis yovelTa dasabami da aRsasruli, da romelTa-igi
saTnod misa aRasrules cxorebai Tvisi, winaSe missa brwyinven maradis
da arca erTi rai uxms Cvenmieri xsenebai, aramed esreT ganawesa yovlad
brZenman man gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen
aRmrToni igi da yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da
saufloni igi mcnebani da brZanebani misni da RirsTa maT da netarTa
monaTa misTa yovlad qebulni cxorebani da moqalaqobani... ” (aq da
qvemoT xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)1. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi “istoriuli
codnis birTvs uwindeburad warmoadgenda wminda istoria, e. i. bibliaSi
moTxrobili istoria ... es gamoixateboda mogviano epoqis qronistTa
miswrafebaSi _ gadmoecaT “msoflio istoria”. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo
jer kacobriobis istoriis moTxroba adamidan qristemde da Semdeg
Tundac erTi monastris an qalaqis istoriisa”2. Zalze sainteresoa, rom
es principi sityvasityviTaa gameorebuli zemomotanil citataSi giorgi
mTawmindelis Txzulebidan (“...esreT ganawesa yovlad brZenman man
gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen saRmrToni igi da
yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da saufloni igi mcnebani
da brZanebani misni...”).
sainteresoa, rom giorgi mTawmindeli migvaniSnebs im istoriul
meTodzec, romelsac TviTon iyenebs: ”urwmunomca nuvin ars, rameTu Cven
TaviT TvisiT ararai aRgviweria, aramed rai-igi viswaveT kacTa
1 giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanes da eqvTimes cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981.
gv. 370-371. 2 Вильчек В.М. dasax. naSr. с. 188-189.
sarwmunoTagan da sulierTa mamaTa, ... romelni-igi ucxo iyvnes
yovliTurT tyuvilisagan da savse madliTa zegardmoiTa”1.
igive giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, SesaniSnavad
flobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kargadac iyenebda istoriul codnas.
gavixsenoT Tundac is epizodi, rodesac igi antioqiis patriarq
Teodosis Seaxsenebs istoriul sinamdviles: “iyo Jami, romel yovelsa
saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadideblobai ara ipoeboda da ioane guTeli
episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad, viTarca sweria didsa
svinaqsarsa”2.
istoriuli cnobierebis gamomxatvelia is saistorio Txzulebebi,
romlebic IX-XI saukuneebSi Seiqmna: “moqcevai qarTlisai”, “matiane
qarTlisai”, leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, sumbat daviTis Zis saistoro
qmnilebebi. IV-XI saukuneebis zogierTma xuroTmoZRvrulma Zeglma
(magaliTad, bolnisis sionma) Semoinaxa warwerebi, romlebic iZlevian
maTi zusti daTariRebis saSualebas. atenis sionis erT-erT kedelze
amokveTili warwera ki mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis buRa Turqis
saqarTveloSi “moRvaweobis” Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom masSi aRwerili
faqtebi daTariRebulia uzustesad, qarTuli da mahmadianuri (hijra)
welTaRricxvis sistemebis gamoyenebiT.
racionalizmis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT agaTia
sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi daculi kolxi didebulis, fartaZis
cnobili sityvidan erTi nawyveti: “...Tu imaT Caidines ukanonoba, [araa]
aucilebeli Cvenc gamoveTxovoT mSobliur wesebs da im veragebs
gamovucxadoT Cveni guliswyroma... ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar
davabundovanoT”3. racionaluri azrovnebis meore nimuSad SeiZleba
gavixsenoT giorgi aTonelis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
dasacavad antioqiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva, romelSic didi qarTveli
moRvawe mravali utyuari argumentiT asabuTebs saqarTvelos eklesiis
samociquloobas. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli Semdegi sityvebiT
iwyebs farnavazis daxasiaTebas: “farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri...”4. migvaCnia,
1 giorgi mTawmindeli. dasax naSr. gv. 371. 2 giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981. gv. 466. 3 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. red. n. kandelaki. Tb., 1958. gv. 111. 4 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa.
// qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. red. simon yauxCiSvili. Tb., 1942. gv. 14.
rom mefis daxasiaTebisas upirvelesad racionaluri aspeqtis xazgasma
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara
farnavazis cxovrebis istoriul periods (III s.), aramed XI saukuneSi
mcxovrebi istorikosis leonti mrovelis prioritetebs. mere ra, rom
farnavazi Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi cxovrobda, CvenTvis swored XI
saukunis istorikosi leonti mrovelia saintereso da is, Tu romels
aniWebda igi upiratesobas mefis Tvisebebidan.
Riaobis maxasiaTebels rac Seexeba, igi istoriulad axasiaTebda
qarTul kulturas: mravali ucxotomeli Semosula Cvens miwa-wyalze da
Tan Semoutania Tavisi kulturis elementebi, romlebic Semdgom
organulad gaiTavisa qarulma kulturam.
rasakvirvelia, dasaxelebuli faqtebi mxolod magaliTebia da
aucilebelia argumentebis moZiebisa mxriv kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba.
es xels Seuwyobs qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis
argumentirebul gaazrebas. civilizaciuri midgomis safuZvelze IV-XI
saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis Sedegad aRniSnuli kulturis
faqtologiuri istoria TviTmizani ki ar iqneba, aramed saSualeba
zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblebis, procesebis, mimarTebebis da sxva
problemebis garkvevis saqmeSi.
p. sorokinis (1889-1968) kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis mixedviT,
istoriuli procesi warmoadgens kulturis ganviTarebis process. aq
mTavari cnebebia kultura, sistema da zesistema. kultura warmoadgens
ara mravalferovan movlenaTa konglomerats, romlebic Tanaarseboben,
magram arafriT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, aramed mTlianobas,
individualobas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi gamsWvaluli arian erTi
fuZemdebluri principiT da gamoxataven erT ZiriTad faseulobas. aseTi
mTliani kulturis saxviTi xelovneba da mecniereba, filosofia da
religia, eTika da samarTali, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri
organizaciis ZiriTadi formebi, zne-CveulebaTa didi nawili, cxovrebis
wesi da mentaliteti _ yvvela Taviseburad gamoxatavs mis fuZemdebler
princips. swored es principi anu faseuloba warmoadgens yoveli
kulturis safuZvelsa da saZirkvels. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
kulturis kvleva unda ganxorcieldes misi aTasobiT nimuSis
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizis gziT.
kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli kultura
IV-VIII saukuneebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT ideaciur zesistemad, romlis
umaRlesi faseulobac RmerTia. ideaciuri xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema
RmerTis zegrZnobadi samyaroa, stili _ simboluri, xasiaTi _ statikuri.
arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi _ taZrebi _ RmerTisadmi
miZRvnili qmnilebebia. maTi garegnuli saxe, jvrisebri gegma, gumbaTi,
yoveli arqiteqturuli da skulpturuli detali simboluria. es aris
marTlac ”saxareba qvaSi”. literaturac religiasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(wmindanTa martvilobani da cxovrebani). saero literaturis wili
umniSvneloa. am periodis musikac religiuri xasiaTisa iyo. zogadad,
amqveyniuri samyaro ganixileba rogorc adamianis ”droebiTi
TavSesafari”, romelSic igi mxolod stumaria; is RmerTis maradiuli
samyofelisaken miiswrafvis da eZebs gzebs imisa, Tu rogor gaxdes iq
Sesvlis Rirsi. SesaZloa, rom aseT gzad ganvixiloT samonastro
moZraoba da martvilobaTa Tema. ideaciuri xelovneba aris adamianis
sulis xelovneba, romelic marto amyarebs urTierTobas RmerTTan.
aqedan _ xelovnebis anonimuroba. “es aris ara erTi profesionali
mxatvris xelovneba, aramed morwmuneTa usaxelo koleqtivis urTierToba
RmerTTan da sakuTar sulTan. aseT urTierTobas ar esaWiroeba
profesionali Suamavali, an raime garegnuli samkauli”1. mcereodeni
gamonaklisebis garda, Cven ar viciT TviT udidesi Sedevrebis SemqmnelTa
saxelebi. magaliTad, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu vin iyvnen bolnisis sionis,
ninowmindis, banas, wromisa da urbnisis taZrebis, mcxeTis jvarisa Tu
atenis sionis xuroTmoZRvrebi. sayuradReboa bolnisis sionis
reliefuri warwera, sadac swored anonimuri “mSromelebia” naxsenebi:
“qriste, daviT epiakoposi krebuliTurT da amis eklesiasa Sina Senda
mimarT Tayvanismcemelni Seiwyalen da mSromelTa amas eklesiasa Sina
Sexewie...”2. CvenTvis arc mravali SesaniSnava bareliefisa da freskis
SemqmnelTa vinaobaa cnobili. anonimuria agiografiul TxzulebaTa
mniSvnelovani nawilic.
VIII-XI saukuneebidan qarTuli kultura SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
rogorc ideaciuridan idealisturSi gardamavali tipi. idealisturi
1 Сорокин П. Социокультурная динамика. В кн.: П. Сорокин. Человек, цивилизация, общество. М., 2000, с.
436. 2 asaTiani n. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb., 2001. gv. 107.
zesistemac aseve emyareba zegrZnobad samyaros, magram sul ufro matad
asaxavs realuri samyaros amaRlebul faseulobebs. igi iRebs mxolod
dadebiT tipebs da movlenebs, ugulebelyofs paTologiursa da
negatiurs. esaa idealizebuli tipebis kultura, “romelic iSviaTad
axdens pirovnebis an movlenis individualizebas” [13, 442]. igi kvlav
aRiarebs, rom ”dasabami igi sibrZnisa _ SiSia RmrTisa”, Tumca aqtiurad
Semodis adamianuri, humanisturi motivebic. fexs ikidebs istorizmi
(saistorio Txzulebebi), filosofiuri azrovneba, romelic araa
Teologiis igiveoba, arsdeba saero saswavleblebi (gelaTi, iyalTo).
humanisturi Temebi xSirdeba xelovnebaSi: dawyebuli “grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi” (agiografiul TxzulebaSi!) samijnuro motivis gaCeniT,
damTavrebuli “visramianiT”, “amirandarejanianiT”, “vefxistyaosniT”.
analogiurad, SeiZleba vimsjeloT iSxnisa da breTis jvarcmezec. magram
es kultura ar swydeba sakuTar saZirkvels _ religias. kvlav wamyvania
saxarebiseul TemebTan kavSiri (magaliTad, Sedarebebi
winaswarmetyvelebTan, RvTismSobelTan, macxovarTan. aqve SeiZleba,
gavixsenoT Tamari mefis samebis meoTxe wevrad miCnevis faqtic.
saxasiaToa, rom budas Tavgadasavalic ”balavarSi” qristianuladaa
gadaazrebuli!). es ufro winaswari daskvnebia. dabolos, aRvniSnav, rom
es yvelaferi mxolod winaswari eskizebia. aqac saWiroa intensiuri
kvleva.
dasasrul, oriode sityva daskvnis saxiT. arc erTi meTodologia
araa universaluri da yovlismomcveli. yoveli maTgani saSualebas
iZleva, Teoriulad ganzogaddes Sesaswavli obieqtis esa Tu is
mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic mas esaxeba ufro “prioritetulad”.
TiToeuli meTodologiis safuZvelze kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba raime
siaxlis mignebis, Zvelis axleburad warmoCenisa da gaazrebis
saSualebas iZleva. aseTi muSaoba kulturis ukeT danaxvis
SesaZleblobas mogvcems, vidre manamde gvqonda. aqedan gamomdinare,
vfiqrob, rom amgvari midgoma Sedegiani iqneboda qarTuli kulturis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi
(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)
sakiTxi saiqio_saaqaos urTierTmimarTebisa da maT Soris arsebuli
kontaqtebisASesaxeb, rac mTlianobaSi xalxis msoflxedvelobas da
samyaros agebulebis models qmnida, didi xania moeqca eTnologTa
interesis sferoSi. aRniSnul Tematikas araerTi qarTveli Tu ucxoeli
mecnieri da mkvlevari Seexo. maTi daskvnebi Tu mosazrebebi xSirad
gansxvavebulia, Tumca ara urTierTgamomricxavi, rac, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis
specifikurobam ganapiroba. qarTvelTa wamodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb da
micvalebulTa mimarT dafiqsirebuli ambivalenturi damokidebuleba,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mraval sxva sakiTxs moicavs, kvlevis amouwurav
sferos qmnis da mecnierul interess am problemisadmi kidev ufro
zrdis. Cven mimovixilavT am Temaze arsebul ZiriTadad qarTul
samecniero literaturas da SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebebi garkveuli
daskvnebis saxiT SemogTavazoT. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saiqio-
saaqaos ganvixilavT rogorc binarul opozicias, Sesabamisi
maxasiaTebeli konstruqtebiT.
adamianis azrovnebaSi yvelaze rTul da saintereso momentad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi mcdeloba, sakuTari warmodgeniT gansazRvros
sivrce, sadac igi sikvdilis Tu gardacvalebis Semdgom SeiZleba
aRmoCndes. amgvari sivrcis moZieba garemomcvel samyaroSi _ samyaros
vertikalurad Tu horizontalurad ganlagebul WrilSi _ bunebrivia,
gulisxmobda am sivrceebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTobis
garkveuli formebis arsebobas, rac, sabolood, dakavSirebuli unda
yofiliyo im saerTo wesrigTan, romelsac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
garSemo qmnida, rogorc amqveynad arsebobis pirobas. “uZvelesi
droidanve adamians mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul da mowesrigebul
kosmosSi SeeZlo cxovreba. sikvdil-sicocxlis Sesaxeb arsebuli
religiuri Sexedulebebic swored samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigis Sesaxeb
warmodgenebs asaxavs”1.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis uZvelesi
warmodgena samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb or ZiriTad moments moicavs _
erTi mxarea misi struqturuli agebuleba, meore _ misi Sinaarsobrivi
gaazreba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sivrcis dagegmareba horizontalur an
vertikalur sibrtyeSi xdeba, meore ki saaaqaod da saiqiod dayofaSi
aisaxeba2.
qarTul sinamdvileSi samyaros gaazrebas mTlianobaSi, rogorc
agebulebiT, aseve SinaarsiTa da formiT, swored saiqios Sesaxeb
arsebul warmodgenebSi vxvdebiT. qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi
warmodgeniT, saaqaos da saiqios, anu samzeosa da suleTis mimarTeba
vertkalurad ganlagebul sam sknels moicavda: zecas, samzeosa da
qvesknels. maT Sesabameboda Semdegi ferebi: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi.
“qarTveli xalxis warmarTuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, arsebobs sami
qveyana: zeda qveyana anu zeca, zeskneli, Suaskneli anu dedamiwa da qveda
qveyana, qveskneli anu qveca. adamiani samive caze moqmedebs, magram mis
mudmiv sacxovrebels Suaca warmoadgens”3. sknelebis urTierTmimarTeba
rTuli ierarqiuli sistemiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac maT Soris
droebiTi an mudmivi kavSirebis saSualebebs qmnida4. qarTvelTa mier
“qveynis” samwevrovani dayofis modeli samyaros RerZis vertikalur
WrilSi ganTavsda, rac, Tavis mxriv, religiuri azrovnebis maRali
kulturis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, i. surgulaZis
mosazrebiT, samyaros vertikaluri RerZis boloze suleTis qveyanas
SedarebiT gvian unda gadaenacvla, radgan sivrcis organizeba
Tavdapirvelad garkveuli socialuri jgufis konkretul teritoriaze
damkvidrebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul teritorias
igi pirobiTad “Sinas” uwodebda da amis sapirispirod danarCen
teritorias moiazrebda rogorc “gares”. “Sina” mowesrigebuli
socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli teritoriaa, romelic
1 surgulaZe i. sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebis saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tb., 1987, gv. 83.
2 surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornametis simbolika. Tb., 1986, gv. 109. 3 Ciqovani m. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. t. I Tb., 1938, gv. 110. 4 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII Tb., 1987, gv. 209.
horizontis xaziT esazRvreba “gares”, qaoss, stiqiaTa araorganizebulad
gamovlenis asparezs”. amgvari dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze, rodesac
Sina “aq” yofniT aRiniSneba, xolo “iq” ukve gare sivrcea, unda
aRmocenebuliyo termini saiqio _ micvalebulTa samyofeli. Sesabamisad,
saiqios Tavdapirveli gagebac gareT yofnasTan unda yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba qarTul sinamdvileSi “garesa” da saiqios
damTxvevas, mas SegviZlia davakvirdeT samegreloSi “galeniSi orTa”-s
Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis magaliTze. sityva-sityviT
galeniSi _ gareSes, velurs niSnavs. samyaros horizontalur sibrtyeSi
warmodgena saiqiosa da saaqaos koordinatebiT, rogorsac “galeniSi
orTas” SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, arqauli warmomavlobisaa da
damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebisaTvis1.
sainteresod gveCveneba qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis epilogi, sadac
sivrce swored aRniSnuli terminebiTaa gamijnuli da Sesabamisi
mniSnelobebiTaa datvirTuli:
“Wiri iqa, lxini aqa,
qato iqa, fqvili aqa ...”
rogorc davinaxeT, gare sivrcem SinasTan dapirispirebulobis
safuZvelze negatiuri konteqsti SeiZina, rac, Tavis mxriv, saiqios
mimarT damokidebulebaSi dafiqsirda da Tavad mis moxseniebaSic aisaxa.
qarTvel mTielTa rwmena-warmodgenebi saiqioze, romelic saaqaos
anarekls warmoadgenda, droTa manZilze sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
mixedviT icvleboda. cvlilebebs vxvdebiT rogorc struqturuli
agebulebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve Sinaarsobriv doneze. Tumca
sainteresod gveCveneba is faqti, rom adamianTa damokidebuleba zogadad
saiqios da iq myofTa mimarT emociur momentebTan erTad sakmaod
mdgradad Camoyalibebul elementebsac moicavda. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
saiqios aRmniSvneli terminebis ganxilva, maTSi semantikuri velis
dadgena da analizis mcdeloba. fSav-xevsureTSi saiqios Semdegi
terminebiT moixseniebdnen: “SaveTi”, “suleTi”, “samudamo qveyana” da
“Zviri qveyana”. es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT, moxseniebis calsaxa negatiur
1 giorgaZe d. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmarTuli religiuri rwmenis erTi
sakiTxis Sesaxeb (mesulTneoba). masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI, Tb., 1975, gv. 133-135.
mniSvnelobaze unda miuTiTebdes. sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi
“Zviri” ganimarteba, rogorc boroti, mankieri. daaxloebiT msgavs
ganmartebas vxvdebiT d. CubinaSvili Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba “SaveTs”, Savi qvesknelis simboluri feria,
danarCeni ori sknelis (Suasknelis da zesknelis) Sesabamisi wiTeli da
TeTri feris sapirispirod, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa, miwasTan,
sxeulis gansasvenebelTan iyos dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, cnobilia,
rom fSav-xevsurTa warmodgeniT, saiqios yvelaze did sikeTed sinaTle
iTvleboda, romlis gavrcelebis xarisxic gardacvlil sulebze maTi
codva-madlianobis mixedviT nawildeboda. madliani sulebi sinaTlesTan
axlos imyofebodnen, naklebad madlianni _ moSorebiT, codvilni ki
saerTod bnelSi iyvnen. xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom “SaveTis”
aRniSvnaSi codvilTa samyofeli bneleTic aisaxa. maSin roca TviT
codvilis sinonimi _ damnaSave, damSavebeli semantikurad Sav fers
ukavSirdeba. rac Seexeba suleTs, bunebrivia igi sulTa samyofels
gulisxmobda da saiqio saaqaosgan swored am niSniT gamoiyofoda. xolo
saiqios moxsenieba, rogorc “samudamo qveynisa” unda amZafrebdes
adamianis gancdebs wuTisoflis xanmokleobisa da misi aucileblad
datovebis gamo, Tundac samudamo netarebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia rom
saiqios Sesaxeb warmodgenebSi samoTxis scenebi, jojoxeTTan SedarebiT,
mokrZalebulia. k. hani svanTa saiqios daxasiaTebisas xazgasmiT
SeniSnavs, rom aq samoTxis siameni sakmaod mwiria. qarTvel mTielTa
warmodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb mdidaria jojoxeTis, codvaTa gamo
sasjelis migebis scenebiT, agreTve diferencirebul sasjelTa
raodenobiT, rasac sabolood imis garkveuli garantia unda Seeqmna, rom
Tu adamiani saaqaos danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi mis dafarvas
moaxerxebda, an saTanadod ar daisjeboda, saiqios aucileblad
moekiTxeboda. gardacvlilTaTvis saaqaos Cadenili codva-madlis _
dafarulis Tu daufaravis _ mokiTxva Temis wevrebisaTvis qcevis
regulirebis erTgvar meqanizmad iqceoda. aRniSnul rwmena-warmodgenebSi
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da Temis Sida urTierTobebis regulirebis
meqanizmebi gamoikveTeba.
amgvari damokidebuleba saiqiosadmi, rogorc saaqaos binaruli
opoziciisadmi, bunebrivia, gulisxmobda maT Soris sakontaqto formebis
gansazRvras, rac maT Soris urTierTobis regulirebas uzrunvelyofda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ambivalentur damokidebulebas vxvdebiT
gardacvlilTadmi damokidebulebaSic. micvalebuli, erTi mxriv,
uwmindurad iTvleboda, meore mxriv, rogorc RmerTTan daaxloebul
arsebas, daxmarebisTvisac mimarTavdnen. qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT,
saiqios binadrebTan kontaqti, pirobiTad, ori saxiT xorcieldeba _
pirdapir da Suamavlis, mediatoris meSveobiT. pirvelis sailustraciod
movitanT rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb samegreloSi da
lifanalis tradicias svaneTSi. galeniSi orTas micvalebulTa sulebs
saqonlis sadgomSi udgamdnen da pirutyvTa mfarvelobas sTxovdnen.
ojaxis uforosi maT sakvebiT umaspinZldeboda da pativiscemiT
acilebda.
rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb saintereso
paralelebi eZebneba svanur lifanalTan, sadac aseve stumrad mosuli
micvalebulTa sulebis pativsacemad iSleboda sufra. svanebis rwmeniT,
maTi keTildReoba da bed-iRbali swored micvalebulTa sulebis
keTilganwyobaze iyo damokidebuli. rogorc galeniSi orTaSi, aseve
lifanalSi vxvdebiT pirdapiri komunikaciis formebs, rodesac cocxali
adamianebi micvalebulTa sulebTan pirdapir kontaqts amyareben
yovelgvari mediatoris gareSe. sinamdvileSi, warmodgenebi galeniSi
orTasa da lifanalTan dakavSirebiT msoflios sxvadasxva xalxSi
gavrcelebul rwmenas emyareba, romlis mixedviTac, gardacvlilTa
sulebs didi zemoqmedebis unari aqvT saaqao cxovrebaze. maT SeuZliaT
rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana TavianTi
axloblebisaTvis, rac maTdami gamoxatuli ganwyobebis adekvaturia.
maTve miaweren winaswarmetyvelebis unars. ase magaliTad, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi sjeraT, rom “saiqios yvelafers adre gaigeben,
Tu samzeos vis ra moelis. pirvelad suleTSi gaarCeven samzeos bed-
iRbals da samzeos saiqios ganaCenis Tanaxmad moxdeba yvelaferi”1.
amgvarad, bedisweris saiqiosTan dakavSireba adamians uadvilebda misTvis
auxsneli movlenebis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas.
adamiani cdilobda, gaSinaureboda sikvdils da, Sesabamisad,
gaekontrolebina kidevac is, rac misTvis jer kidev ucnobi da saSiSi
1 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze..., gv. 208.
iyo. rac Seexeba “galeniSi orTas”, aq micvalebulTa sulebi TiTqmis
adamianisa da saqonlis mfarveli RvTaebis donemde arian ayvanilni.
kvleviT dasturdeba suleTisa da nadirTa samyaros, anu gares sruli
damTxveva, rogorc sivrcis kordinatebiT, ise semantikuri aspeqtebiT1.
m. makalaTias mier Segrovebuli masalebidan irkveva, rom galeniSs
melogine qalebs da avadmyof bavSvebsac umarTavdnen, aseve axlad
xbomogebul Zroxas. manve xevsureTSi saqonelze micvalebulTa
zemoqmedebis faqtebi daafiqsira2.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba mSobiare qalebis CarTva
mocemul konteqstSi. rogorc cnobilia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi qali fexmZimobis bolo ramdenime Tves ojaxis, zog
SemTxvevaSi soflis (“Sinas”) gareT atarebda. radgan fexmZime qali
uwmindurad iTvleboda, mas ar aZlevdnen uflebas Seelaxa wminda “Sida”
sivrce. metic, garkveuli akrZalvebi fexmZime qalis meuRlesac exeboda.
mas ar SeeZlo xatis mimdebare teritoriaze moZraoba. qali
reproduqciul funqcias axorcielebda gare sivrceSi. mxolod mTeli
rigi ganmwmendi ritualebis Semdeg brundeboda igi Sin ojaxis,
sazogadoebis axal wevrTan erTad. amdenad, qali (deda) axali
sicocxlisaTvis axal sivrceSi damkvidrebis procesSi erTgvar
mediatorad gvevlineba. qali tradiciulad asocirdeba gare sivrcesTan,
miwier sawyisTan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic zeciurTan kavSirSi
ganixileboda.
amave konteqstSi logikurad jdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi dafiqsirebuli mesulTnis instituti. mesulTnes sulis
mkiTxavsac eZaxdnen. mesulTne aucileblad qali unda yofiliyo. mas
mimarTavdnen sxvadasxva dros ojaxSi avadmyofobis an sxva rTuli
SemTxvevisas. mesulTnes movaleobas Seadgenda micvalebulis sulsa da
cocxal adamianebs Soris Suamavloba. igi sulis meened iTvleboda.
xalxSi damowmebuli terminSi “mesulTne (sulTana)” _ sulis mkiTxavi _
sulis magivrad molaparake igulisxmeba, samzeoSi cocxali
naTesavebisaTvis sulis survilebis ganmcxadebeli. mesulTne Tavisi
1 bardaveliZe v. qarTveli xalxis religiuri azrovnebis istoriidan
(mravalsulianobis koncefcia). // mimomxilveli, I Tb., 1949, gv. 127. 2 RuduSauri T. qarTveli xalxis sulieri kultura XIX saukunis mermenul wyaroebSi.
disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2001.
qceviT da funqciebiT Zalian mogvagonebs qadags, romelic xatis msaxuri,
xalxsa da RvTaebebs Soris Suamavali iyo, Tumca erTi gansxvavebiT:
RvTis msaxuri, rogorc wesi, mamakaci unda yofiliyo. Znelbedobisas
xalxi jer qadags mimarTavda, Tu xatis msaxuri ver SeZlebda
daxmarebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesulTnes miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne sulSi
wasvlis dros miwaze wveboda, Tavs imkvdarunebda da butbuts iwyebda _
sulebs mimarTavda. “micvalebuli mesulTnes saSualebiT Tavis patrons
sTxovda “saxelsadebebs sagZlad” an “wyrulis Sesaxvevs”, fexsacmels,
windebs. zogi iTxovda tablis dadgmas, cxenis dakurTxebas, Tu
Wirisufali bevrs tiroda, es micvalebuls awuxebda da sulis mkiTxavis
saSualebiT sTxovda tirilis Sewyvetas, radgan tansacmeli cremlisgan
maqvs dasvelebulio. Wirispatroni sulis moTxovnas usityvod
asrulebda. suli ara mxolod Txovnebsa da survilebs gamoxatavda
cocxlad darCenil adamianTa mimarT, sanacvlod igi maT survilebsac
usrulebda.
rogorc davinaxeT, micvalebulTa sulebs didi gavlena SeiZleba
hqonodaT amqveynad mimdinare procesebze, axlobelTa keTildReobasa da
ubedobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT,
gardacvlilTa sulebs saiqioSi adamianuri Tvisebebi hqondaT,
amavdroulad, sulTa mdgomareoba saiqioSi mniSvnelovnad iyo
damokidebuli saaqaos micvalebulTa sulebis moxseniebaze, maTTvis
sakurTxi sufrebis momzadebaze. rogorc irkveva, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli sulis saxeli, romelsac
pirovneba jvris, naTlobis da Serqmeul saxelTan erTad atarebda
swored micvalebulTan mudmivi kontaqtis saSualeba iyo. micvalebuli
TviTon gamoxatavs iniciativas misi saxeli daerqvas amqveynad darCenil
STamomavals. xalxis rwmeniT, sulis saxelis xSiri xseneba amqveynad
micvalebulisaTvis sasurveli da sapatioc iyo, riTac igi saaqaosTan
kontaqtis SenarCunebas axerxebda. Tavis mxriv, micvalebulis saxelis
matarebeli sulis mfarvelobis qveS iyo. sulis saxelis darqmeva,
rogorc wesi, bavSvis umizezo tiriliT iwyeboda. aseT dros ityodnen,
bavSvs suli “enukviso”. Semdgom micvalebuli an sizmris saSualebiT
aniSnebda ojaxs survils, misi saxeli darqmeoda bavSvs, Tu ara da
mSoblebi sulis mkiTxavs miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne gaarkvevda, visi sulis
saxeli unda rqmeoda bavSvs.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dafiqsirebuli mesulTnis
institutisa da bavSvisaTvis sulis saxelis darqmevis tradiciis
magaliTze SegviZlia davakvirdeT saiqiosa da saaqaos Soris
urTierTobebs, romelsac permanentuli xasiaTi hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
amgvari urTierTobebis gabmisa da daregulirebis kompetencia qalebs
ekuTnodaT. es komunikaciisaTvis garkveul saSualebebs qmnida. garda
droebiTi, perioduli kontaqtebisa, saiqiosa da saaqaos Soris
simbolurad arsebobda myari, mudmivi kontaqtebi. aseTi kontaqtebis
simboloebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saiqioSi koSki, alvis xe da Citebi,
romlebic moZraoben sknelebs Soris. xe ki, rogorc cnobilia, sami
sknelis damakavSirebeli universaluri simboloa.
saaqao-saqios urTierTebasTan dakavSirebiT eTnologiur
mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis zogadi mimoxilva, romelic
Cven erTgvari kompilaciis saxiT SemogTavazeT, garkveuli daskvnebis
gamotanis saSualebas iZleva:
qarTvelTa uZveles religiur msoflaRqmaSi samyaro samwevra
modelis saxiTaa wamodgenili, romlis TiToeul danayofs gansazRvruli
feriTa da simboloebiT datvirTuli skneli Seesabameba
es modeli vertikalur da horizontalur sibrtyeSia warmodgenili
(qveskneli, Suaskneli, zeskneli da saiqio-saaqao, Sesabamisad _ Sina-
gare), Cven SevecadeT maTi aRmniSvneli terminebis mniSvnelobaTa
dadgenas garkveuli daskvnebic SemogTavazeT. igulisxmeba saiqiosaTvis
negatiuri konstruqtebis miwera.
saiqios da saaqaos Soris uwyvetad arsebobs myari an droebiTi
kontaqtebi, komunikaciis formebi da saSualebebi (simboluri Tu
realuri adamianis saxiT).
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
giorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZe
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi
religiur teqstTa stilistikis mkvlevrebi xSirad miuTiTeben am
teqstebis alegoriul xasiaTze, rac TiTqmis yvela wminda wignis saerTo
damaxasiaTebeli niSania. alegoriuloba ganpirobebulia saTqmelis
mniSvnelobiT, romlis Sesaxebac pirdapiri laparaki gaaubraloebda
saRvTo azrs da mas amqveynuri samarTlis kanonTa CarCoSi moaqcevda.
amitomac alegorias wminda teqstis stilistikaSi TiTqmis erTi
funqciuri datvirTva aqvs _ naTqvams amaRlebuli, zeaweuli elferi
mianiWos da auditorias azris ramdenimedoniani interpretaciis
SesaZlebloba dautovos.
abraamistul religiaTa tradiciaSi RvTis adamianTan urTierTobis
modelic ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve garkveul alegorias efuZneba. sinas
mTaze cecxliT mobriale mayvlovani aris xati, romelic ufalma miwaze,
fizikur ganzomilebaSi, Tavis gasacxadeblad airCia. faqtobrivad, es
aris simbolo, sadac mocemulia garsi, romlis meSveobiTac SegviZlia
arsze mxolod miaxloebiTi warmodgena viqonioT. am TvalsazrisiT,
mayvlovanis cneba uaxlovdeba igavis im ganmartebas, rasac sulxan-saba
orbeliani Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ gvTavazobs: `igavi _ ese ars sityviT
magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi”1.
tipologiurad amave rigis movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme RvTis
gankacebis qristianuli ideis SemTxvevaSi. ieso qristes sityvebic:
`romelman mixila me, ixila mamai Cemi zecaTai~ gansxvavebul ideur-
Teologiur safuZvelze mayvlovanis iudaistur (bibliur) arqetips
imeorebs. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa `xorcSesxmuli logosis~
(gankacebuli sityvis) cnebac, rogorc arsisa da garsis mTlianobis
alegoria.
sityvaSi RvTis gacxadebis ideis varirebas vxedavT islamSic,
sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos erT-erT saxels `qalimaT al-lah~ _
alahis sityva _ warmoadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaziarebuli
logosis qristanuli idea. islamSi RvTis saxe, WeSmariti arsi
1 orbeliani s.-s.. sityvis kona. ilia abulaZis redaqciiT t. I, Tb., 1990 gv. 322.
adamianisaTvis dafarulia. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ZiriTadad, gviqmnis
gamocxadeba, romelic muhamad mociquls gabriel mTavarangelozis
meSveobiT mieca da romelic teqstis _ yuranis saxiT iqna fiqsirebuli.
teqsti SeiZleba SeviswavloT im meTodologiiT, rac SemuSavebulia
literaturismcodneobis mier, anu miviRoT igi, rogorc mxatvruli
mTlianoba da TiToeuli mxatvrul-literaturuli xerxis ganxilvis
safuZvelze vawarmooT misi mTliani analizi.
am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom igavi, romlis klasikuri
ganmartebac aseTia: `mokle alegoriuli moTxroba an leqsi zneobriv-
damrigebluri Sinaarsisa”1, saxarebisa da yuranis mxatvruli azrovnebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored igavis safuZvelze erTiandeba yvela is
mxatvruli xerxi, romelic am saRvTo wignebsa da, gansakuTrebiT,
yuranSi aris mocemuli. yuranSi imitom, rom aq narativs erTaderTi
funqcia akisria: ambavi moTxrobilia, rogorc garkveuli azrisa da
ideis ilustracia, rogorc magaliTi, romelSic kacma sakuTari Tavi
unda amoicnos da Sesabamisi daskvnebi gaakeTos.
amdenad, sainteresoa TviTon termini, romelic yuranSi sxvadasxva
azriT gamoiyeneba da romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cven `igavad~ gadmogvaqvs.
girgasis `yuranisa da arabuli qrestomaTiis leqsikonSi~
vkiTxulobT: ` ا78>ل_ 678 _ msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi”2.
ganmartebaTa da mniSvnelobaTa es speqtri, praqtikulad, imeorebs
im definicias, rasac sulxan-saba igavTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs. igavi
es aris magaliTi, romlis meSveobiTac kacs msgavs movlenaTa SedarebiT
maT arsSi Cawvdomis saSualeba eZleva. am mxriv, saxarebisa da bibliuri
istoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac Txroba gabmulad mimdinareobs,
yuranis narativi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `masali~, rogorc igavi.
yuranSi TiToeuli ambavi moyolilia adamianTa Segonebis, ganswavlis,
gafrTxilebis mizniT da amitomac es ambebi bibliis (Zveli da axali
aRTqmis) teqstTa tradiciaze aRzrdili mkiTxvelisTvis aRniSnuli
teqstebis moTxrobaTa da calkeul pasaJTa usistemo nazavis
STabeWdilebas axdens. Tumca es garegnuli usistemoba im mxatvruli
1 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 384. 2 Словарь к арабской хрестоматий и Корану. Cоставитель проф. В. Гиргас, Казань, 1881, с. 746.
funqciis Sedegia, rac yuranSi narativis igavur-alegoriul formas
eniWeba.
muslimi RvTismetyvelebi, wminda wignis alegoriulobaze
saubrisas, xSirad miuTiTeben motivaciaze, riTac gapirobebulia am
teqstebisa da konkretulad _ yuranis alegoriuli xasiaTi. kerZod,
`jalal ainisa~ da baidavis komentarTa mixedviT, `masali~ _ igavi
saRvTo wignSi gamoyenebulia imitom, rom RmerTs adamianur enaze
eTargmna kacTa gonebisaTvis Znelad misawvdomi cnebebi da
Rirebulebebi1.
TavianT am Tezas muslimi komentatorebi isev garkveuli alegoriis
meSveobiT asabuTeben. qaSefis komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Tuki
movindomebT uwlovan bavSvs seqsualuri aqtiT miRebul siamovnebaze
vesaubroT, iZulebuli viqnebiT mas iseTi Sedareba movuyvanoT, rac
bavSvis gonebisaTvis garkveul siamovnebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.
kerZod, albaT unda vuTxraT, rom seqsualuri siamovneba hgavs
tkbileulis Wamas. amasTan, es Sedareba mxolod Soreuli anarekli
iqneba im sinamdvilisa, razedac vsaubrobT. zustad asevea RvTis mier
adamianisaTvis moyvanil magaliTTa (amsal) SemTxvevaSic. samwuxarod,
Cveni miwieri goneba imdenad SezRudulia, rom Znelia, xSirad ki
SeuZlebelia RvTiuri azri mTeli siRrmiTa da ZalmosilebiT aRiqvas.
amitomac religiuri teqstis ena Cvens dasamoZRvrad metaforas,
Sedarebasa da gansakuTrebiT igavs iyenebs, raTa naTqvamis WeSmarit
sazrisTan ase mainc migvaaxlovos”2.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac wminda
teqstis stilistikaSi igavis gamoyenebas eniWeba. amitomac, am teqstTa
mxatvruli qsovilis Seswavla swored igavis funqciaTa garkveviT unda
daiwyos.
1 Tafsir al-jalalain, t. I, kairo, 1961 (arabul enaze), gv. 259. 2 Tafsir-e qaSef, t. V, Teirani, 1376 mzis hijris kalendriT (sparsul enaze), gv. 157.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSipopulaciaSipopulaciaSipopulaciaSi
saxeldebis problema erT-erTi uZvelesi problemaTagania. sakiTxi,
rogoria sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli
kavSiris buneba, ratom ewodeba am sagans es saxeli da ara sxva,
antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde warmoadgens cxare diskusiis sagans.
Zvel saberZneTSi gacxovelebuli diskusia mimdinareobda imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs ama Tu im sagnis saxels, ratom ewodeba
konkretul sagans es saxeli.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqves heraklitem,
demokritem, protagoram, epikurelebma, stoelebma, skeptikosebma da
sxvebma. xolo platonis dialogSi “kratili” problema detaluradaa
ganxiluli.
platonTan vnaxulobT miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa
erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT enis leqsikur fondSi Sesul sityvaTa
saxeldeba (sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSireba) da
sakuTari saxelebis mqone movlenebis saxeldeba (sakuTari saxelebis
mqone sagnebisaTvis da adamianebisaTvis saxelebis mikuTvneba).
problemisadmi interesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda meoce saukuneSi da
igi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis, fsiqologiisa da filosofiis erT-erT
aqtualur sakiTxad gadaiqca. kulturis mecnierebebSi ki es problema
aqtualuria misi mWidro kavSiris gamo azrovnebisa da metyvelebis
urTierTmimarTebis, enis da enobrivi niSnis bunebis raobis, enis
warmoSobis, metyvelebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmis, enebisa da
kulturebis mravalferovnebis, enisa da kulturis
urTierTganpirobebulobis sakiTxebTan. es ukanaskneli Cveni kvlevis
erT-erTi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. swored enisa da
kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxis dadgena warmoadgens
kvlevis erT-erT mizans.
ukve didi xania Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba
sakuTri miznebisaTvis erTmaneTis kvlevis meTodebsa da Sedegebs iyenebs.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TandaTan mkvidrdeba interdisciplinuri midgoma.
marTalia, saqarTveloSi, jerjerobiT interdisciplinur muSaobas
farTo masStabebi ar miuRia, magram aseTi magaliTebi, sakmaod
warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli, mainc mogvepoveba. winamdebare kvlevac
interdisciplinuri gaxlavT. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebis
daxmarebiT, SevecadeT, Segveswavla kulturis mecnierebaTa zogierTi
problema, kerZod, saganTa saxeldebis sakiTxi. Sedegebis damuSaveba da
gaanalizeba vcadeT CvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxiT.
eTnolingvistikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis b. uorfis sityviT, enis
struqtura qmnis gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac azrovnebs am enaze
mosaubre adamiani. Tavad enis struqturis Camoyalibebaze ki
ganmsazRvrel gavlenas am enis matarebeli sazogadoebisa Tu eTnosis
kulturuli faseulobebi axdens. adamianebi cxovroben sakuTar enobriv
samyaroSi da misi meSveobiT gamoxataven sakuTar Tavs.
yoveli Taoba enas wina Taobisgan mza saxiT iRebs. saxeldebis
obieqtis Sinaarsi ama Tu im saxis asociaciis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba
saxelmdeblis mier memkvidreobiT miRebul enobriv masalas.
enis Sevseba da ganaxleba ucxo enidan axali sityvebis Semosvlisa
da sakuTriv enis farglebSi sityvaTwarmoqmnis gziT mimdinareobs.
amjerad Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvainteresebs. enis leqsikaSi meore
gziT warmoqmnili sityvebi SeiZleba daiyos or, erTmaneTisgan
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul kategoriad. sityvaTa erTi jgufi
pirvelqmnadobis gziT aris miRebuli, e. i. sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da
mniSvnelobis urTierTdakavSireba moxda raime ukve arsebuli saxeldebis
monawileobis gareSe; da sityvaTa meore jgufi, romelic Seqmnilia
mxolod ukve arsebuli enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT. Tumca
mecnierebaSi arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric _ sityvebi, romlebic
enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT aris miRebuli, savsebiT ar
arian moklebulni pirvelqmnadobis elementebs.
qarTul leqsikaSi arsebobs Zalzed saintereso saxelebi. am
SemTxvevaSi Cven arCevani yvavilebze SevaCereT. saxelebi, rogoricaa
cxeniskbila, cisTvala da sxv. Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis naklebad
cnobilia1.
imisaTvis, rom dagvedgina kulturisa da enis
urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxi, gadavwyviteT konkretuli kvlevis
Catareba.
kvleva Catarda 5-13 wlis (Sesabamisad, I_IV klasis) 70 bavSvTan. cdis
pirTaTvis saxeldebisaTvis SeTavazebuli iyo 6 saxis yvavili:
cxeniskbila, cisTvala, furisula, narcisi, guguliskaba, iacindi. TiToO
saxelsadeb Sinaarsze cdis piri orjer axdenda saxeldebas. sul
saxelmdebeli saxeldebas axdenda 12-jer. saxeldebis procesSive
zustdeboda, Tu ra warmoadgenda saxeldebis kriteriums TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi.
1 vgulisxmobT Tbiliss, radgan kvleva jerjerobiT mxolod aq Catarda da Cven
dazustebiT ver vityviT, cnoben Tu ara am yvavilebs, Tavisi saxelebiT, regionebSi.
1%1%1%1%
2%2%2%2%
3%3%3%3%
3%3%3%3%
4%4%4%4%
5%5%5%5%
5%5%5%5%
8%8%8%8%
10%10%10%10%
11%11%11%11%
14%14%14%14%
16%16%16%16%
18%18%18%18%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
sakuTari saxelebi
feri
sxva mcenare da
mcenaris nawilebi
gamogonili sityvebi
humanizacia
forma zoma
cxovelebi da
frinvelebi
nivTebi
ciuri sxeulebi
weliwadis droebi da
amindi
mikuTvneba
(geografiuli da kerZo)
ricxvebi
zebunebrivi arsebebi
grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis
procentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebi
centrirebuli niSnebis anu saxeldebis kriteriumebis msgavsebis
mixedviT Cven saSualeba mogveca saxeldebebi dagvejgufebina 13 jgufad:
“sakuTari saxelebi”; “feri”, “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi”;
“gamogonili”; “humanizacia”; “forma da zoma”; “cxovelebi da
frinvelebi”; “nivTebi”; “ciuri sxeulebi”; “weliwadis droebi da amindi”;
“mikuTvneba (kerZo da geografiuli)”; “ricxvebi”; “zebunebrivi arsebebi”.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevadgineT grafikebi, romlebidanac SegviZlia
aSkarad davinaxoT rogorc ZiriTadi centrirebuli niSnebi da maTi
procentuli maCveneblebi, agreTve is Taviseburebani, romlebic asakobriv
da sqesobriv gansxvavebebs Soris gamovlinda (ix. grafiki 1, grafiki 2).
15%15%15%15%
85%85%85%85%
30%30%30%30%
70%70%70%70%
58%58%58%58%
42%42%42%42%
50%50%50%50%
50%50%50%50%
55%55%55%55%
45%45%45%45%
43%43%43%43%
57%57%57%57%
70%70%70%70%
30%30%30%30%
60%60%60%60%
40%40%40%40%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
sakuTari saxelebi
feri
sxva mcenare da
mcenaris nawilebi
gamogonili sityvebi
humanizacia
forma zoma
cxovelebi da
frinvelebi
nivTebi
grafiki 2grafiki 2grafiki 2grafiki 2
mdedrobiTi mamrobiTi
jgufSi “sakuTari saxelebi” SegviZlia, gamovyoT ori qvejgufi:
naTesavebis saxelebi da cnobili adamianebi (ZiriTadad, politikosebi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari saxelebi, rogorc saxeldebis kriteriumi,
yvelaze did procents Seadgens da aqedan umravlesoba naTesavebis
saxelebia, rac qarTul sazogadoebaSi naTesauri kavSirebis
mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs (ix. grafiki 3).
grafiki 3.grafiki 3.grafiki 3.grafiki 3.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"
(18%)(18%)(18%)(18%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
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20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
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100%
I-II III-IV V-VI
sakuTari saxelebis Semdeg yvelaze didi procents feris mixedviT
saxeldeba Seadgens. kvlevis Catarebisas gamoikveTa erTi saintereso
momenti _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi darqmeuli feri ar Seesabameba yvavilis
namdvil fers, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmdebelma icis ra ferisaa
saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sinamdvileSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ferebic da
sxva saxeldebebic nawarmoebia ZiriTadad ori sityvidan. magaliTad,
“yviTelyura”, “gulyviTela”, “mwvanefoTleba”, “lurjfurcela” da sxva
(ix. grafiki 4).
jgufSi “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi” gaerTianebulia
saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebuli niSani aris erT SemTxvevaSi sxva
mcenaris saxelebi, mag. “buCqi”, “xe”, “balaxa”, “kitra”, meore SemTxvevaSi
_ mcenaris nawilebi: “foTlovani”, “kvirti”, “grZelRerovani” (ix. grafiki
5).
grafiki 4.grafiki 4.grafiki 4.grafiki 4.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"
(16%)(16%)(16%)(16%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
I-II III-IV V-VI
grafiki 5.grafiki 5.grafiki 5.grafiki 5.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris
nawilebi"nawilebi"nawilebi"nawilebi"
(14%)(14%)(14%)(14%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
I-II III-IV V-VI
“basiko”, “lica”, “fCxola”, “onja”, “koroxika”, “WaWa yaWa”,
“dabesila”, “nuxuna”, “orebula”, “lorabana”, “goprana”, “megroka”,
“bulxa”, “yuCana” “galoza”, “dua”, “furula”, “ceka”, “simbolva”,
“laruna”, “tylamiwi”. . . aseTi saxeldebebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.
eseni is sityvebia, romlebic enis leqsikonSi ar arsebobs, swored
amitom am saxeldebaTa jgufs vuwodeT “gamogonili”. aRsaniSnavia
asakobrivi Tavisebureba (ix. grafiki 6).
grafiki 6.grafiki 6.grafiki 6.grafiki 6.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"
(11%)(11%)(11%)(11%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
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100%
I-II III-IV V-VI
humanizaciaSi vgulisxmobT mcdelobas yvavilebis “gaadamianebisa”.
ufro konkretulad, es aris saxeldebebi romelTa centrirebul niSnad
gvevlineba adamianis sxeulis nawilebi, adamianis saqmianobis sferoebi an
kidev yvavilebisaTvis adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis miwera
_ “Tvali”, “TiTa”, “xeli”, “yuri”, “uzrdeli”, “gabrazebuli”,
“gulmaviwyi”, “kargi”, “grZelTvala”, “maniaki”, “mezobeli” “quCisbiWa”,
“megobari”, “Tma”, “qorwila” “yizilbaSa”, “indiela” da sxv. (ix. grafiki
7).
“fuCeCa”, “miwiana”, “veberTela”, “gaburZgnuli”, “TavCaRunuli”,
“gaSlila”, “SeWuWunela”, “dakvnetila”, “mozrdili”, “patara”, “susti”,
“Txela”, “farfata”, “aylayuda”, “maRalyeliani”, “grZelfoTola” _
saxeldebis kriteriums warmoadgens forma da zoma. aRsaniSnavia,
Serqmevisas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `a~-s momenti1, romelic yvelaze
mkafiod, feris, formis da zomis mixedviT saxeldebisas gamoikveTa (ix.
grafiki 8).
grafiki 7.grafiki 7.grafiki 7.grafiki 7.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"
(10%)(10%)(10%)(10%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
I-II III-IV V-VI
jgufSi “cxovelebi da frinvelebi” gaerTianebulia saxeldebebi,
romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens cxovelebi, frinvelebi da
mwerebi _ “peplis yvavili”, “virZroxa”, “TuTiyuSi”, “Rori”, “ku”, “gveli”,
“lomi”, “virTxa”, “wruwuna”, “arwivi”, “yvavi”, “spilosxorTuma”, “matli”
(ix. grafiki 9).
sainteresoa saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens
nivTebi, ufro xSirad sayofacxovrebo nivTebi _ “CanTa”,2 “qurTuki”,
“karada”, “saxli”, “troleibusi”, “manqana”, “saqanela”, “zari”, “cocxi”,
1 vgulisxmobT Serqmeuli sityvis a-ze daboloebas. 2 isic unda iTqvas, rom es Taoba ar aris dazRveuli barbarizmebis, kerZod
rusizmebisgan. magaliTad, “qurTukis” nacvlad gvTavazobdnen “kurtkas”, gvxvdeboda aseve “zmeika” da sxva.
“aqandazi”, “parki”, “fanqari”, “violino”, “merxi”, “mikrofoni”, “antena”,
“aieti”... (ix. grafiki 10).
jgufSi “mikuTvneba” gamoikveTa ori saxis mikuTvneba. pirveli,
rodesac yvavilis akuTvneben kerZo pirs _ “mezoblis yvavili”,
“maswavleblis yvavili”; da meore, rodesac akuTvneben geografiul
adgils _ “mTisyvavili”, “zRvis yvavili”, “quCis yvavili”.
grafiki 8.grafiki 8.grafiki 8.grafiki 8.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"
(8%)(8%)(8%)(8%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli
0%
10%
20%
30%
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50%
60%
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I-II III-IV V-VI
grafiki 9.grafiki 9.grafiki 9.grafiki 9.
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grafiki 10.grafiki 10.grafiki 10.grafiki 10.
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(5%)(5%)(5%)(5%)
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I-II III-IV V-VI
eqsperimentis pirobebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, erTi da igive
saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva
struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es sxvadasxvaoba, ZiriTadad, vlindeba
am Sinaarsis cnobierebaSi warmodgenili niSnis sxvadasxvaobiT.
centrirebul niSnad ar gvevlineba yovelTvis saxelsadebis
arsebiTi niSani. xSirad aseTad saxelsadebi Sinaarsis meorexarisxovani
niSani figurirebs, anda saxelsadebiT gamowveuli subieqturi
mdgomareoba. es daskvna sruliad misaRebi iqneboda fsiqologisaTvis,
magram vfiqrobT, kulturis mecnierebaTa farglebSi rCeba garkveuli
kiTxvebi. daskvna sxvagvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes _ kvlevis Sedegebi,
romlis mixedviT sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva
struqturis warmodgenili saxeldebebi msgavsi da, zog SemTxvevaSi
identuric ki aris, gvaZlevs sababs vifiqroT, rom sxvadasxva cdispiris
cnobierebaSi saxelsadebi Sinaarsi arc sxvadasxvagvari da arc
identuria, aramed msgavsi struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es
ganpirobebuli unda iyos koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, tradiciebiT, wes-
CveulebebiT, yofiTi kulturiT, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, kulturiT.
marTalia, Cven am monacemebiT jer ar SegviZlia saboloo daskvnebis
gamotana, radgan es mxolod pirveladi Sedegebia, magram vfiqrobT,
Zalzed saintereso unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve gamoikveTa
saxeldebis procesis kulturuli ganpirobebuloba. jerjerobiT kvleva
Catarda mxolod erT asakobriv jgufSi (bavSvebSi) da mxolod TbilisSi.
es kvlevis mxolod erTi nawilia. kvlevis Catarebas vgegmavT sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufSi, aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebis
adamianebze. ar SemovifargebliT mxolod TbilisiT, kvleva Catardeba
regionebSic, rac Zalzed saintereso unda iyos, radgan Tavis droze
aRniSnuli yvavilebis saxeldeba, savaraudod, swored im sivrceSi unda
momxdariyo.
TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi
jonajonajonajonaTan foqsi Tan foqsi Tan foqsi Tan foqsi
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc
konfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis roli
Jonathan Fox. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause
of Conflict
(Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.9, No.1, Spring 2003, pp.101-125. Published by Frank
Cass, London)
am gamokvlevaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom kamaTi
politikaSi religis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, gapirobebulia Semdegi
faqtiT: religia gansxvavebul rols asrulebs, erTis mxriv, mesame samyaroSi
da, meores mxriv, dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi.
Sesabamisad, kamaTi mimdinareobs im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic yuradRebas
msoflios am gansxvavebul nawilebze amaxvileben. riskis qveS myofi
umciresobebisa da arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi
cxadyofs, rom religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT didia mesame samyaroSi da rom
1990-ian wlebamde religiuri xasiaTisa iyo mesame samyaros konfliqtebis
umravlesoba, 1990-ian wlebSi ki viTareba Seicvala da religiuri xasiaTi
SeiZina konfliqtTa umetesobam dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis
qveynebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mediam, mecnierebma da politikosebma daiwyes
yuradRebis gamaxvileba religiaze, rogorc konfliqtis mizezze, religiis
aRiareba konfliqtis mizezad, agreTve misi gavlenis sakiTxi politikasa da
sazogadoebaze mainc sakamaToa. mravali mecnieri, adre Tu dRes, amtkicebs, rom
Tanamedrove periodSi religia ar axdens gavlenas sazogadoebriv sferoze;
zogis azriT ki misi gavlena pirad sferozec mcirdeba. avtori cdilobs
daasabuTos, rom am gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mizezia konfliqtSi
religiis rolis gansxvavebuloba mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur demokratiebsa da
yofil sabWoTaAblokSi [1]. aqedan gamomdinare, isini, vinc Seiswavlian
msoflios sxvadasxva regions, SeiZleba mividnen sxvadasxva daskvnamde
konfliqtze religiis gavlenis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. es argumenti
Semowmebulia 1990-iani wlebis eTnikuri konfliqtebis moSveliebiT, monacemTa
ori bazis gamoyenebiT: umciresobebi riskis qveS da arSemdgari saxelmwifo.
113
monacemTa orive es baza kombinirebulia religiis Sesaxeb damoukideblad
Segrovil monacemebTan.
religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod
dRes religiis mniSvnelobis problemaze kamaTis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa
msjeloba imis Taobaze, ra gavlena hqonda da aqvs Tanamedroveobas religiaze.
1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis politikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa
umravlesoba iziarebda modernizaciis skolis Tvalsazriss, romelic
amtkicebda, rom dRes iseTi Zireuli faqtorebi, rogorebicaa eTnikuroba da
religia, TandaTan kargaven mniSvnelobas [2]. modernizaciis Teoria yuradRebas
amaxvilebda eTnikurobaze, romelic aSkarad moicavda religiasac. religiis
sakiTxze modernizaciis TeoretikosTa Sexedulebebis mSvenier mimoxilvaSi
Sahliyeh aRniSnavs:
socialuri ganviTarebis Semswavlelni varaudobdnen, rom ganaTleba, urbanizacia, dasaqmebis Tanamedrove SesaZleblobebi, teqnologia, mecnieruli miRwevebi, aseve axali da ufro rTuli socialuri organizaciebi, aucileblad migviyvanda sekularizaciis gavrcelebamde, pluralizmamde da politikur diferenciaciamde mTeli msoflios masStabiT. savaraudod, es cvlilebebi gamoiwvevda agreTve axali faseulobebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilis aTvisebas, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirdeboda religiur tradiciebs. fiqrobdnen, rom modernizaciis gavrcelebasTan erTad tradiciuli religiuri institutebi daknindeboda an gaqreboda; sxvadasxva kultura da sazogadoeba gaTavisufldeboda religiis marwuxebisagan. koleqtiuri moqmedebis, socialuri kontrolisa da politikuri mobilizaciis Zalis nacvlad religia, ubralod, individis kerZo saqmed iqceoda [3].
magram 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls am Teoriam dakarga mxardaWera
politikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa Soris, eTnikuri konfliqtebis
mdgradobisa da politikaze religiis aSkara gavlenis gamo, romlis naTeli
gamoxatuleba iyo religiuri uflebebis aRorZineba amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi da iranis revolucia. miuxedavad amisa, vakos (Waco, teqsasi) 1993 wlis
movlenebamde mecnierTa mcire nawili Tu miiCnevda dasavleTSi religiur
Zaladobas sxva ramed, Tu ara epifenomenad [4].
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero, analogiuri mizezebis gamo,
agrZelebda religiis ignorirebas. politikuri mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkvlevarebs ara aqvT formaluri Teoria imis
Taobaze, Tu ratomaa religia naklebmniSvnelovani; es, ubralod, asea miCneuli
[5]. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdegac ki bevri cdilobda, religiuri
Seferilobis mqone Zaladobis es aSkara gamovlineba terorizmis ufro
neitralur kategoriaSi gadaeyvana. es Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
im tendencias, rom religiuri gavlenebi, Tuki maT saerTod vaRiarebT, sxva,
114
ufro “msubuq” kategoriebSi unda movaqcioT [6]. am fenomenis sxva magaliTia
kamaTi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” Taobaze, romelic, rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, Seexo religias, magram, umeteswilad, moaxerxa Tavidan aecilebina
Tavad sityva “religiis” gamoyeneba da Caanacvla igi ufro neitraluri
terminebiT, rogoricaa kultura da civilizacia. samoqalaqo omisadmi
miZRvnili naSromebis umetesoba aseve ar exeba religiur sakiTxebs [7],
sxvadasxva marqsistul kvlevebSi ki pirdapir uaryofilia religiis
mniSvneloba.
religiis mniSvnelobis uaryofa aseve gabatonebuli iyo sociologiis
sferoSi. sul ukanasknel xanebamde sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
miiCnevda, rom religia Seusabamoa Tanamedrove politikasa da sazogadoebasTan
[8]. sociologiuri Teoria Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis umniSvnelo rolis
Sesaxeb, romelic sekularizaciis Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili, sami
mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba modernizaciis Teoriisagan. pirveli,
sekularizaciis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs religiaze da ara eTnikurobaze.
meore, im sociologebma, romelTac aRiares, rom religias dRes arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, es, sul mcire, aTi wliT gvian gaakeTes, vidre politikis
mkvlevarebma. mesame, mravali sociologi jer kidev amtkicebs, rom religiis
faqtori araarsebiTia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
sociologebs Soris sekularizaciis Teoriis irgvliv mimdinare debatebs
mTlianad eZRvneba da asaxavs religiis sociologiis [9] ukanaskneli gamocema.
kamaTi or ZiriTad sakiTxze mimdinareobs. pirveli: ras niSnavs
sekularizacia _ religiurobis dakninebas xalxSi, anu imas, rom xalxi sul
ufro naklebreligiuri xdeba, Tu religiis gavlenis Semcirebas politikasa da
socialur institutebze? meore: realurad mimdinareobs Tu ara romelime am
procesTagani? zogi amtkicebs, rom axla xalxi iseve, an ufro metad
religiuria, vidre warsulSi iyo _ an imitom, rom religiuroba izrdeba [10], an
imitom, rom warsulSi rwmenis simtkice gazviadebuladaa warmodgenili [11]. amis
sawinaaRmdegod, sxvebi amtkiceben, rom religiuroba daqveiTebis gziT midis
[12]. mwvaved kamaToben imis Sesaxebac, inarCunebs Tu ara religia gavlenas
socialur da politikur institutebze. Karel Dobbelaere-is poziciis Tanaxmad,
religiis gavlena TandaTanobiT Semcirda da umniSvnelo gaxda [13]. sxvebis _
naklebad radikalurebis _ azriT, religiis gavlena imitom mcirdeba, rom
iklebs religiuri xelisuflebis struqturebis zegavlena [14] da religia
sazogadoebrivi sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi inacvlebs [15]. isini, vinc
Tvlian, rom religias jer kidev mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs, amtkiceben, rom
Tanamedroveobam Secvala, magram ver gaaqro religiis roli sazogadoebaSi [16].
115
orive poziciaze mdgom sociologebs aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom isini
yuradRebas amaxvileben zogadad dasavlur saxelmwifoebze, konkretulad ki
aSS-ze. im dros, rodesac dasavleTSi religiis rolis problema sakamaToa,
aradasavleTis SemswavlelTagan cota vinme Tu ityvis, rom religia aRar aris
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, Znelia warmoidgino axlo aRmosavleTis eqsperti,
romelic amtkicebs, rom zogadad religia, konkretulad ki islami, araviTar
rols ar TamaSobs regionis sazogadoebaSi, politikasa da konfliqtebSi. amis
msgavsad, Zneli iqneba aziis specialisti aiZulo, religiis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe axsnas regionis konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Sri lankisa da qaSmiris
(indoeTi). eqsperti afrikis sakiTxebSi ver SeZlebs sudanis samoqalaqo omis
ignorirebas, xolo eqsperts laTinuri amerikis sakiTxebSi dasWirdeba
kaTolikuri eklesiis rolisa da gaTavisuflebis Teologiis gaTvaliswineba.
amrigad, mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebic swavloben mesame samyaros am da sxva
regionebs, mtkicebas ar saWiroebs is faqti, rom religia inarCunebs
mniSvnelobas, erTis mxriv, xalxis religiurobis, xolo meore mxriv,
politikur da socialur institutebze Tavisi gavlenis gamo. ubralod, es
miRebulia rogorc mocemuloba.
garda amisa, literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba mtkiceba, rom
Tanamedroveobam religiis damcrobis nacvlad misi aRorZineba da
gamococxleba gamoiwvia. TanamedroveobisaTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelma
ramdenime procesma ganamtkica religiis roli politikasa da sazogadoebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es, udaod, universaluri movlenaa, masze, ZiriTadad,
aradasavluri samyaros mkvlevrebi saubroben.
rogorc ar unda iyos, mravali mizezi arsebobs imis saTqmelad, rom
Tanamedroveobam gamoiwvia religiis gavlenis zrda sazogadoebasa da
politikaSi. pirveli, xelisuflebebma, gansakuTrebiT mesame samyaroSi,
romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen Tanamedrove dasavluri politikuri da
ekonomikuri ideologiebiT, ver Seasrules politikuri samarTlianobisa da
ekonomikuri ayvavebis dapirebebi. aman maTi legitimurobas Ziri gamouTxra; amas
mohyva politikuri da ideologiuri vakuumi, romlis Sevsebac religiurma
moZraobebma daiwyes [17]. meore, mravali adamiani, romelTac tradiciebisa da
tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRvevis gamo mouxdaT gadaadgileba da
sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, gaucxoebis daZlevas cdilobs religiisaken
mibrunebiT [18]. mesame, rogorc saxelmwifoebma, aseve religiurma
organizaciebma ganavrces TavianTi gavlenis sferoebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva maT
Soris dapirispirebis gamZafreba [19]. meoTxe, Tanamedrove sakomunikacio
saSualebebma msoflio ufro “daaviwrova”, ramac religiur moZraobebs
116
erTmaneTis moqmedebaTa gacnobis, farTomasStabiani urTierTobisa da
TviTorganizebis saSualeba misca [20]. mexuTe, rwmenis Tavisuflebis
Tanamedrove cnebam adamianebs religiis arCevis saSualeba Seuqmna, ramac
ganapiroba religiuri institutebis Zalisxmevis gaaqtiureba potenciuri
mimdevrebis misazidad. zogierTis mtkicebiT, amas Sedegad religiurobis zrda
mohyva [21]. da bolos, kolonializmma da eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam ganamtkica
eTnikuri da nacionaluri identurobebi, romlebic xSirad dakavSirebulia
religiur identurobebTan [22].
amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda davsvaT kiTxva: msoflios gansxvavebuli aRqma
xom ar aris gapirobebuli imiT, Tu msoflios romel nawils ikvlevs esa Tu is
mecnieri. sxvagvarad, mravali dasavleli mecnieris mier religiis mniSvnelobis
ugulebelyofis mizezia yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavleTze, sadac religiis
gavlena politikaze da sazogadoebaze, SesaZloa, naklebia, an naklebad
mkafioa, vidre aradasavlur samyaroSi. amis sapirispirod, mecnierebi, romlebic
yuradRebas aradasavlur samyaroze amaxvileben, religias mniSvnelovnad
miiCneven da ver amCneven imas, rom is nakleb mniSvnelovania dasavleTSi.
civilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmi
religiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kamaTi gaamwvava s.hanTingtonis
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriam [23]. hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom civi omis
dasrulebasTan erTad konfliqtTa umetesoba aRmocendeba civilizaciebs
Soris, romelTac is ganmartavs rogorc
adamianTa umaRles kulturul erTobasa da kulturuli identurobis
yvelaze farTo dones, rac adamianebs ganasxvavebs sxva saxeobebisagan.
civilizacia ganisazRvreba saerTo eniT, istoriiT, religiiT, CvevebiT,
institutebiTa da xalxis subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT [24].
is CamoTvlis rva mTavar civilizacias: dasavlurs, konfuciurs/Cinurs,
iaponurs, muslimurs, indurs, slavur-orTodoqsuls, laTinuramerikuls da,
“SesaZloa”, afrikuls. es civilizaciebi, garda afrikulisa, hanTingtonis
gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, emyareba religias, rogorc erT-erT msazRvrels,
zogi ki mTlianad religiiT ganisazRvreba [25].
hanTingtonis mraval mtkicebas bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda.
hanTingtonis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi mTavari argumenti isaa, rom faqtorebi,
romlebic dominirebdnen konfliqtebSi civi omis dros, SeinarCuneben aseTsave
rols civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi. aq igulisxmeba tradiciul ZalTa balansi da
realpolitika [26], aseve nacionalizmi [27]. meore mTavari argumenti isaa, rom
hanTingtonis civilizaciebi ar arian erTianni da konfliqtebi ufro xSirad
117
maT SigniT aRmocendeba, vidre maT Soris [28]. es argumenti gansakuTrebiT
muslimur civilizaciasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba [29].
mravalricxovan literaturaSi SemoTavazebulia ramdenime migneba am
argumentebis sasargeblod. pirveli, civilizaciaTaSorisi konfliqtebi _
rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso _ ufro iSviaTad aRmocendeba, vidre
Sidacivilizaciuri konfliqtebi [30]. meore, konfliqtTa gavrceleba da
dinamika mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad [31].
mesame, politikur faqtorebs ufro didi gavlena aqvs konfliqtze, vidre
kulturul faqtorebs [32]. meoTxe, kulturis gavlena konfliqtze ar aris
erTgvarovani [33]. bolos _ da es, SesaZloa, yvelaze sainteresoa _ Tu eTnikur
konfliqts mxolod dasavluri perspeqtividan ganvixilavT, im konfliqtebze
dakvirvebiT, romlebSic mxolod dasavluri jgufebi arian CarTuli, SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom hanTingtoni marTalia. magram rodesac eTnikur konfliqts
globalurad SevxedavT an muslimuri civilizaciis perspeqtividan SevafasebT
(anu ganvixilavT konfliqtebs, romlebSic muslimuri jgufebia CarTuli), maSin
misi argumentebis sasargeblod bevrs verafers vityviT [34]. amrigad, iseve
rogorc kamaTi Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb, hanTingtonis
civilizaciaTa Teoriac dasavluri TvalTaxedvis gavlenas ganicdis.
unda aRiniSnos hanTingtonis sami pasuxi mravalricxovani kritikosebidan
samis _ Russet-is, Oneal-isa da Cox-is SeniSvnebze: periodi, romelsac isini
aanalizeben, sruldeba 1992 wliT, civi omis dasrulebis momentiT;
gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mxolod samxedro uTanxmoebaze;
saxelmwifos Sida konfliqtebi konfliqtebis umciresobas Seadgens [35]. es
kritika ar exeba aq warmodgenil gamokvlevas, romelic efuZneba 1990-iani
wlebis Sua xanebis, civi omis Semdgomi epoqis monacemebs da eZRvneba eTnikur
konfliqts, romelic aris saSinao da ara saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtis
saxe. Tu SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom eTnikuri konfliqti Sida konfliqtis
saxeobaa, iseve rogorc samxedro dapirispirebaa saerTaSoriso konfliqtis
saxeoba, maSin imis mtkicebac SeiZleba, rom yvela Sidacivilizaciuri
konfliqti, amave dros, eTnikuri konfliqtia. es imitom, rom hanTingtonis
civilizaciebi mravali msgavsi eTnikuri jgufis erTobliobaa. amgvarad,
nebismieri civilizaciuri konfliqti unda warmoadgendes konfliqts
gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs Soris; Tavad hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom Sida
konfliqtebi Seadgenen civi omis Semdgomi konfliqtebis umravlesobas [36].
rogorc Russet, Oneal da Cox [37] aRniSnaven, maT msgavsad, hanTingtonic iyenebs
istorias, raTa “naTeli mohfinos momavals”; marTebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu romeli meTodis gamoyenebiT unda gakeTdes es _ raodenobrivis Tu
118
romelime sxvis? rodesac viyenebT raodenobriv meTods, analizi daefuZneba
konfliqtis konkretul saxeobas, radganac monacemTa umetesoba informacias
mxolod garkveuli tipis konfliqtebze Seicavs. garda amisa, gamokvlevaSi
gaanalizebulia monacemTa ori baza, raodenobrivi kvlevebis sazogadod
cnobili da aRiarebuli SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. monacemTa orive baza
mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtiT Semoifargleba. sabolood, rogorc es zemoT
iTqva da rogorc amas Russet, Oneal da Cox [38] aRniSnaven, hanTingtonis Teoriis
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi Warbobs momxreTa mosazrebebs. isini emyareba
mravalricxovan raodenobriv gamokvlevebs, romlebic moicavs ramdenime tipis
saerTaSoriso da Sida konfliqtebs.
rogorc ar unda iyos, dResac davis sagania hanTingtonis Teoriis
debuleba imis Taobaze, rom civilizaciebi warmoadgenen konfliqtebis
safuZvels civi omis Semdgom periodSi; samagierod, konfliqtze religiis
gavlenis sakiTxi naklebad sakamaToa. rogorc wesi, isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom
konfliqti subcivilizaciuri iqneba, ar kamaToben religiis, rogorc
konfliqtis SesaZlo safuZvlis Taobaze. magaliTad, Anthony D. Smith amtkicebs,
rom nacionalizmis sawyisebi religiaSia saZiebeli [39], Shirleen Hunt ki
yuradRebas amaxvilebs muslimur saxelmwifoebSi rwmenasa da sekularizms
Soris arsebul daZabulobaze, rogorc konfliqtis safuZvelze [40]. Fred Halliday
aseve miuTiTebs islamis rolze opoziciur moZraobebSi [41]. arsebobs
religiisa da konfliqtis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli ramdenime raodenobrivi
gamokvleva. Henderson erTmaneTTan akavSirebs religiur gansxvavebebsa da
erTaSoris omebs [42], Rudolph Rummel ki _ religiur gansxvavebebsa da Sida
konfliqtebs [43]. me erTmaneTTan vakavSireb, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva religiur
faqtors, maT Soris religiur legitimurobasa da institutebs, meore mxriv _
eTnikuri konfliqtebis ramdenime aspeqts, maT Soris, eTnikur daZabulobas,
eTnikur ajanyebas, eTnikuri umciresobebis diskriminaciasa da saerTaSoriso
intervencias [44].
marTalia, hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi moicavs
debatebs religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze, magram Tavad religiis mniSvnelobis
sakiTxi ar aris am kamaTis centraluri aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vekamaToT
hanTingtons konfliqtze religiis gavlenis uaryofis gareSe. amasTanave, isini,
vinc amtkiceben, rom konfliqtis safuZveli ZalTa balansi da realizmia,
sakamaTos xdian religiis gavlenis sakiTxs. modernizaciis Teoriis momxre
sociologebis msgavsad am Tvalsazrisis momxreebic dasavlelebi arian _ isini,
visi yuradRebac dasavleTis problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. garda amisa, TviT
hanTingtonis Teoria Zalze dasavluria da, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ukeT
119
“muSaobs”, rodesac konfliqtSi dasavleTis monawileobas exeba [45]. garda
amisa, swored aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa mkvlevrebi kamaToben hanTingtonis
mier mravalricxovani da mravalferovani aradasavluri jgufebis moqcevaze
ufro farTo civilizaciebis farglebSi. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iTqvas Halliday-
sa da Hunter-ze, romelTa Seswavlis sagani muslimuri saxelmwifoebia [46].
swored es mecnierebi uaryofen religiis gavlenas sazogadoebasa da
politikaze. isini msjeloben im gansxvavebul garemoebebze, romlebSic,
civilizaciuri identurobis gverdiT da miRma, es gavlena Cndeba. gansxvavebuli
civilizaciuri identurobebi hanTingtonis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
sabolood, am kamaTis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtia is, rom, igi Tumca
religias ukavSirdeba, Tavad termin “religiis” gamoyenebas an eridebian, an igi
“Cakargulia” sxva terminologiaSi. terminebi “civilizacia” da “kultura”,
rogorc Cans, ufro evfemizmebia “religiasTan” mimarTebaSi, an kidev _ misi
Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. imis auRiareblobas, rac kamaTis ZiriTad aspeqts
warmoadgens, aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. erTi mxriv, es
saSualebas iZleva, vikamaToT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi religiis rolze
orTodoqsebTan aSkara dapirispirebis gareSe, romlebic amtkiceben, rom
religias am sakiTxTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. sxvagvarad, kamaTi ar
daiwyeboda im dros, roca igi daiwyo. meore mxriv, amas mohyva gadaxveva mTavari
problemidan, radgan civilizacia da kultura sulac araa igive, rac religia.
Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi sakiTxis gverdis avla gvaSorebs misi pirdapiri
ganxilvis SesaZleblobisagan.
kvlevis mizanikvlevis mizanikvlevis mizanikvlevis mizani
am gamokvlevis mizania im hipoTezis Semowmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, religia
mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre dasavleTisa da
yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi (qvemoT maT movixseniebT rogorc dasavlur
da yofil sabWoTa bloks). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am mizniT gamoyenebuli
cvladebi ramdenime wyarodanaa aRebuli. analizis pirveli nawili eyrdnoba Ted
Robert Gurr-is monacemebs riskis qveS myofi umciresobebis (MAR) Sesaxeb. am
monacemebSi analizis obieqtia eTnikuri umciresoba saxelmwifos farglebSi.
amdenad, umravlesobis erTi da igive jgufi SeiZleba monacemebSi ramdenjerme
dafiqsirdes, magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi is ganixileba umciresobis
sxvadasxva jgufTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTis indusi umravlesoba am
gamokvlevaSi eqvsjer Cndeba, indoeTis yovel eTno-religiur jgufTan
mimarTebaSi [47].
120
MAR monacemebSi umciresobaTa 267 jgufia, romelTagan 105 religiur
umciresobadaa miCneuli [48]. mniSvnelovania imis aRiniSvna, rom is 267
eTnikuri umciresoba, romlebic monacemebSi riskis qveS myof umciresobebadaa
CaTvlili, msoflioSi mcxovrebi mravali eTnikuri umciresobis mxolod
nawils Seadgens. Gurr aRniSnavs, rom msoflioSi, SesaZloa, daaxloebiT 5000
eTnikuri umciresoba arsebobs, magram monacemebi miznad isaxavs mxolod
eTnikurobis gavlenis dadgenas politikur procesebze [49]. MAR monacemebi
Seicavs im jgufebs, romlebic oridan erT-erT kriteriums Seesabameba: “jgufi
koleqtiurad izRudeba an sargebels naxulobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva
eTnikuri jgufebis mxriv sistematuri diskriminaciuli mopyrobisagan” [50]; da
“iyo Tu ara jgufi politikuri mobilizaciisa da moqmedebis samizne,
TviTidentifikaciis miznebTan dakavSirebiT misi interesebis dacvisa Tu
xelisSewyobis TvalsazrisiT” [51]. amgvarad, MAR monacemTa analizis obieqtia
konkretul saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikurad aqtiuri eTnikuri umciresoba.
bevr saxelmwifoSi arsebobs erTze meti aseTi eTnikuri umciresoba. mravali
eTnikuri umciresoba gafantulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. analizis am
nawilisaTvis religiuri cvladebi calke iyo kodirebuli Fox-is mier, MAR
monacemebTan erTad gamosayeneblad, isini xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze [52].
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi aerTianebs “arSemdgari saxelmwifos”
mTavar epizodebs; es “axali maxasiaTebelia, romelic mTel rig sastik
konfliqtebsa da xelisuflebis/saxelisuflebo krizisebs moicavs. magaliTad,
1990-iani wlebis movlenebs somaliSi, bosniaSi, liberiaSi, avRaneTsa da kongo-
kinSasaSi” [53]. gamokvleva yuradRebas mxolod gansakuTrebiT mZafr
konfliqtebze amaxvilebs. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa analizis
obieqtia konfliqtis erTi weli konkretul saxelmwifoSi. amgvarad,
xangrZlivi konfliqti mravaljer moxvdeba monacemebSi, misi xangrZlivobis
TiToeuli wlis mixedviT. es Cven mogvcems zust suraTs, Tu ramdeni konfliqti
aRmocendeboda ama Tu im weliwads.
amrigad, MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic analizis obieqtad
iyenebs saxelmwifoSi arsebul umciresobas da, Sesabamisad, Seicavs
informacias jgufis qcevaze mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac moicavs
monacemTa baza, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rodis aRmocenda konfliqti, arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebi moicavs mxolod im wlebs, rodesac adgili hqonda
konfliqts. aseve, MAR monacemebi Seicavs informacias im eTnikuri jgufebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic opoziciuri brZolis mSvidobian saSualebebs iyeneben, maSin
rodesac arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod
Zaladobriv konfliqtebze. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive monacemis
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safuZvelze gakeTebuli analizi ufro sruli suraTis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs,
vidre mxolod erT-erT maTganis gaTvaliswineba.
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicavs informacias sxvadasxva tipis
konfliqtebze, xolo es gamokvleva exeba mxolod im konfliqtebs, romlebic
eTnikur omebadaa miCneuli. kvlevis mizania misi Sedareba MAR monacemebTan,
romelic mxolod eTnikur konfliqtebs Seexeba. arSemdgari saxelmwifos
monacemTa mixedviT, eTnikuri konfliqtebi gansazRvrulia rogorc
“Zaladobrivi konfliqtis epizodebi mTavrobebsa da erovnul, eTnikur,
religiur an umciresobaTa sxva jgufebs (eTnikuri gamowvevebis matarebelni)
Soris, sadac es ukanasknelni cdiloben miaRwion arsebiT cvlilebebs TavianT
statusSi” [54].
qvemoT ganxilul damatebiT cvladebs garda, romlebic am gamokvlevis
miznebisTvisaa gamoyenebuli, moxda arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa
gadamuSaveba. arsebobs ramdenime SemTxveva, sadac saxelmwifosTan sxvadasxva
jgufis konfliqti erTad iqna Setanili monacemebSi. es gamokvleva maT
calkeul SemTxvevebad ganixilavs [55]. amis Sedegad, mocemuli gamokvleva
moicavs konfliqtebis 688 wels (years of conflict) 1965-1996 wlebs Soris. SeiZleba
vamtkicoT, rom arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi mxolod Zaladobrivi
konfliqtebis Semcveloba magaliTebis mikerZoebuli gamoyenebis safuZvels
iZleva. magram, amjerad, es ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan am gamokvlevis mizani,
sxva amocanebTan erTad, mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi arsebuli konfliqtebis urTierTSedarebaa. ramdenadac arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicaven Zaladobrivi eTnikuri konfliqtis yvela
SemTxvevas, is am miznisaTvisac gamodgeba.
es gamokvleva warmogvidgens oTx tests, romlebic gansazRvraven religiis
SedarebiT gavlenas mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
pirveli sami iyenebs MAR monacemebs, xolo ukanaskneli _ arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebs. pirveli testi gansazRvravs religiuri sakiTxebis
mniSvnelobas mesame samyaroSi dasavleTTan da yofil sabWoTa blokTan
SedarebiT. religiis mniSvneloba dayofilia oTx kategoriad: umciresoba
religiurad ar gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan; umciresoba religiurad
gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan, magram religia ar aris mniSvnelovani, an mas
mxolod marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs; religia naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre
sxva faqtorebi; religia iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc sxva faqtorebi.
religiuri sakiTxebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba emyareba religiuri
diskriminaciisa da daZabulobis Sedarebas diskriminaciasa da daZabulobasTan
saero sferoSi, romelic moicavs kulturul, ekonomikur, politikur da
122
avtonomiis sakiTxebs. es cvladi mxolod erTxel iqna gamoTvlili 1990-95
wlebis periodisaTvis.
meore testi ikvlevs oTxi religiuri cvladis mTavar doneebs, rogorc
mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. aq CamoTvlilia
is religiuri cvladebi, romlebic moicaven 1994-95 wlebs [56].
religiuri diskriminacia: religiuri diskriminacia gansazRvrulia
rogorc xarisxi, romliTac religiuri praqtika SezRudulia rogorc sajaro
politikiT, aseve farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri praqtikiT. aq gamoyenebuli
cvladi Sedgeba ori cvladisagan. pirveli maTgani (RELDSC95) gamosaxavs
religiur diskriminaciaSi oficialuri monawileobis dones zedapirul
skalaze, 0-dan 4-mde [57]. religiuri diskriminaciis meore cvladi (RDIS95)
Sedgenili indikatoria, romelic icvleba 0-dan 8-mde, diskriminaciis arealSi,
romelic ramdenime cvlads aerTianebs [58]. es Sedgenili cvladi (RDISAL95)
kodirebulia sqemaze 0-dan 9-mde [59].
pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba: pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba
ganimarteba rogorc liderTa mier sajarod gamoxatuli ukmayofileba
religiuri diskriminaciis gamo. es cvladi (RELGRV95), romelic moZraobs 0-dan
24-mde, Sedgenili cvladia, romelic gansazRvravs umciresobis mier religiur
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatul ukmayofilebas [60].
aqtiuri religiuri daZabuloba: es cvladi gansazRvrulia rogorc
religiuri uflebebis da/an privilegiebis moTxovna. is (RPROV95) icvleba 0-dan
5-mde da gansxvavdeba religiuri daZabulobisagan, romelic religiuri
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukmayofilebas warmoadgens. amgvarad,
religiuri daZabuloba reaqtiulia, maSin rodesac religiuri moTxovnebi
aqtiuri moTxovnebia ufro meti uflebebisa da privilegiebis mosapoveblad,
maT ara aqvT pirdapiri kavSiri nebismieri saxis diskriminaciasTan [61].
religiuri legitimuroba: religiuri legitimuroba _ esaa legitimur
politikur diskursSi religiis aqtivizaciis xarisxi. es cvladi (RELEG95),
romelic 0-dan 4-mde moZraobs, OoTxi faqtoris kodirebaze dafuZnebuli
Sedgenili indikatoria. TiToeuli am faqtoris arseboba arapirdapir amtkicebs,
rom politikur diskursSi religiis ganxilva samarTliania [62].
mesame testi ikvlevs yvela am religiuri cvladis gavlenas 1995 wels
mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi momxdar eTnikur
ajanyebebze. religiuri diskriminacia gamoricxulia regresiidan, radganac is
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiuri daZabulobis cvladTan. ajanyeba 1995
wels, (reb95) kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze:
123
0 arcerTi.
1 politikuri banditizmi, sporaduli terorizmi.
2 terorizmis kampaniebi.
3 lokaluri ajanyebebi: adgilze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis
SeiaraRebuli mcdelobebi. Tuki isini saTaves udebs gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo
omis partizanul cikls kodirebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin isini unda
moTavsdnen ara lokaluri ajanyebis, aramed skalis momdevno safexurze. am
safexurze kodirebul unda iqnas damoukideblobis deklaraciebi, romlebic
umciresobis xelisuflebis mieraa miRebuli.
4 mcire masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [mcire masStabis partizanul
moqmedebas aqvs Semdegi sami damaxasiaTebeli niSani: sul mcire, 1000
SeiaraRebuli mebrZoli; sporaduli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (wlis
ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, 6 SemTxveva); Tavdasxmebi jgufis mier dakavebuli
teritoriis mcire nawilze, an erT/or sxva teritoriaze).]
5 saSualo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [saSualo masStabis
partizanul moqmdebas aqvs farTomasStabiani moqmedebisa da mcire masStabis
moqmedebis erTi an ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani.]
6 farTo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [farTo masStabis partizanul
moqmedebas aqvs samive damaxasiaTebeli niSani: 1000-ze meti mebrZoli, xSiri
SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi (wlis ganmavlobaSi 6-ze meti SemTxveva), Setakebebs
gavlena aqvs jgufis mier dakavebuli teritoriis udides nawilze.].
7 gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo omi ajanyebul samxedroebsa da ZiriTad
teritorias Soris.
am regresiebSi aseve gamoyenebulia ramdenime sakontrolo cvladi.
sakontrolo cvladebi SerCeul iqna im cvladebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic, Gurr-
is azriT [63], warmoadgens eTnikuri ajanyebis mniSvnelovan gamomwvev mizezebs
MAR monacemTa analizSi; igi ar Seicavs religiur cvladebs da ar ganasxvavebs
am TvalsazrisiT dasavleTs, yofil sabWoTa bloksa da mesame samyaros. yvela
qvemoT moyvanili cvladi MAR monacemTa nawilia da ufro srulad aRwerilia
“MAR Dataset Users Manuel”-Si [64].
kulturuli gansxvavebebi gansazRvravs jgufebs Soris kulturuli
gansxvavebis xarisxs, saidanac gamoricxulia religiuri gansxvavebebi [65].
avtonomiuri miswrafebebi 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs umciresobis mier
avtonomiis sakiTxebze gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [66]. avtonomiuri
miswrafeba × religiuri daZabuloba gansazRvravs religiur daZabulobasa da
avtonomiur miswrafebebs Soris urTierTobas Semdegi formuliT: avtonomiuri
124
miswrafeba × (religiuri daZabuloba + 1). es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, rogorc
winaswarma analizma gvaCvena, religiuri daZabuloba iSviaTad axdens gavlenas
eTnikur ajanyebebze, Tu jgufs ukve gamoxatuli aqvs avtonomiuri miswrafebani.
ekonomikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs ekonomikur sakiTxebze
umciresobis mier gamoxatuli kmayofilebis xarisxs [67]. kulturuli
daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs kulturul sakiTxebze (religiis
gamoklebiT) umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [68].
politikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs politikur sakiTxebze
umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [69]. demokratia 1994 wels
Sedis MAR monacemebSi, magram isini aRebulia saxelmwifo monacemebidan. is
icvleba 0-dan 10-mde da ufro sruladaa aRwerili Jaggers-isa da Gurr-is mier [70].
represia 1996 wels Sedgenili msazRvrelia, romelic cvladebs amatebs
specifikuri tipis represiebs [71]. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian
wlebSi (iconreb8 & inconreb9) ajanyebis saSualo donea jgufis gansaxlebis
regionSi mocemul periodSi. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi
(isegreb8 & isegreb9) gansazRvravs mosazRvre qveynebSi monaTesave jgufebis
ajanyebaTa kulminaciebs aRebul periodSi. mebrZoli politikuri
organizaciebis sazRvrebi: es cvladi (milscop9) gansazRvravs zemoT
dasaxelebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeris masStabebs 1990-ian wlebSi 1996
wlamde [72].
bolo testi iyenebs arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs. is ikvlevs
religiis proporcias arSemdgar eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi 5 wlian monakveTSi,
1965-69 wlebidan moyolebuli. es testi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT,
Seicvala Tu ara droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis
proporcia rogorc mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa
blokis qveynebSi. mesame samyaros qveynebis konfliqtebi igive kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT Seiswavleba, romlebic gamoyenebulia MAR monacemebSi. konfliqti
miCneulia religiurad, Tu ori monawile jgufi sxvadasxva religiis
warmomadgenlebi arian, an kidev, arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa mixedviT,
konfliqti aRiwereba rogorc religiuri.
monacemTa analizimonacemTa analizimonacemTa analizimonacemTa analizi
eTnikur konfliqtebSi religiis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba naCvenebia # 1
cxrilSi. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom im umciresobaTa procentuli raodenoba,
romlebic religiurad ar gansxvavdebian umravlesobisagan, daaxaloebiT
erTnairia mesame samyaros qveynebSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
Tumca religiur umciresobebSi religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT^metia mesame
125
samyaroSi. dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri umciresobis
76.5%-Tvis religias marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs, gansxvavebiT mesame
samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebisagan, sadac es maCvenebeli 56.3%
Seadgens. kidev ufro gasaocaria, rom religia yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebis 16.9%-Tvis, xolo
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi mcxovrebi arc erTi umciresobisaTvis
is mniSvnelovan poroblemad araa miCneuli. mokled, maSin, rodesac religia
mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis TiTqmis naxevrisaTvis,
is dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiur umciresobaTa mxolod
meoTxedisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, analizis es nawili SesabamisobaSia im
hipoTezasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis mniSvneloba ufro didia mesame
samyaros, vidre dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebis, eTnikuri
konfliqtebisaTvis.
cxrili 1. mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis
saxelmwifoebSi religiis mniSvnelobis urTierTgadamkveTi tabula, 1990-95
Sedarebis tipiSedarebis tipiSedarebis tipiSedarebis tipi ara ara ara ara religiurireligiurireligiurireligiuri
religiis roli religiis roli religiis roli religiis roli umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mniSvneloba amniSvneloba amniSvneloba amniSvneloba aqvsqvsqvsqvs
religia nakleb religia nakleb religia nakleb religia nakleb mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania,
vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva sakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebi
religia iseve, religia iseve, religia iseve, religia iseve, an ufro an ufro an ufro an ufro
mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva sakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebi
mesam
e sam
yaro
mesam
e sam
yaro
mesam
e sam
yaro
mesam
e sam
yaro
# yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%)
107
60.1% _
40
22.5%
56.3%
19
10.7%
26.8%
12
6.7%
16.9%
das
avl
eTi
da
yofil
i das
avl
eTi
da
yofil
i das
avl
eTi
da
yofil
i das
avl
eTi
da
yofil
i sab
WoTa
bl
oki
sab
WoTa
bl
oki
sab
WoTa
bl
oki
sab
WoTa
bl
oki
# yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%)
55
61.8% _
26
29.2%
76.5%
8
9.0%
23.5%
0
0.0%
0.0%
mniSvneloba ( 2χ ganawileba) = .041
126
MEOcxrili # 2 erTmaneTs adarebs oTxi religiuri cvladis doneebs mesame
samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es cxrili yuradRebas
amaxvilebs mxolod religiur umciresobebze, radgan religiuri cvladebi
mxolod maTTvis iyo kodirebuli. Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom oTxidan sam
cvladSi mesame samyaros ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre dasavleTsa da
yofil sabWoTa bloks; igive iTqmis meoTxe maCvenebelzec. religiuri
diskriminacia ornaxevarjer ufro maRalia mesame samyaroSi. eTnikuri
umciresobebi mesame samyaroSi erTnaxevarjer ufro pasiur religiur
ukmayofilebas gamoxataven, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
Tumca es ar aris gasakviri, radganac es ukmayofileba religiuri
diskriminaciis pasuxia. mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri umciresobebi 4.3-jer ufro
aqtiur religiur ukmayofilebas avlenen, vidre eTnikuri umciresobebi
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom es
ukmayofileba ar ukavSirdeba religiur diskriminacias. amasTanave, religiuri
legitimuroba mesame samyaroSi igive donezea, rac dasvleTsa da yofil
sabWoTa blokSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame samyaroSi oTxidan sam simravles
ufro maRali religiuri cvladi aqvs, statistikurad mxolod ori maTgania im
hipoTezasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, religia mesame samyaros eTnikur
konfliqtebSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi.
cxrili # 2. religiuri cvladebis mTavari doneebi mesame samyaroSi,
dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi
# religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri diskriminacidiskriminacidiskriminacidiskriminaciaaaa,,,,
1994199419941994----1995199519951995
pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba
1994199419941994----1111995995995995
aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba
1994199419941994----1995199519951995
religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba
1994199419941994----1995199519951995
mesam
e me
sam
e me
sam
e me
sam
e sam
yaro
sam
yaro
sam
yaro
sam
yaro
71 1.94 2.68 0.39 1.41
das
avl
eTi
das
avl
eTi
das
avl
eTi
das
avl
eTi
da
yofil
i da
yofil
i da
yofil
i da
yofil
i sab
WoTa
sab
WoTa
sab
WoTa
sab
WoTa
bl
oki
bl
oki
bl
oki
bl
oki
34 0.71** 1.74 0.09* 1.45
* = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas
Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.05
** = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas
Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.001
127
# 3 cxrilSi naCvenebia religiis gavlena eTnikur konfliqtze sxva
faqtorebis kontroliT. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom cvladebi, romlebic
ar aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani am mravalwevrian regresiaSi, gamoiricxa SemTxvevaTa
mcirericxovnobis gamo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, am cvladebis amoRebas
minimaluri gavlena hqonda r2-ze, romelic zomavs regersiis winaswari
prognozis faseulobas. regresia dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokisaTvis
aCvenebs, rom arc erT religiur cvlads ara aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena am
qveynebSi momxdar eTnikur ajanyebebze. Tumca, ori religiuri cvladi
mniSvnelovania mesame samyarosaTvis Sedgenil regresiaSi. religiuri
daZabulobisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinacia zrdis eTnikuri
ajanyebis dones. swored is faqti, rom religiuri daZabulobisa da
avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinirebuli cvladi mniSvnelovania, agreTve is,
rom individualuri religiuri ukmayofilebisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebis
cvladze amas ver vityviT, adasturebs, rom swored pirveli kombinacia iwvevs
ajanyebas. es Seesabameba zemoT gamoTqmul varauds, romlis Tanaxmad,
religiisa da avtonomiis kombinacia xels uwyobs ajanyebas [73]. magram kvleva
aCvenebs, rom es marTebulia mxolod mesame samyaros SemTxvevaSi. es
Semdegnairad SeiZleba aixsnas: rodesac saxelmwifos aqvs religiuri
legitimuroba, maSin Znelia Zaladobrivad daupirispirde saxelmwifos.
amgvarad, am mravalmxrivi regresiis Sedegebi naTlad adasturebs Cvens
hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom religiuri faqtorebi eTnikuri konfliqtebisaTvis
mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi.
kvlevis Sedegebi aseve aCvenebs, rom eTno-religiuri konfliqtebis
dinamikis umetesi aspeqtebi mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. erTaderTi faqtori, romelic orive
SemTxvevaSi ajanyebis gamomwvevi mniSvnelovani mizezia, umciresobisadmi
saerTaSoriso samxedro mxardaWeraa. mesame samyaroSi ajanyebebis sxva,
arareligiuri mizezebi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos instituciuri
demokratiulobis xarisxiT, eTnikuri konfliqtebis gavrcelebiT sazRvrebis
gaswvriv (zegavlena) da SeiaraRebuli organizaciebis mxardaWeris xarisxiT.
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi sxva mniSvnelovani cvladia represiis
xarisxi.
cxrili # 3. mravalwevriani regresiebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
religiis gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze 1995 wels mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur
da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT
128
mesame samyaromesame samyaromesame samyaromesame samyaro dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi
da yofda yofda yofda yofili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa bloki
pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri
daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba
1994199419941994----95959595
(.096) (.003)
aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri
daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba
1994199419941994----95959595
(_.127) (_.078)
religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba
1994199419941994----95959595 _.210** (.074)
kulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebi (.011) (_.076)
avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi
1994199419941994----95959595 (.012) (.099)
pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri
daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri
miswrafebanimiswrafebanimiswrafebanimiswrafebani
1994199419941994----95959595
.213* (.120)
kulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabuloba
1994199419941994----95959595 (.070) (.062)
ekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabuloba
1994199419941994----95959595 (.057) (.057)
politikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabuloba
1994199419941994----95959595 (.123) (.010)
demokratia 1994demokratia 1994demokratia 1994demokratia 1994 .170* (.145)
represia represia represia represia 1996199619961996 .151 .431**
saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro
mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994----95959595 .231* .529***
ajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozuroba
1980198019801980----iani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebi
(_.078)
(.094)
ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba
1990199019901990----95ww.95ww.95ww.95ww. .192* (_.094)
ajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrceleba
1980198019801980----iani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebi (_.063) (_.181)
ajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrcelebabababa (_.075) (.128)
129
1990199019901990----95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi
samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis
raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990----95wlebi95wlebi95wlebi95wlebi (.103) (.182)
samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro
organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi
mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990----95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi
481*** (.222)
maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia
(df)(df)(df)(df) 62 32
dadgenili rdadgenili rdadgenili rdadgenili r2222 0.727 0.509
cxrilSi moyvanili yvela mniSvneloba beta mniSvnelobaa. frCxilebSi
mocemuli Sefasebebi aCvenebs, rom regresia cvladebs ar Seicavda. beta
Sefasebis ricxvebi is cvladebia, romlebsac Seicavda regresia da isini
miRebul iqna wina regresiis gamoyenebiT SPSS 9.0–Si, romelic betas
uzrunvelyofs yvela im gamoricxuli cvladiT, romlebic individualurad
Sediodnen regresiaSi.
! = 1996 wlis represia am regresiaSi imitom iqna gamoyenebuli, rom is aris
uadresi monacemi, romlis gamoc es cvladi Sevida MAR monacemebSi.
arsebobs safuZveli daskvnisaTvis, rom Zlieri damokidebuleba arsebobs
1995 wlis da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris. magaliTad, 1996 wlis da 1997
wlis represiebs aqvT Tanafardoba .897,
* = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.05
** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.01
*** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.001
yovelive es aCvenebs, rom religia mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil
sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT ara mxolod ufro mniSvnelovania, aramed, amave
dros, ufro didi fenomenis nawilia, sadac eTnikuri ajanyebis gamomwvevi
mizezebis TiTqmis mTeli dinamika gansxvavdeba dasavleTisa da yofil sabWoTa
blokisagan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sedegebis Tanaxmad, TviT mesame samyaroSic, sadac
religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovania, is ar aris erTaderTi, rac yvelaze Zlier
gavlenas axdens eTnikur ajanyebaze. ramdenime ara-religiuri faqtori aseve
zemoqmedebs mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri ajanyebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT ki
SeiaraRebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeraze, romelic, nebismieri religiuri
cvladis msgavsad, aormagebs gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze.
130
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa gamoyenebiT #1 cxrilis analizi
aCvenebs religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentul raodenobas yoveli 5
wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1965-69 wlebsa da 1995-96 wlebSi (yvela zemoTmoyvanili
testi dafuZnebuli iyo MAR monacemebze). Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 1990-ian
wlebamde mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri konfliqtebi gacilebiT ufro xSirad iyo
religiuri, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. faqtobrivad,
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi 1970-iani wlebSi eTnikuri konfliqti
saerTod ar yofila. amasTanave, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaros miRma eTnikuri
konfliqtebis procentuli wili maRalia. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965-96 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi eTnikurma konfliqtebma mesame samyaroSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba
sxva teritoriaze arsebul eTnikur konfliqtebs, TanafardobiT 7/1. ufro
zustad rom vTqvaT, am wlebSi mesame samyaroSi 605 konfliqti iyo, dasavleTsa
da yofil sabWoTa blokSi ki _ 83. amasTan, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaroSi
ufro meti religiur-eTnikuri konfliqti aRmocenda (180), vidre dasavleTsa da
yofil sabWoTa blokSi (46).
131
gamosaxuleba I.
gansxvavebul religiur jgufebs Soris eTnikuri konfliqtebis
procentuli maCvenebeli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa
blokis qveynebSi
es monacemebi zog rames gvixsnis socialur mecnierebaTa im
warmomadgenlebis kamaTis dawyebis drosTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
swavlobdnen religiis mniSvnelobis problemas dasavleTSi. politikur
mecnierebaTa mravalma specialistma religiis mniSvneloba aRiara 1970-ian da
1980-ian wlebSi, maSin, rodesac religiur-eTnikuri konfliqtebi Cveuli gaxda
dasavleTisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi sociologebma daiwyes seriozuli kamaTi
sekularizaciis Teoriis marTebulobis Sesaxeb; es im dros, rodesac
religiurma eTnikurma konfliqtebma dasavleTSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba
arareligiur eTnikur konfliqtebs.
daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi
am gamokvlevam aCvena, rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebani
sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze. garda amisa,
isini, vinc aRiareben religiis faqtoris mniSvnelobas, sxvadasxvagvarad
afaseben misi gavlenis xarisxsa da bunebas. kamaTi grZeldeba da mwvavdeba, rac
badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra ganapirobebs msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis esoden
gansxvavebul interpretacias.
rogorc kvlevam dagvanaxa, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi es faqti
SeiZleba Semdegnairad aixsnas: orive mxare sworia, magram TiToeuli maTgani
msoflios sxvadasxva mxares iyureba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoTqma _
132
rogor xedav, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu saidan iyurebi _ miesadageba rogorc
mecnierebs, aseve politikosebsa da moxeleebs. isini, vinc religiis
mniSvnelobas aRiarebs, yuradrebas mesame samyaroze amaxvilebs, xolo maT, vinc
amtkicebs, rom misi roli umniSvneloa, danarCeni msoflio aqvT mxedvelobaSi.
gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebulia oTxi gansxvavebuli statistikuri meTodi. sami
maTganis Tanaxmad, religia ufro mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi, vidre sadme
sxvagan. am testebidan erT-erTi aseve aCvenebs, rom religia saerTod ar aris
mniSvnelovani mesame samyaros miRma. garda amisa, am testebidan erT-erTis
Sedegebis mixedviT, religiis gansxvavebuli gavlena gapirobebulia movlenaTa
ufro farTo speqtriT: mesame samyaros konfliqtebi gamowveulia gansxvavebuli
mizezebiT, vidre sadme sxvagan arsebuli konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom es Sedegebi gamosadegia sxva faqtorebis ganxilvisas, magaliTad,
rogoricaa represia da xelisuflebis tipi.
meoTxe statistikuri testis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom religiuri
konfliqti, an Zalismieri konfliqti sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis
eTnikur jgufebs Soris mxolod ukanasknel xans gaxda Cveulebrivi movlena
mesame samyaros miRma. es gvixsnis dasavlel mkvlevarTa dainteresebas
konfliqtebSi, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis sakiTxiT.
dasturdeba, rom mesame samyaroSi konfliqtebis dinamika gansxvavdeba maTi
dinamikisagan dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es imiTaa gapirobebuli,
rom, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri konfliqtebis
proporciis zrdis sapirispirod mesame samyaroSi es proporcia klebulobs.
es testi efuZneba arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs, romelic, sxva
testebisTvis gamoyenebuli MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sxvadasxva
aRmsareblobis jgufebs Soris konfliqtis xarisxs gansazRvravs; MAR
monacemebi ki saSualebas iZleva dadgindes, aqvs Tu ara religiur cvladebs
mizezobrivi kavSiri eTnikur konfliqtTan. sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone
religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqtebis mateba Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis
miuxedavad, es konfliqtebi religiiTaa motivirebuli Tu ara. Tu konfliqti
sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone or jgufs Soris aRmocendeba, mas religiurad
miiCneven xolme, miuxedavd imisa, konfliqti marTlac religiiTaa motivirebuli
Tu ara. amgvarad, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi eTnoreligiuri
konfliqtebis zrda sakmarisia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom daiwyes dasavleTisa
da yofili sabWoTa blokis Semswavlelma mecnierebma religiis aRiareba
konfliqtis potenciur mizezad.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ara marto religiisa
da konfliqtis Sesaxeb am urTierTsapirispiro SexedulebaTa warmoSobis
133
mizezebis axsna, aramed amis gamomwvevi mizezis dadgenac. dRes, rodesac
mkvidrdeba ufro da ufro viwro specializacia, calkeuli mkvlevrebi
muSaoben konkretul, erTsa da imave dros msgavs da urTierTgadamfarav
sakiTxebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneba samecniero literaturis tomeulebSi
mocemuli uzarmazari odenobis monacemebSi garkveva da maTi aTviseba, rac
miuwvdomeli amocanaa individisaTvis. rogorc warmodgenil naSromSia
naCvenebi, mesame samyarosa da ganviTarebul qveynebSi konfliqtebis mizezebi
imdenad gansxvavebulia, rom orive maTganis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli
literaturisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba metad Zneli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT
maTTvis, vinc konfliqtebis raodenobriv kvlevas awarmoebs; es calke sferoa,
romelsac sagangebo literatura eZRvneba. amgvarad, Tavad viTareba
ganapirobebs im faqts, rom maTi umetesi nawili, vinc SedarebiT kvlevebSi
monawileobs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs an mxolod mesame samyaroze, an dasavleTsa
da yofil sabWoTa blokze. realurad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis obieqtia
qveynebis mxolod mcire raodenoba da msoflios mxolod erTi regioni.
arseboben aSkara gamonaklisebic. magaliTad Jeff Haynes ikvlevs religiis
gavlenas msoflios ZiriTad regionebze da askvnis, rom sekularizaciis Teoria
marTebulia dasavleTSi, magram aSkarad arasworia sxva regionebTan
mimarTebaSi [74]. amasTanave, es swored is SemTxvevaa, roca gamonaklisi wess
adasturebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb gamarTuli kamaTi imis Sedegia, rom masSi monawile mxareebs codnis
gansxvavebuli safuZvlebi aqvT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva mxaris
Seswavlazea orientirebuli.
dasavlel, yofil sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebisa da mesame samyaros
mkvlevarTa Soris arsebuli didi gansxvavebis, aseve msoflios am nawilebSi
religiis gansxvavebuli rolis erT-erTi savaraudo axsna istoriisa da
filosofiis sferoSia saZiebeli. istoriulad, filosofosebi, romlebic
uaryofdnen religiis mniSvnelobas, politikuri azrovnebis sferoSi aminds
ufro dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi qmnidnen, vidre mesame samyaroSi.
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg marqsistuli dogmebis hegemoniam sabWoTa
kavSirSi da misma eqspansiam aRmosavleT evropaSi, rasac mohyva meore msoflio
omi, SeiZleba agvixsnas religiis SezRuduli roli sazogadoebriv sferoSi.
amis msgavsad, liberaluri demokratiis dominanturi roli dasavleTSi,
romelic Tavis idealad miiCnevda religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnas, aseve
uwyobda xels sekularuli Sexedulebis aRmocenebas, gansakuTrebiT, or
disciplinaSi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev sferos ukavSirdeba _ sociologiasa da
politikaSi; aseve Tavad politikur sferoSi. sabWoTa blokis kraxisa da
134
aRmosavleT evropaSi marqsizmis gaqrobasTan erTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
liberaluri demokratia ar iyo aTvisebuli modeli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gamijvnasTan erTad, sazogadoeba swored mas eswrafvoda. radgan mesame
samyaros qveynebis umetesobas ar ganucdia marqsistuli filosofiis aseTi
xangrZlivi batonoba, agreTve imitom, rom maTTvis, dasavluri qristianuli
reJimebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli dapirispireba eklesiasa da
saxelmwifos Soris, aq am istoriuli procesebis gavlena, Tuki is saerTod
arsebobda, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo.
maSin, rodesac modernizaciam, SesaZloa, Seasusta religiis roli
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi, sruliad aSkaraa, rom eTnikurobis
rolze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. piriqiT, SedarebiTi politikis Semswavleli
studentebis molodinis sapirispirod, eTnikuri nacionalizmi ar gamqrala,
piriqiT, ayvavda kidec [75]. gansxvavebis safuZveli isaa, rom nacionalizmi
dakavSirebuli iyo xalxis xelisuflebasa da demokratiasTan. amerikisa da
safrangeTis revoluciebma saTave daudes legitimaciis axal princips _
TviTdeterminacias. iseTma principebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, individis
ganuyofeli uflebebi, uzrunvelyo saxalxo suverenitetis doqtrina [76].
TviTgamorkvevis principma sruli legitimacia moipova 1919 wels, versalSi,
prezident vudro vilsonis 14 punqtis Sesabamisad. amis Sedegad, sabWoTa
reJimsa da dasavlur demokratiebs unda gadaeWraT problema, Tu rogor
ganexorcielebinaT eTnikuri erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba evropuli
politikis erTianobis darRvevis gareSe. arcerTi zemoaRniSnuli reJimi ar
Tvlida Tavs valdebulad Zveli Tu Tanamedrove religiebis winaSe. mokled,
sanam eTnikuri erovnuli umciresobebis miswrafeba ganxiluli iyo xalxebis
Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebasTan SesabamisobaSi, religias sazogadoebriv
sferoSi adgili ar mieCineboda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tumca zemoT moyvanili axsna Seesabameba aq
warmodgenili analizis Sedegebs, Tavad kvleva pirdapir ar adasturebs am
debulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamokvleva imdenive SekiTxvas badebs,
ramdensac pasuxobs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, cvladi, romelic gansazRvravs
sazogadoebis sekularulobis xarisxs, mravali varaudis Semowmebis saSualebas
mogvcems. samwuxarod, aseTi cvladi jerjerobiT daudgenelia. Sesabamisad,
saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva _ rogorc SedarebiTi, aseve raodenobrivi _ raTa
ukeTesad gavigoT religiis gansxvavebuli roli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa
da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi. garda amisa, aucilebelia ufro
meti monacemis Segroveba, raTa uSualod mivudgeT aq dasmuli kiTxvebis
calkeul elementebs. miuxedavad amisa, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom religia
135
ufro mniSvnelovania garkveul drosa da garkveul adgilze, vidre sxvagan,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi. me ar vamtkiceb, rom es
am Temis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli sityvaa. nacvlad amisa, me vamtkiceb, rom es kargi
dasawyisia am rTuli sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis, romelic samomavlod kidev did
da seriozul kvlevas moiTxovs.
SeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebi
1. termini “mesame samyaro” aq gamoyenebulia misi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa blokidan, dasavluri demokratiebidan da iaponias.
2. modernizaciis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Gabriel Almond “Introduction:
A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics”, in Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman (eds.) The
Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton University Press, 1960), David Apter, The Politics of
Modernization, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social
Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953), Donald E. Smith, Religion and Political Development
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion, Politics and Social Change in the Third
World (New York: Free Press, 1971), and Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion and Political Modernization
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
3. Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (New York: State
University of New York Press, 1990), p.3
4. Jeffrey Kaplan, “Introduction”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2002), p.2
5. Jonathan Fox, “Religion: An Oft Overlooked Element of International Studies’, International Studies
Review, Vol.3, No.3 (Fall 2001), pp.53-73
6. Vendulka Kabalkova, “Towards and International Political Theology”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3 (2000),
pp.682-3
7. isini Seicaven, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Semoifarglebian SemdegiT: Ted R.
Gurr, Minorities At Risk (United States Institute of Peace, 1993), Ted R. Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,
International Political Science Review, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.161-201, Ted R. Gurr, Peoples Versus
States: Minorities at R risk in the New Century (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press,
2000), Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of
California Pres, 1991), and Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge
University, 1979).
8. Kenneth Westhus, “The Church in Opposition”, Sociological Analysis, Vol.37, No.4(1976), pp.314, and
Bryan R. Wilson, Religion in Sociological Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp.53-4.
9. Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3, 1999.
10. Rodney Stark, “Secularization, R.I.P.”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.249-73
11. William H. Swatos Jr. and Kevin J. Christiano, “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”,
Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.209-28.
12. Frank A. Lecher, “The Case Against Secularization: A Rebuttal”, Social Forces, Vol.69, No.4 (June 1991),
pp1103-19, and Liliane Voye, “Secularization in a Context of Advanced Modernity”, Sociology of
Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp275-88.
13. Karel Dobbelaere, “Towards an Integrated Perspective of the Processes Related to the Descriptive Concept
of Secularization”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp 229-47.
14. Mark Chaves, “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority”, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3 (March
1994), pp.749-74, and David Yamane, “Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization
Paradigm”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.36, No.1 (1997), pp.109-22
15. Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994).
16. Swatos and Christiano, Voye, and Yves Lambert, “Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age:
Secularization or New Religious Forms”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp 303-33.
17. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
18. Sahliyeh, p.9, Scott M. Thomas, “Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously: The Global
Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Society”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3
(2000), p.816, and Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.34.
19. Anson Shupe, “The Stubborn Persistence of Religion in the Global Arena”, in Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), pp.23-
6.
20. Shupe, p.22.
21. Laurence R. Iannacone, “Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion”,
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.76-89, and Laurence R. Iannacone,
136
“Second Thoughts: A Response to Chaves, Demerath, and Ellison:, Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.113-20.
22. Steve Fenton, Ethnicity: Racism, Class, and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp.44-7, 216, and Donald
L.Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). am literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, Ethno Religious Conflict in the Late
20thCentury: A General Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), p.44-54.
23. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon
and Schustetr, 1996), and Samuel P. Huntington, “The West: Unique, Not Universal”, Foreign Affairs,Vol.
75, No.6 (1996), pp.28-46.
24. Huntington, “The Clash”, p.24.
25. qvemoT CamoTvlili mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi umTavresad efuZnebian religias: S.N. Eisenstadt, “The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in
the Framework of Multiple Modernities”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.591; John L/ Esposito and
John O.Voll, “Islam and the West: Muslim Voices of Dialogue”, Millennium, Vol.29 No.3(2000), p.616;
Carsten B. Laustsen and Ole Waever, “In Defense of Religion: Sacred referent Objects for Secularization”,
Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.705; Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism”,
Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.791; and Basam Tibi, “Post-Bipolar Disorder in Crisis: The Challenge
of Politicized Islam”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.4(2000), p.844;
26. Faoud Ajami, “The Summoning”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No.4(1993), pp.2-9, John Gray, “Global
Utopias and Clashing Civilizations: Misunderstanding the Prosperity”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.1
(1998), pp.149-64, and William Pfaff, “The Reality of Human Affairs”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14,
No.2 (1997), pp.89-96.
27. David Carment, and Patrick James (eds.), Wars in the Midst of Peace (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh
Press, 1997) and Stephen N.Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen”, Foreign Policy, Vol.106 (1997), pp.177-
89.
28. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick and others, “The Modernizing Imperative”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.72, No.4 (1993),
pp.22-6, and Richard Rosecrance, “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order”
American Political Science Review,Vol,92, No.4 (1998), pp.978-80.
29. magaliTisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, “Islam and the West: The Influence of Two Civilizations on Ethnic
Conflict”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.38, No.4 (July 2001), pp.459-72, Fred Halliday, Nation and
Religion in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), Shirleen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam
and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).
30. Fox, “Islam and the West”, Errol A. Henderson and Richard Tucker, “Clear and Present Stangers: The
Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.2 (2001),
pp.317-38 , and Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and
Liberalism Deja Vu?” Some Evidence”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.583-608.
31. Fox, “Islam and the West”, Jonathan Fox, “Ethnic Minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A Quantitative
Analysis of Huntington’s Thesis”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.32, No.3 (2002), pp.415-34,
Ted R. Gurr, “Peoples Against the State: Ethno political Conflict and the Changing World System”,
International Studies Quarterly, Vol.38, No.3 (1994), pp.347-77, Tanja Ellingsen, “Colorful Community or
Ethnic Witches Brew? Multiethnic and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War”, Journal of
Conflict Resolution, Vol.44, No.2 (2000), pp.228-49, and Tanja Ellingsen, “Patterns of Conflict: Towards
Civilizational Clashes? Civilizational Differences and Intrastate Conflicts 1979-1998”, Paper presented at
the International Studies Association 42nd annual conference in Chicago, February, 2001.
32. Errol A. Henderson and J. David Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World, 1964-92”, Journal of
Peace Research, Vol.37, No.3 (2000).
33. Errol A. Henderson, “Culture and Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity States, and the Onset of Warm
1829-1989”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.41, No.5 (October 1997), pp.649-68, and Errol A.
Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989”, International Studies
Quarterly, Vol.42, No.3 (September 1998), pp.461-84.
34. Fox, “Islam and the West”.
35. Samuel P. Huntington, “Try Again: A Reply to Russet, Oneal, and Cox”, Journal of Peace Research,
Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.609-10. 36. iqve. 37. Bruce Russet, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “A Response to Huntington”, Journal of Peace Research,
Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.611-12. 38. iqve. 39. Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension”.
40. Hunter.
41. Halliday, p.129-35.
42. Henderson, “Culture or Contiguity”.
137
43. Rudolph J. Rummel, “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?”, Journal of Peace
Research, Vol.34, No.2 (1997), pp.163-75.
44. Jonathan Fox, “Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or the Status Quo?”, Studies in Conflict and
Terrorism. Vol.22, No.2 (1999), pp.119-39, Jonathan Fox, “The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on
Grievance Formation by Ethno religious Minorities”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.36, NO.3 (1999),
pp.289-307, Jonathan Fox, “Religious Causes of Ethnic Discrimination”, International Studies Quarterly,
Vol.44, No.3 (September 2000), pp.423-50, Jonathan Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination on
Ethnic Protest and Rebellion”, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol.20, No.2 (Fal 2000) pp.16-43, and Jonathan
Fox, “Religious Causes of International Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts”, International Politics, Vol.38,
No.4 (December, 2001).
45. Fox, “Islam and the West”.
46. Halliday and Hunter. 47. es moicavs qaSmiris Siit muslimebs, sunitur muslimur umciresobas, sikxebs,
nagalendisa da mizoramis Statebis qristian da animist macxovreblebsa da tripuras Statis qristianebsa da budistebs.
48. mas Semdeg MAR monacemebs daemata 18 umciresoba da mTlianad Seadgina 285. amasTanave, radganac religiis monacemebi am jgufebis damatebamde iyo Segrovebuli monacemTa bazisaTvis, isini gamoricxuli arian am gamokvlevidan.
49. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, pp.5-7. 50. iqve, gv.7. 51. iqve, gv.7. zogierTebma, magaliTad, James D. Fearon, and David D. Latin “A Cross-Sectional
Study of Large-Scale Ethnic Violence in the Postwar Period”, gamouqveynebeli statia, Departement
of Political Science, University of Chicago, 30 September 1997, SerCeviTi gadaxris safuZvelze,
gaakritikes MAR monacemebi. Gurr, Peoples Versus States, pp.10-13 exeba am kritikas. pirveli, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gegmis jgufebis sia “arasrulia”... miuxedavad amisa, gamokvleva Seicavs zogierT jgufs, romlebic ganusazRvrel zonas ganekuTvnebian; maT drodadro emateboda axali jgufebi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo momxmarebelTa rCevebsa da internet informaciebze. Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gegma arsebobs 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan, da rom man seriozuli yuradReba miiqcia, samarTliania imis mtkiceba, rom am procesma migviyvana jgufebis mkafiod gansazRvrul siamde, romlebic zemoT moyvanil kriteriumebs akmayofilebdnen. meore, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gamokvleva yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod im jgufebze, romlebic monawileobdnen koleqtiur moqmedebaSi da ugulebelyofs im jgufebs, romlebic “politikurad umoqmedoa”. Gurr amtkicebs, rom “es kritika arasworia, imitom rom umciresobis gegmis umTavresi mizania mxolod im jgufebis identificireba da analizi, romlebic akmayofilebs politikuri mniSvnelobis kriteriums” (People versus States,
pp.10-13). Cveni gamokvlevis farglebSi am faqtorebis arseboba niSnavs konfliqtis arsebobas. amis sapirispirod, Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom am faqtorebis ararsebobis pirobebSi raime konfliqti aRmocendeba. amgvarad, aq amosavali isaa, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis magaliTebi zedmiwevniT sworia. es imas niSnavs, rom MAR monacemebi ar exeba yvela umciresobas, ar warmoadgens politikurad mniSvnelovan yvela eTnikur umciresobas. garda amisa, am monacemebma didi aRiareba hpova politikur mecnierebasa da msoflio religiebSi, rasac adasturebs is faqti, rom am monacemebze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevebi gamoqveynebuli iyo mowinave JurnalebSi da ar Semoifargleboda mxolod International Studies Quarterly, theBritish Journal of Political Science, International Political
Science Review, Third World Quarterly, and Journal of Peace Research. da bolos, TviT David Latin, romelic monacemebs akritikebda, direqtorTa sabWoSia.
52. MAR da religiuri cvladebi xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar.
53. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi ix. veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail
54. Ted R. Gurr, Barbara Harff and MOnty G. Marshall, “Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 1954-
1996” (May 1997), romelic xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail. arsebobs eTnikuri konfliqtis mravali gansazRvreba da MAR-isa da arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi motanili gansazRvreba SeiZleba sakamaTo gaxdes.
55. aseve, arsebobs konfliqtebis epizodebi, romlebmac uceb ifeTqa. pirveli, esaa serbTa da xorvatTa erToblivi omi bosniis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1992-95 wlebSi, romelic or calkeul SemTxvevad iyofa: erTi serbebisaTvis, meore xorvatebisaTvis. amis Sedegad, damatebul iqna oTxi konfliqturi weliwadi. meore, esaa saqarTveloSi afxazTa da samxreT osTa ajanyeba 1991-93 wlebSi,
138
romelic or SemTxvevad gaiyo: erTi afxazebTan mimarTebaSi, meore ki samxreT osebTan. amis Sedegad damatebul iqna sami konfliqturi weli. mesame, indoeTis maCvenebeli aerTianebs yvela lokalur ajanyebas: asamSi (1952-), sikxebisa penjabSi (1982-), da muslimebisa qaSmirSi (1989-). am gamokvlevam es dayo oTx kategoriad: nagalendis, mizoramis da tripuras mkvidrni, romlebic metwilad adgilobrivi qristiani xalxebi arian (1952_); bodoebi da asamelebi, romlebic muslimur umciresobas warmoadgenen (1952_); sikxebi (1982_) da qaSmirelebi (1989_); amis Sedegad monacemebs daemata 68 SemTxveva. meoTxe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi libani 1965-92 wlebSi erTad iyo kodirebuli; am gamokvlevaSi 1965-74 wlebi kodirebulia rogorc palestinelebis dapirispireba qristiani maronitebis xelisuflebasTan, 1975-92 wlebi ki _ rogorc samoqalaqo omi muslimTa da qristianTa Soris. mexuTe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, kazakebisa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebis mier gaCaRebuli konfliqtebi erTadaa kodirebuli (1986-91). am naSromma isini or SemTxvevad gayo, erTi _ es iyo muslimi azerbaijanelebisaTvis da kazakebis SemTxvevisaTvis, da erTic _ saqarTvelosa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebebisaTvis, ris Sedegad daemata 6 SemTxveva.
56. es cvladebi Segrovilia 1990-91, 1992-93, da 1994-95 wlebisaTvis. 1994-95 ww. periodi imitom iqna SerCeuli, rom is uaxlesi iyo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sami periodidan aRebuli cvladebi Zalzed fardobiTia. religiuli cvladebis sruli mimoxilva, aseve maTi aslis miReba SesaZlebelia Semdeg misamarTze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/links.html
57. skala Semdegnairadaa Sedgenili:
0 arcerTi 1 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi, rac gamowveulia
sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. eqsplicituri sazogadoebrivi politika icavs da/an aumjobesebs jgufis SesaZleblobas, raTa man ganaxorcielos Tavisi religiuri praqtika.
2 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi rac gamowveulia sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. sazogadoebrivi politika neitraluria, xolo Tu pozitiuria _ araadekvaturia imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos diskriminaciuli praqtika.
3 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri moqmedebebi SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi politikiT. es moicavs religiebs, romlebic aRiarebulia, magram maT miniWebuli aqvT formaluri, meorexarisxovani statusi (magaliTi: qristianuli seqtebi mraval muslimur qveyanaSi).
4 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri ceremoniali mkacradaa SezRuduli da akrZaluli (magaliTi: bahaistebi iranSi).
58. TiToeuli specifikuri tipis religiuri diskriminacia kodirebuli iyo skalaze 0-dan 2-mde. (2=moqmedeba akrZalulia an mkacradaa SezRuduli umravlesi an jgufis yvela wevrisaTvis; 1=moqmedeba mciredaa SezRuduli umetesi an jgufis yvela wevrTaTvis, an mkacradaa SezRuduli zogierTi maTganisaTvis; 0=mniSvnelovnad ar aris SezRuduli nebismierisaTvis). rva cvladisaTvis damatebul iqna kodirebuli Sefaseba da jami gayofil iqna orad, raTa Seqmniliyo indikatorTa erToblioba (erTi TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis), romelic fasdeba 0-dan 8-mde. kodirebuli moqmedebebi Semdegia:
� SezRudvebi religiuri saqmianobis, festivalebis da/an ardadegebis sazogadoebriv dakvirvebaze.
� SezRudvebi mSeneblobaze, SekeTebaze da Tayvaniscemis adgilebis SenarCunebaze.
� sxva jgufis religiur kanonebze ZaldatanebiTi dakvirveba. � SezRudvebi formalur religiur organizaciebze. � SezRudvebi religiur skolebsa da/an zogadad religiur ganaTlebaze. � religiur kanonebze dakvirvebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maTze,
romlebic exeba pirovnul statuss, maT Soris qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas.
� SezRudvebi samRvdeleobis ierarqiasa da xelmisawvdomobaze. � SezRudvebi religiuri kanonebis sxva tipis dakvirvebaze.
139
59. ori cvladi kombinirebuli iyo am cxrilze dayrdnobiT:
RDIS95 RDISAL95 Pattern
0 0.5-1.0 1.5-3.0 3.5-5.0 5.5-7.0 7.0-8.0
RELDSC95 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 4 5 6 7 8 9
60. es cvladi zomavs im daZabulobebs, romelic sajarod gamoixata jgufis
liderTa mier diskriminaciis gamo, igive kategoriebiT, romliTac Sedgenilia RDIS da romlebic damatebulia gafantuli daZabulobis aRmniSvnel kategoriebs; isini mxolod maSinaa kodirebuli, rodesac sxva specifikuri kategoriebi kodirebuli ar aris. TiToeuli tipis daZabulobis done kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze, romlis Sedegebi gamoyenebulia, raTa Sedges skala 0-dan 24-mde:
3 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania jgufebis umravlesobisaTvis. 2 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, magram misi fardobiTi mniSvnelobis ganxilva
SeuZlebelia. 1 = sakiTxs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, an jgufis erTi nawilisTvisaa
mniSvnelovani. 0 = sakiTxi ar ganixileba da mas ar aqvs raime RirsSesaniSnavi
mniSvneloba.
61. es cvladi kodirebuli Semdeg skalaze:
0 arcerTi 1 jgufi moiTxovs met religiur uflebebs. 2 jgufi eZiebs privilegirebul statuss Tavisi religiisaTvis, romelic
Seuracxyofs dominanturi jgufis religiur rwmenas. 3 jgufi iswrafvis Tavisi religiuri ideologiis zogierTi aspeqtis
dominantur jgufze Tavsmoxvevisaken. 4 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas moaxdens
gabatonebuli jgufis zogierT wevrze. 5 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas moaxdens
gabatonebuli jgufis wevrTa umetesobaze an yvela maTganze.
62. arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ToTeuli am faqtorTagani kodirebulia rogorc 1 da RLEG-i Seadgens am oTxi faqtoris mTlianobas:
� politikasa da/an konfliqtSi religiuri monawileobis istoria. � religiuri liderebi aqtiurad iyeneben religiur ritorikas mosaxleobis
mobilizaciisaTvis. � religia SemoTavazebulia rogorc arareligiuri, ekonomikuri,
politikuri da/an socialuri problemebis gawyveta. � oficialuri religiis arseboba saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, kanonSi, an
de-faqto sazogadoebriv politikaSi.
63. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,and Gurr, Peoples Versus States.
64. cnobari xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar
65. es cvladi Seiqmna xuTi cvladis damatebiT, romelic zomavs specifikuri tipis kulturul gansxvavebebs Semdeg skalaze: 0_arcerTi, 1_zogierTi saSualo diferenciali; 2_mniSvnelovani diferenciali. es cvladebi Semdeg cvladebs Seicavda: gansxvavebuli eTnikuroba da nacionaloba (culdifx1); gansxvavebuli ena (culdifx2); gansxvavebuli istoriuli warmomavloba (culdifx3); gansxvavebuli socialuri tradiciebi (culdifx5); gansaxlebis sxvadasxva teritoria (culdifx6); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi icvleba 0-dan 10-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna,
140
rom religiuri gansxvavebebis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoTaRweril religiur cvladebTan kovariacia.
66. aq gamoyenebuli cvladi Sedgenili iyo cvladebis damatebiT MAR monacemebze, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebis gansasazRvrad: zogadi damokidebuleba farTo avtonomiisadmi (autgr194); monaTesave jgufebTan gaerTianebis survili (autgr294); politikuri damoukideblobis survili (autgr394); farTo avtonomiis survili (autgr494); SezRuduli avtonomiis survili (autgr594). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.
67. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: ekonomikuri sakiTxebis/problemebis gavrceleba (ecogr194); sazogadoebriv fondebSi didi wili (ecogr294); didi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis survili (ecogr394); gaumjobesebuli samuSao pirobebis survili (ecogr494); arsebuli miwis, samuSaos da/an resursebis dacvis survili (ecogr594); sxva ekonomikuri daZabuloba (ecogr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 18-mde.
68. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: jgufis enisa da kulturis dawinaurebisaken miswrafeba (culgr294); jgufis enaze ganaTlebis miRebis survili (culgr394), jgufis enis oficialur doneze gamoyenebis survili (culgr494), sxva jgufebis Tavdasxmebisagan dacva (culgr594); sxva kulturuli daZabulobebi (culgr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom saerTo religiuri daZabulobebis cvladi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoT aRweril religiur cvladebTan damTxveva.
69. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR-is monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: politikuri daZabulobebis gavrceleba (polgr194); miswrafeba farTo saerTo politikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad (polgr294); gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi farTo monawileobis survili (polgr394); farTo samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis survili (polgr494); oficialur politikaSi cvlilebis survili (polgr594); sxva politikuri daZabulobebi (polgr694); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.
70. Keith Jaggers, da Ted R. Gurr, “Tracking Democracy’s Third Wave with the Polity III Data”, Journal of
Peace Research, Vol.32, No.4 (1995), pp.469-482.
71. es Semadgeneli Seicavs: jgufis ramdenime wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0196); jgufis mravali wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0296); liderebi an dapatimrebuli, an gauCinarebuli arian (rep0396); aCvenebs jgufis wevrTa an liderTa sasamarTlo procesebs (rep0496); wameba, gamoyenebuli dasaSineblad an informaciis mosapoveblad (rep0596); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis wevrebi (rep0696); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis liderebi (rep0796); moqalaqeTa represiebi (rep0896); gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis mier Cadenili mkvlelobebi (rep0896); CamorTmeuli da ganadgurebuli qoneba (rep1096); SezRudvebi gadaadgilebaze (rep1196); Zaladobrivi gadasaxleba (rep1296); sakvebiT momaragebis akrZalva (rep1396); eTnikuri wmenda (rep1496); sistematuri Sina jaSuSoba (rep1596); kritikuli mdgomareoba (rep1696); policiisa da samxedro nawilebis Tavmoyra (rep1796); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SezRuduli gamoyeneba (rep1896); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba (rep1996); samxedro kampania SeiaraRebuli ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg (rep2096); samxedro samizneebi da dangreuli ajanyebuli teritoriebi (rep2196); ajanyebulTa mxardamWeraSi eWvmitanilTa ganadgureba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT (rep2296); sxva saxelisuflebo represiebi (rep2396). yvela es cvladi gansazRvrulia Semdeg skalaze: 0 _ ar aris cnobebi represiis Sesaxeb; 1 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic monawileoben koleqtiur qmedebaSi; 2 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, orive SemTxvevaSi (monawileoben Tu ara koleqtiur
141
moqmedebaSi), an orazrovan situaciebSi, magaliTad, rodesac wyaroebidan ar aris naTeli, provocirebuli iyo Tu ara represiuli moqmedebebi. 3 _ jgufis im wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic ar monawileoben koleqtiur moqmedebaSi. 1996 wlis cvladis arCevis mizezi isaa, rom is aris yvelaze adreuli periodi, romlisTvisac MAR-is monacemebSi saxeze iyo represiis cvladebi, amitom gonivrulia davaskvnaT, rom 1995 wlisa da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris arsebobs mkafio Tanafardoba. represiebs 1996 da 1997 wlebSi, magaliTisaTvis, aqvT Tanafardoba .897 (p-value <.001).
72. es gakeTebulia Semdeg masStabze: 0=ar aris politikuri moZraobis Sesaxeb Canaweri; 1=SezRuduli – arc erT politikur moZraobas ar uWers mxars umciresobaTa meaTedze meti (aseve im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moZraobebi identificirebulia saxelebiT, magram informacia arasakmarisia, raTa moxdes mxardaWeris kodireba nebismieri maTganisaTvis); 2=saSualo _ farTo politikur moZraobas mxars uWers umciresobis meoTxedidan naxevramde; 3=didi _ udidesi politikuri moZraoba, romelsac mxars uWers umciresobebis naxevari. es cvladi aseve gamoyenebulia damoukidebel cvladad ajanyebis winaswarmetyvelebis regresiebSi.
73. Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination”, and Jonathan Fox, “Are Ethno-Religious Minorities more
Militant than Other ethnic Minorities?”, Alternatives, VBol.28, No.1 (2003), pp.91-114.
74. Jeff Haynes, Religion in Global Politics (New York: Longman, 1998).
75. Walker Connor, “Nation Building or Nation Destroying?”, World Politics, Vol.24 No.3 (1972), pp.319-
355.
76. Walker Connor, “The Politics of Ethno nationalism”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol.27, No.1 (1973),
p.5-11.
inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna ddddaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZem 2005 w.2005 w.2005 w.2005 w.
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barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami
drois aRqdrois aRqdrois aRqdrois aRqmamamama
((((Barbara Adam. Perseptions of time. wignidanwignidanwignidanwignidan: “Companion Encyclopedia of
Anthropology”, Edited by Tim Ingold, 2002, Part II, Culture. Barbara Adam, Perseptions
of Time, pp.503-527))))
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
drois gancda msWvalavs yoveldRiur cxovrebas. is SeiZleba iyos
rogorc uSualo, myisieri, aseve gaSualebuli. marTlac, drois gancda
adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca, drois aRqma da gaazreba
icvleba kulturebis, istoriuli periodisa da konteqstis, sxvadasxva
sazogadoebis wevrebis, pirovnebis asakis, sqesis, socialur struqturaSi misi
adgilis mixedviT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, droisaTvis mniSvnelobis da
Rirebulebis miniWeba, ZiriTadad, konteqstzea damokidebuli. drois aseTi
yvelganmyofobis miuxedavad, anTropologiaSi drois problemis specialisti,
praqtikulad, ar arsebobs. “droiTi perspeqtivebis gansja da drois aTvlis
problemis anTropologiuri Seswavla jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia”,
werda maqsveli (Maxwell) 1972 wels. “drois problemis kroskulturul kvlevas
jer arc saxeli aqvs, arc “skolebi” arsebobs disciplinis farglebSi
warmoSobil am problemasTan dakavSirebiT” (1972: 47_8). es gancxadeba
Tanamedrove viTarebis dasaxasiaTebladac gamodgeba. mkvlevrebi muSaoben,
Tumca erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad, amitom Teoriuli integracia dRemde
naklebadaa miRweuli. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi drois aRricxvis sistemaze,
drois aRqmis, organizebis da struqturirebis Taviseburebebze
koncentrirebuli es kvlevebi naklovania ori faqtoris gamo. pirveli, dro ara
mxolod anTropologiis sakvlevi obieqtia, aramed is aseve mocemulia im
adamianebis cxovrebaSi, azrovnebasa da meTodebSi, romlebic am kvlevebs
warmarTaven. meore, miuxedavad amgvari yvelganmyofobisa, dro ucnaurad
uCinaria da Cveni cxovrebis erT-erT udao maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. is Cveni
kvlevebis mniSvnelovani implicituri safuZvelia. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac
anTropologebi ikvleven “droebs”, magaliTad, amerikel indielebSi, samxreT
azielebSi, afrikelebSi da avstraliel aborigenebSi, mxolod erTidan meore
kulturis enaze Targmnis problemis winaSe ar dganan, rogorc es adre
miiCneoda. problema, Cemi azriT, gacilebiT Rrmaa da dasavluri drois
143
upirobo gaziarebaSi mdgomareobs. drois dasavluri aRqma aris is gadasaxedi,
romlidanac mkvlevrebi aanalizeben “sxvaTa droebs”.
anTropologebi erTmaneTisagan pirobiTad ganasxvaveben “modernul” da
“tradiciul” sazogadoebebs. aman xeli Seuwyo diqotomiebis gavrcelebas,
romlebze dayrdnobiT “tradiciuli” kulturebis drois aRqma ganixileba
rogorc “Cveni dasavluri drois” dominanturi gagebis opozicia. am poziciis
Tanaxmad,,,, “maTi” dro ufro cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre
xarisxobrivi, Seqcevadi, vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT da
Tavad ar warmoadgens istoriis mamoZravebels; igi organizebulia ufro
yoveldRiuri wesrigiT da praqtikuli amocanebiT, vidre saaTiT,
orientirebulia ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea
damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi ritmis,
vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. “tradiciuli” da “modernuli” drois
diqotomia mZafrad gaakritika barnsma (Barnes) (1971), gansakuTrebiT, levi-
strosis naSromis magaliTze. barnsis sityviT, imisaTvis, rom
gaveridoT saxaliso, magram saboloo jamSi unayofo, simboloTa speqtakls, romelSic istoria da anTropologia, sinqronuloba da diaqronuloba, cnobieri da aracnobieri, , , , uwyvetoba da wyvetiloba, Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi dro usasrulod agrZeleben TamaSs manam, sanam auditoria saxlSi wasvlas ar gadawyvets, Cven unda davamsxvrioT diqotomiebi, davamyaroT continua da uzvrunvelvyoT is ufro meti faqtebiT (Barnes 1971: 545).
ukanasknel xans dasaxelebul klasikur midgomasTan dakavSirebiT axali
problemebi gamoikveTa. kritikis sagania mosaxleobis warmodgena erTgvarovani
saxiT, kulturuli formebis gaazreba aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi ucvleli formiT (Cottle and Klineberg 1974: 164), Cveni
Tanamosaubreebis anTropologiuri diskursis gayinul awmyoSi Caketvis
tendencia; “funqcionalizmi _ misi miswrafebis gamo, ikvlios cocxal
sazogadoebaTa moqmedebis meqanizmebi”, ”, ”, ”, radgan, Ffabianis mtkicebiT (1983: 20), es,
ubralod, niSnavs arafris keTebas drois problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
Ffabianis naSromis Time and Other (dro da sxva) gamosvlasTan erTad,
mdgomareoba Seicvala da qanqara gansxvavebis xazgasmidan Tanadroulobis
aRiarebisaken gadaixara (McElwain 1988); adamisa (Adam 1987, 1988, 1990 ) da
ingoldis (Ingold 1986, ch.4) naSromebSi gakritikebulia Cveni dasavluri
Teoriebis niutoniseuli da dekartiseuli wanamZRvrebi.
am kritikasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc codnis SemoqmedebiTi
bunebis (Harries-Jones 1985), aseve refleqsurobis saWiroebis mzardi gacnobiereba
(Cohen 1990a, b, Orther 1984). haris-jonsis (1985: 238) azriT, aucilebelia aqcentis
gadanacvleba codnis arqeologiidan kulturaze. koheni gabedulad acxadebs,
144
rom “individis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe anTropologia moZvelebulia”.
sakuTriv individi, ganagrZobs mkvlevari, samecniero principebisa da praqtikis
obieqtad unda iqces. sufTa, obieqturi realobis pozitivisturi rwmena imdenad
Rrmadaa gamjdari anTropologiur praqtikaSi, rom mkvlevrebi TavianT
varaudebs refleqsiis sagnad ar miiCneven.
refleqsurobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, ra Tqma unda, axali movlena ar
aris. wminda gonebis kritikaSi kanti (1966 [1781]: 16) aRniSnavda, rom Cven vgavarT
im mosamarTleebs, romlebic igoneben kiTxvebs da mowmeebs maTze pasuxis
gacemas aiZuleben. TiTqmis orasi wlis win kanti amtkicebda, rom
damkvirveblebi msjelobis unars dakvirvebis obieqtTa ZiriTad principebs da,
amgvarad, codnis warmomqmnel moments usadagebdnen. Cvens sakvlev problemasTan
mimarTebaSi es gulisxmobs, rom sxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa droisadmi
damokidebulebis gagebas ver SevZlebT, Tu drois sakuTar gagebas ar
gaviazrebT. amgvarad, refleqsuroba aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom
codna SemoqmedebiTia, aramed imitomac, rom sxvebis warmodgena sakuTari
Teoriuli modelebis mixedviT SegviZlia. kantis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebisa da
ukanasknel periodSi anTropologebis mier refleqsurobaze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis fonze, sakvirvelia, rom safuZveli, romelsac anTropologiuri
aRwerebi efuZneba, ucvleli rCeba. amasTan, Cveni sakuTari drois buneba
Seuswavlelia; ver vaxerxebT imis gacnobierebas, rom “sxva drois” nebismieri
analizi, amave dros, “Cveni sakuTari drois” komentirebac aris. droisadmi
gamoxatulad refleqsuri midgoma aucilebelia. Tumca rogorc gavacnobiereT,
jer erTi, “ucxo” dro, Cveulebriv, isea axsnili, rogoric is sinamdvileSi ar
aris, da meore, “Cveni sakuTari droisa” da “sxva drois” arsebuli
dualisturi modelebi safuZvelSive mcdaria.
amis gamo, me aq vaanalizeb safuZvels, romelsac emyareba
anTropologiuri aRwerebi, miznad visaxav ra drois dasavluri gagebis
TvalsazrisTa warmoCenas. Sesabamisad, Cemi yuradRebis mTavari sagania ara
eqsplicituri “sxva” dro, aramed “uCinari damkvirveblis” implicituri dro.
imisaTvis, rom naTeli gavxadoT is, rac Sinaganad, ara diskursiul doneze
viciT, saWiroa mivmarToT fenomenologiur anTropologiur midgomas.
aucilebelia Cveuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla da “ucxos” poziciis daWera,
Cveni sakuTari drois im adamianebis TvaliT danaxva, romlebic pirobiTad
warmoadgenen anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtebs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, Tvali
unda gadavavloT “sxva drois” Sesaxeb arsebul ramdenime klasikur kvlevas. es
saSualebas mogvcems vaCvenoT, Tu ra roli Seasrula CvenSi gaziarebulma
145
Sexedulebebma Tanamedrove dasavluri gagebisagan gansxvavebuli “droebis”
analizisas.
“sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi
evans-priCardis (Evans-Pritchard (1940) da uorfis (Whorf) gamokvlevebma
dasavlurisagan gansxvavebuli drois gagebaTa klasikuri analizi
warmogvidgina. Tumca, me ar mainteresebs am gansxvavebebis buneba an am
kvlevebis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mravali kritikuli mosazreba. zemoaRniSnul
mizezTa gamo, dainteresebuli var “dasavluri drois” sayovelTaod miRebuli
stereotipuli foniT, romlis sawinaaRmdegod warmodgenilia “tradiciuli”
kulturebis drois gagebebi.
uorfis lingvisturi gamokvlevis mixedviT, romelic hopis tomis
amerikeli indielebis kosmologias eZRvneba, dasavluri drois gancda
daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba, movlenaTa rigi,
romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea gamwkrivebuli. drois
dasavluri gageba daxasiaTebulia rogorc abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom uorfi cdilobs, hopis tomis
Sexeduleba droze warmoadginos im saxiT, rogoric is ar aris. is wers im
samyaroze, sadac movlenebi Tanmimdevrulad, sworxazovnebis principiT ar aris
ganlagebuli. es movlenebi Tanadroulia, kumulaciuri da organulad
Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. is aRwers dros, romelic ar aris obieqtivirebuli,
sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli sidide da ar Sedgeba calkeuli, Tanamimdevruli
momentebisagan. is xasiaTdeba integraluri “ukan mibrunebiT”. uorfis azriT
(1956: 151), hopis tomis warmomadgenlebisTvis dro aris ara moZraoba, aramed im
yvelafrisaken ukan mibruneba, rac ki odesme Seqmnila”, amitom “mudmivi
ganmeorebadoba ara unayofo, aramed akumulirebuli procesia”. hopis
lingvisturi azrovnebisaTvis, ganagrZobs uorfi (1956:57), ucxoa Cveni
abstraqtuli, xazovani, Tanamimdevruli drois gageba. igi moklebulia drois,
rogorc “Tanabari mdinarebis” gaazrebas, sadac yvelaferi Tanabari tempiT
midis momavlidan, awmyos gavliT, warsulisaken”.
“sxva droebis” analizisas igive midgoma SeiZleba davinaxoT evans-
priCardis (1940) gamokvlevaSi, romelic sudanis samxreTSi mosaxle nuerebis
nilosur toms eZRvneba. evans-priCardi ekologiuri ciklebis tomur drosa da
struqturul urTierTobebs kalendaruli da saaTis droebis fonis
sapirspirod ganixilavs. ekologiur ciklebTan mimarTebaSi is amtkicebs, rom
“TormetTviani sistema winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis drois nuerebiseul
gagebasTan, radganac isini, raime didi xangrZlivobis SemTxvevaSi, movlenis
146
drois gansasazRvrad Tveebis saxelebs ar iyeneben; maT ar aqvT “Tves, dResa da
Rames Soris periodebis aRmniSvneli drois erTeulebi; maTTvis “dros wlis
ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive Rirebuleba ara aqvs”, maTi drois aRmniSvneli
sityvebi “ar aris ubralod drois aRricxvis erTeulebi”, da bolos, maT “ara
aqvT sityva, romelic, Cveni gagebiT, “drois” eqvivalenti iqneboda. amgvarad,
maT, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZliaT isaubron droze, rogorc raRac
realurze, romelic miedineba, SeiZleba gaflango an Seinaxo, da a.S.” (940: 99-
103). evans-priCardis azriT, Cveni droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic miedineba da
progresirdeba, nuerebis struqturuli drois moZraoba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas
rogorc iluzia, radgan tomuri drois struqtura ucvleli rCeba. es niSnavs,
rom maTi “drois gancda sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianebis, ufro xSirad,
jgufebis moZraoba struqturis SigniT.” igi drois amgvar gancdas upirispirebs
Cvens istoriul dros, romelSic TiToeul movlenas unikaluri adgili ukavia
TariRebis da saaTis erTeulebis droiT badeSi. misi TqmiT, Cveni dro
gacilebiT did distancias moicavs, vidre maTi dro. Cveni istoriisagan
gansxvavebiT, maT miTSi erTi movlena meores win ar uswrebs. “miTebi xsnian
ufro zogadi socialuri mniSvnelobis Cveulebebs, vidre calkeul segmentebs
Soris urTierTqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, miTebi struqturuli gagebiT
stratificirebuli araa” (1940:107-8).
am ori gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, dasavluri dro dakavSirebulia garkveul
klasificirebul maxasiaTeblebTan: is aris abstraqtuli, sivrcobriavad
gaazrebuli sidide, romelic calkeul erTeulebad iyofa; organzomilebiani,
xazovani, mimarTulebis mqone dineba an mudmivi, uwyveti mdinareba romelic
warsulidan momavlisaken miemarTeba (an piriqiT); es aris dro, romelic gadis
an SeiZleba Seinaxo, gayido an gaflango. kvlevebSi yvela es aspeqti
izolirebulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe Cndeba da mxolod ucxo drois
kontrastulobis Cvenebas isaxavs miznad. uorfis analizSi ucxo dro
warmoCenilia, rogorc Tanadrouli, xarisxobrivi, kumulaciuri, erTiani da
kompleqsuri; xolo evans-priCardis mier es dro daxasiaTebuilia cikluri,
movlenebSi mocemuli struqturuli drois, procesebisa da socialuri
urTierTobebis saxiT.
es klasikuri kvlevebi warmogvidgens tradiciul anTropologiur
midgomas drois problemisadmi. maTSi mocemul detalur dakvirvebebSi da
informantebisagan aRebul interviuebSi arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze
mkvlevrebs informantebis Sexedulebebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
gamoaSkaraveba SeuZliaT, rac maT modelebis agebis da interpretaciebis
gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. amgvar tradiciul gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili
147
Sexedulebebi, saidanac gamomdinareobda kiTxvebi, dakvirvebebi da modelebi,
yovelTvis udavod miiCneoda. sanam dasavluri drois implicitur Teoriebs im
gzas Sevadareb, romlis meSveobiT inglisurenovani adamianebi dros
yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi gamoxataven, minda mokled ganvixilo “sxva drois”
Sesaxeb arsebuli, klasikuri tradiciisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevebi.
mbitim (Mbiti, 1969), rogorc afrikelma, romelmac misionerebis zegavlena
ganicada, sakuTari samyaros ucxo TvaliT danaxva iswavla. garda amisa,
imisaTvis, rom sxva samyaros nawili gamxdariyo, mas ucxo sakuTrad unda eqcia.
mas manam unda aReqva misionerebis dasavluri dro, sanam maT samyaroSi CarTvas
SeZlebda. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom mbitis warmodgena dasavlur drois
safuZvlebze, romelsac is afrikul dros upirispirebs, bevrad daxvewilia mis
dasavlel kolegaTa SexedulebebTan SedarebiT.... mbitis naSromSi (1969),
romelic afrikul religiebs da filosofias eZRvneba, dasavluri drois tipi
kidev erTxel gamodis xazovani _ warsulad, awmyod da momavlad dayofili _
drois saxiT. Tumca, zemoTganxiluli dasavluri drois analizisagan
gansxvavebiT, mbitis fonuri dro kompleqsuria da gaazrebulia abstraqciasTan,
obieqtivaciasTan, sivrculobasTan, arakonteqsturobasTan da moxmarebasTan
kavSirSi. mbiti afrikelebis “Seqmnil dros” upirispirebs moxmarebis sagnad
qceul dasavlur dros, romelic SeiZleba Sromis bazarze gaicvalos rogorc
realuri sidide. aseve, igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs drois gancdisa da misi
organizebis moTxovnilebas tradiciuli afrikuli sazogadoebis wevrebSi,
erTi mxriv, da drois dReebad, saaTebad da wuTebad dayofisken miswrafebas
dasavlur an vesternizebul sazogadoebaSi, meore mxriv. sworxazovnebis,
Tanmimdevrulobisa da moZraobis Taobaze evans-priCardisa da uorfis
bundovani warmodgenisagan gansxvavebiT, mbiti dasavluri drois
sworxazovnebas da Tanabari xangrZliobis warsulisa da momavalis gagebas
raodenobriv/ricxviT, konteqstisagan damoukidebel kalendarTan mimarTebaSi
ganixilavs. garda amisa, is erTmaneTs ukavSirebs kalendrebis maTematikurad
abstraqtul dros da moxmarebis sagnad qceul dros, saubrobs im kavSirze,
romelic dReebs, Tveebs, wlebsa da im dros Soris arsebobs, romelic SeiZleba
gamoiyeno, gayido, gacvalo da akontrolo.
rogorc am or midgomas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebidan Cans,
mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, analizSi fonur dros Tanabari statusi eniWeba,
Tu igi, ubralod, gamogonilia. dasavleli anTropologebis azriT, maTTvis
Cveuli drois refleqsiis obieqtad ganxilva moiTxovs yoveldRiurobis
“umaRles Svebad” gaazrebas da yuradRebis gamaxvilebas imaze, rac
uyuradRebod rCeba “sxva drois” Seswavlisas. Sesabamisad, saWiroa
148
gamokvleul iqnas gza, romlis meSveobiT dro yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi
gamoiyeneba, anu igi ganixileba rogorc sastarto wertili, saidanac
Sefasebuli iqneba antinomiebi, romlebic anTropologiuri diskursis obieqtebs
da maTSi mocemul sapirispiro mxareebs maradiul “eTnografiul awmyoSi”
aTavsebs. qvemoT moyvanilma magaliTebma, miuxedavad maTi banalurobisa,
SeiZleba socialuri drois usazRvro cvalebadoba da sirTule warmoaCinos.
maT aseve SeiZleba im modelebis simwire da araadekvaturoba dagvanaxos,
romlebic gvaiZuleben, arCevani gavakeToT drosa da droebiTobas, saaTebsa da
bunebis ritmebs, sworxazovnebasa da ciklurobas, cvalebadobasa da wesrigs,
istoriasa da miTs, raodenobriobasa da xarisxs, droSi arsebul movlenebsa
da movlenebSi arsebul dros Soris. rogorc vnaxavT, dasavluri
sazogadoebebi mxolod organzomilebian, sworxazovan, qronologiur droSi ar
arseboben.
yoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebi
inglisur enaSi “drois” aRmniSvneli sityva yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi
arsebiTi saxeli gaxda. gasakviri ar aris, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri urTierToba
aRsavsea drois aRmniSvneli sityvebiT. igive sityva gamoiyeneba mravali, Zalian
gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis gadmocemisaTvis, romlebic drois sxvadasxva
implicitur TeoriebSia mocemuli. Cven vsaubrobT saaTis droze da zamTris
droze, sawyis drosa da cud droze, moqmedebisa da urTierTobisaTvis
xelsayrel droze. Cven vexebiT sagnebisa da procesebis dros, romelic
mifrinavs da dros, romelsac Tavisi miaqvs. Cven Tavisuflad vmoZraobT drois
am SegrZnebebSi da Sinaganad maT ise aRviqvamT, rom am gansxvavebebze bevrs ar
vfiqrobT. cxadia, rom amas mohyveba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miwera
zogadi terminisaTvis. dro mxolod saaTiT ar izomeba. dro mravalaspeqtiania:
is mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur tradiciebSi, maTematikis
abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris konkretul urTierTobebSi. mas
vzomavT saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis, ganmeorebadi
movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis safuZvelze. dros viyenebT
rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis saSualebas, an rogorc gadaxdis
formas, aseve rogorc bunebis, sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis
organizebis resurss. yvela am sferos sakuTari sazRvrebi aqvs, romlis
farglebSic unda gakeTdes samoqmedo arCevani. wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris
faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrda,
Taobebi da adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlioba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT
CarCoebs da maT farglebSi Cven varegulirebT yoveldRiur cxovrebas.
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dabadebisa da sikvdilis parametrebi, bunebis ritmebi da socialurad
ganpirobebuli movlenebis ganmeorebadi nimuSebi erTad qmnian droiT
matricas, romlis meSveobiTac vaxerxebT droSi cxovrebas.
Tu am gansxvavebul “droebs” ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba
movaxerxoT “rodis drois” identificireba: rodis aris bankebi Ria, rodis unda
daiZinon bavSvebma, rodis viyaviT axalgazrda, rodis moxda CvenTan socialuri
areuloba, rodis daangria Stormma zRvis sanapiros damcavi nagebobebi da Cveni
saxlis saxuravebi. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi es “rodis” ufro kalendrebis,
saaTebis, an orives erTad, droiT sqemazea damyarebuli. magram am socialuri
qmedebebis da bunebrivi fenomenebis drois gansazRvrisa da droSi
lokalizebis safuZvels mxolod saaTi da kalendari ar warmoadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom magaliTad, bankebis gaRebis drois dadgena
warmudgenelia saaTebisa da kalendrebis daxmarebis gareSe, marto saaTi da
kalendari ar aris sabanko saqmianobis erTaderTi regulatori. bankebis
gaRebis dro mxolod sabanko momsaxurebiT mosargeble adamianebis samuSao
drosTan araa SeTanxmebuli. drois gansazRvra xdeba aseve miwis kanonis
(romelic sxva sawyis droebs aregulirebs), Sida samuSao grafikisa da
tradiciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze. amis msgavsad, bavSvebs SeuZliaT
Tqvan, rom Zilis dro dadga, radgan gareT ukve bneldeba, an sabavSvo
satelevizio programa damTavrda. bavSvebisaTvis amgvari argumenti SeiZleba
ufro damajereblad JRerdes, vidre imis Tqma, rom saRamos rva saaTia.
ufro meti, saaTisa da kalendaruli drois arseboba xels ar gviSlis,
warsuli, awmyo da momavali movlenebTan, procesebTan da socialur
urTierTobebTan kavSirSi ganvsazRvroT. sakuTari bavSvobis, socialuri
areulobis, an konkretuli Stormis warmodgenis dros TariRebma da saaTma
SeiZleba yvelaferi ar gagvaxsenos. es niSnavs, rom evans-priCardis mier
dafiqsirebuli gansxvavebebis sapirispirod, nuerebs SeiZleba, meti saerTo
hqondeT socialuri qmedebebis, movlenebis da tradiciebis “rodis”-is drois
Cveneul dasavlur gagebasTan. “tradiciuli” da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebis
polarizebis miuxedavad, saaTis da kalendaruli dro Cveni damokidebulebis
erTaderTi safuZveli ar aris. Sesabamisad, marTebuli araa misi warmoCena
bunebasTan, socialur da religiur droebTan dapirispirebaSi. unda aRiniSnos,
rom Sexedulebebs socialur urTierTqmedebasa da bunebriv garemoze ar
Canacvlebia drois racionalizacia. es Sexedulebebi jer kidev mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben im drois gansazRvraSi, rodesac garkveuli movlenebi xdeba.
drois standartizirebuli sistema, romelic dedamiwas moicavs, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, Cveni socialuri qmedebebis saerTaSoriso doneze organizebis da
150
koordinirebis saSualebas iZleva. es dro Rrmad aris gamjdari Cvens
sazogadoebaSi. magram es dro ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur,
idiosinkretul da konteqstze damokidebul gagebaTa mdidari resursebis
arsebobas. am drois gagebebs fesvi gadgmuli aqvT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
socialur da bunebriv ritmebSi. saaTisa da kalendris abstraqtuli,
gamoTvladi, sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli dro dasavluri drois mravali
mniSvnelobaTa mxolod erT aspeqts qmnis. . . .
es cxadad Cans, rodesac samoqmedod “karg” da “cud” droebs virCevT. Tu
dasavluri dro, rogorc saaTisa da kalendris dro, marTlac xazovani da
raodenobrivi iyo, maSin azrs moklebulia saubari “karg” da “cud” droze.
rogorc joSia (Gioscia 1974: 83) miuTiTebs, “drois organzomilebianobis
(sworxazovnebis) aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “mZime dro”,
“ioli dro”, “maRali” an “dabali” dro, mxolod evfemizmia. saaTisa da
kalendris dro, romelic, SeiZleba, marTlac dominanturia “rodis” drois
specifikurobis gamo, mniSvnelobas kargavs maSin, roca saxelfaso anazRaurebis
gazrdis moTxovnis, megobruli urTierTobis dasrulebis, an samsaxuris
dasawyebad gancxadebiT mimarTvisaTvis “Sesaferisi drois” SerCeva gvixdeba.
“kargi” da “cudi” droebis sakiTxi umTavresad drois gansazRvris problemas
ganekuTvneba. dro ki SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mravali sxvadasxva faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT. kviris dReebi an dRis saaTebi “Sesaferisi drois” SerCevis
erT saSualebas warmoadgens. magram sxva momentebmac, SeiZleba, Tu meti ara,
Tanabari roli iTamaSon aseTi drois gansazRvraSi. aseve mniSvnelovania
urTierTobebisa da movlenebis warsulsa da momavalTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia monawileTa keTildReoba da siZliere,
unarebi, SfoTva da sisuste, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTobis xasiaTi. amasTan
erTad, socio-istoriulma, ekonomikurma da politikurma konteqstma SeiZleba
mTavari roli iTamaSos imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra Seadgens “marjve da
xelsayrel dros”, iseve, rogorc normebs, Cvevebs da Rirebulebebs, romelTac
es dro moicavs.
““““rodis” drois yvela tipi saaTis da kalendaruli drois asociacias
iwvevs, Tumca sxva tipis “droebic” arsebobs. bunebis da sezonebis ritmebi,
socialuri normebi, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi,
warsulis codna da misi Sedegebis molodini _ yovelive es gavlenas axdens
momavlis gaTvlaze. yvela es momenti erTad, urTierTgadajaWvulad
gansazRvravs “Sesaferis” dros konkretul moqmedebebSi CasarTavad.
maSin, roca saaTis dro konteqstisagan damoukideblobas da globalur
stadartizacias uwyobs xels, Cveulebrivi qmedebebis drois gansazRvra
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gansakuTrebul safuZvelze da konkretul konteqstTan kavSirSi xdeba.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom “rodis dro” yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca,
drois am gagebis calkeul gamovlinebebSi Cans, rom misi arsebobis
ganmapirobebeli zogierTi faqtori universaluria da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis
erTnairad aris damaxasiaTebeli, maSin roca sxva danarCeni faqtorebi
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT unikaluria. arc raodenoba, arc xarisxi, arc
sazogadoeba, arc buneba, arc saaTi da arc gadaswyvet amocanaTa rutinuloba
ar warmoadgens erTaderT safuZvels kulturuli specifikisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
am Sexedulebebis safuZvelze trdiciuli kulturebis da dasavleTis
industriuli drois dapirispireba marTebuli ar aris.
drois gansazRvrisa da droSi lokalizebasTan erTad, yoveldRiur
inglisur komunikaciaSi drois ZiriTad komponentebs temporaluroba ayalibebs.
dro romelsac Tavisi miaqvs, gazafxulis dro da bunebis gamococxleba, asakis
momateba da siberis SegrZneba _ yovelive amis gancda SeiZleba, aseve, “rodis
dros” ukavSirdebodes. magaliTad, rodis yvavis vaSlis xe, rodis davberdebi,
rodis davibade, rodis movkvdebi. Tumca es ideebi _ ganmeorebaTa ciklis
farglebSi _ Seuqcevadi cvlilebis fundamentur codnasac moicavs. drois
gansazRvra da drois CarCoebi “rodis drois” mTavari aspeqtebia, maSin roca
procesebTan mimarTebaSi wina planze temporaluroba gamodis. mcenareebi
izrdeba, mwifdeba da Wkneba. adamianebi da cxovelebi ibadebian, cocxloben da
kvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ciklzea saubari,
TiToeulSi cvlilebebi erTi mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. araferi arsebobs
asakis, sikvdilis, dabadebis gareSe. Cven SegviZlia warsuli sakuTar gonebaSi
gavacocxloT, magram sicocxlis da materialuri samyaros procesebis ukan
mobruneba ar SegviZlia. drois erTmimarTulebianobaze saubari SegviZlia
geologiuri da istoriuli monacemebis, fizikuri procesebis (romelic
energiis gacvlas moicavs), , , , codnis uwyveti dagrovebis da im faqtis
safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebi da sagnebi berdebian da arasodes
axalgazravdebian. Cven viciT, rom dRis cikli Sedgeba SuadRis, saRamos da
Ramisagan, da ara piriqiT _ Ramis, saRamosa da SuadRisagan. es magaliTebi
miuTiTebs, rom tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvis mxolod
cikluri da Seuqcevadi, sworxazovni drois gagebebi araa damaxasiaTebeli.
drois aRqmis orive forma integrirebulia yvela ritmulad struqturirebul
fenomenSi (Adam 1990:70-6).
da mainc, rodesac vambobT, rom dros Tavisi miaqvs da adamianebi,
cxovelebi da sagnebi berdebian, Cven ganmeorebadobasTan da
sworxazovanobasTan erTad, dros damatebiT aspeqtebs vaniWebT. TiToeuli
152
cikli ayalibebs CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac organizebas vukeTebT, vgegmavT da
varegulirebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebas. haidegeris (1967, 1972) sityviT, Cveni
sicocxle grZeldeba sikvdilamde, yovel awmyoSi yofnisas Cven veTxovebiT
warsuls; momavali, sadac kvlav gvaqvs cxovrebis molodini, centralur rols
TamaSobs Cvens gancdebSi, gegmebsa da moqmedebaSi. garda imisa, rom kavSiri
gvaqvs sakuTar warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT
agreTve Cvens warmoSobasa da bedisweraze. am aspeqtebis erToblioba gavlenas
axdens imaze, rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs, ojaxs da garSemomyof adamianebs.
isini zemoqmedeben Cveni urTierTobebis drois gansazRvraze, sxvebTan
damokidebulebaze da imaze, Tu rogor vxsniT yoveldRiur Tu
eqstraordinarul movlenebs. amrigad, “drois gansazRvris” da “drois
CarCoebis” aspeqtebi Serwymulia temporalurobasTan, iseve rogorc,
temporalurobaa gadajaWvuli drois gansazRvrasTan da drois CarCoebTan.
Tumca, drois es sammagi implikacia mis kompleqsurobas, yoveldRiuri
mniSvnelobiT, ar gamoricxavs; tempi dasavluri drois arsis kidev erTi
aspeqtia. mravali da sxvadasxva fizikuri, biologiuri da kulturuli drois
CarCoebis farglebSi procesebis dro da temporaluroba sxvadasxva siCqares
gulisxmobs. Cven vlaparakobT droze, romelic nela an Zalian swrafad gadis.
dro mifrinavs, roca Tavs kargad vgrZnobT. dro mZimed midis, roca velodebiT.
dro arasodesaa sakmarisi, roca dakavebuli varT da is Tavzesayrelad gvaqvs,
roca arafers vakeTebT. amrigad, tempi da intensiuroba drois kompleqsuri
mniSvnelobis integraluri komponentebia. isini Cvens cxovrebas yvela doneze
msWvalavs. dabadebis dRis molodini patara bavSvs wina dRes SeiZleba
dausruleblad moeCvenos, maSin roca moxuci adamianisaTvis erTi wlis
winandeli dabadebis dRe guSindeli dRis msgavsi iqneba. zamTris mkvdar
periods gazafxulis yvavilobis dro mohyveba. samuSaos erTi saxe male
dasamTavrebelia, maSin roca sxva tipis samuSao procesi, konkretul sawarmoo
procesebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevis mizniT, neli tempiT unda mimdinareobdes.
moqmedebis da reaqciis done, iqneba es metaboluri Tu socialuri reaqcia,
arsobrivad aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ramdenad miiRweva romeliRac
mocemuli drois CarCoSi moqmedebaTa drois gansazRvra da arsebobis
temporaluroba. yvelaferi es, Tavis mxriv, drois dinebis siCqaris Cveneul
gancdaSia mocemuli.
ramdenadac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT safuZvelze, romlis sapirispirodac
anTropologebi warmoadgenen maT xelT arsebul eTnografiul monacemebs, uari
unda vTqvaT dualizmze da erTad gaviazroT is, ris gancalkevebasac
cdilobda tradiciuli analizi. cxadi gaxdeba, rom cikluroba arc
153
sworxazovnebis sapirispiroa da arc warmavlobasa da ganmeorebadobas
emijneba; rom is ar gamoricxavs fizikuri da cocxali sxeulebis an dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi socialuri procesebis erTmimarTulebian temporalurobas.
drois cikluroba ZiriTadad maTgan gamomdinareobs.
drois (CarCoebis), drois gansazRvris, temporalurobis da tempis ormag
mniSvnelobas maSin vacnobierebT, roca drois cnebas yoveldRiur
komunikaciaSi viyenebT. amis msgavsad, gvainteresebs, mniSvnelovania Tu ara
tradiciuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis zemoT ganxiluli “Cveni
sakuTari drois”, aseve ucxo an “sxva drois” problema. Tumca, gansxvaveba
imaSia, drois CarCoebi, romlis farglebSic sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas
vaxdenT, bunebis ritmzea dafuZnebuli Tu meqanikur saaTze. es is gansxvavebaa,
romelsac Cvens kvlevaSi mere unda davubrundeT. is “sxva drois”
anTropologiuri kvlevebis aRiarebul safuZvels exeba.
saaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxe
wamebis, wuTebis, saaTebis mier Seqmnil drois CarCoebs, gansxvavebiT
sicocxlis drois, sezonebisa da dRiuri ciklis drois CarCoebisagan,
ucvleloba, konteqstisagan damoukidebloba da sizuste axasiaTebs. islandiaSi
zamTarSi da britaneTSi – zafxulSi saaTs erTnairad zomaven [1]. sadac ar
unda viyoT dRes, erTi saaTi yvelgan erTi saaTia. Cven ukve ar viyenebT
sezonebis an mravali “lokaluri drois” mixedviT cvlad “saaTebs”, romlebic
win uswreben msoflio dros. dedamiwaze dro standartizebulia. XVIII saukunis
miwurulidan dro dayofilia zonebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan erTi saaTis
gansxvavebiT arian gamijnulni. erTi saaTiT win viqnebiT, Tu aRmosavleTiT
gadavadgildebiT, da erTi saaTiT ukan, Tu dasavleTiT gadavinacvlebT.
ucnauri is aris, rom saerTaSoriso droiTi zonebis gadakveTisas an vigebT
erT dRes, an ki piriqiT _ vkargavT mas. magaliTad, wynar okeaneSi mdebare
aleutebis kunZulze gadaadgilebisas SeiZleba dabadebis dRe orjer
aRvniSnoT an saerTod gamogvrCes (Alwyn Jones, personal communication). drois
racionalizacia da misi saaTTan mibma did gavlenas axdens industriuli
sazogadoebebis socialur cxovrebaze da drois im aspeqtebsac msWvalavs,
romlebic saerToa CvenTvis da msoflios sxva sazogadoebebisTvis. garda amisa,
is Rrmad aris mocemuli drois Cveneul gagebaSi. drois am gagebis safuZvelze
anTropologebi ayalibeben TavianT Sexedulebebs “tradiciul sazogadoebebze”.
Sesabamisad, is ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
kalendaric da saaTic _ orive moicavs dros, rogorc sazoms da orive
zomavs dros ( Ingold 1986:1986-6). unda dazustdes es ormagi roli, radgan mas
154
paradoqsuli Sedegi aqvs: sazomi miesadageba ucvlelobis princips, maSin roca
bunebriv dros, romelic misiT izomeba, fumdamenturi cvalebadoba axasiaTebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRis sinaTlis saaTobrivi xangrZlivoba mcirediT
icvleba yoveldRe, Tanavarskvlavedebis ganlageba yovelTvis ar xdeba erTsa
da imave poziciaze da yvela weli ar Sedgeba 265 dRisagan. es drois sazoms
xarisxobrivad ganasxvavebs imisagan, rasac is zomavs [2]. bunebis cvalebadi
ritmisagan gansxvavebiT, ucvleli, zusti sazomi adamianebis gamogonebaa. es is
Seqmnili droa, romelic imdenad dominanturi gaxda Cvens sazogadoebaSi, rom
mas xSirad, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, ise aRviqvamT; TiTqos sxva “droebi”
ar arsebobdes.
garda amisa, saaTi klasikuri meqanikis kanoniT Seqmnili meqanizmia. yvela
meqanizmis msgavsad, saaTi materialuri artefaqtia, romelic idealizebuli
ucvlelobis, simartivis, cvlilebebis gareSe moZraobis da ganmeorebadobis
principebs ganasaxierebs (Adam 1990:50-5, Shallis 1983, especially chs 2 and 4). saaTi,
rogorc samyaros meqanikuri modeli, dros asaxavs, rogorc kosmosSi ganvlil
manZils. magram is aseve qmnis dros, romelic ukve aRar aris damokidebuli mis
wyaroze. qanqaris gamogonebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa am pirveli, xelovnuri,
damoukidebeli drois standartis SeqmnaSi. qanqaris regularuli rxevebi
aRricxulia da gadaqceulia mimarTulebis mqone mimdevrobad. Tumca, rogorc
sxva adgilas aRvniSne (Adam 1988: 209), mimarTuleba ricxviTi sistemis
artefaqtia. es ar aris meqanikuri saaTis integraluri aspeqti, radgan qanqaris
rxevebis aRricxva meqanizmis muSaobasTan SeuTavsebelia da misi mimarTuli
mimdevroba mxolod maTematikuri wesiT aris ganpirobebuli. am wesis Tanaxmad
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom cifri “sami” moyveba “ors” da piriqiT. meore mxriv, drois
arsi arc qanqaris rxevebSi da arc ricxvebis sistemaSia. Cven ar SegviZlia
saaTs SevxedoT da darwmunebiT vTqvaT, CrdiloeT an samxreT naxevarsfroSi
dilis rva saaTia Tu saRamosi, zafxulia Tu zamTari. es codna bunebriv
ritmebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gveZleva. drois ganxilva konteqstis gareSe da
misi racionalizacia drois mniSvnelobis, xarisxobrivi gansxvavebis, bunebisa
da socialur ritmebTan harmoniulobis sapirispirod aris gamoyenebuli.
Tumca saaTma ver Secvala drois socialuri, biologiuri da fizikuri
wyaroebi. is ufro cvalebadi drois, temporalurobebis, drois gansazRvris,
bio-kulturuli tempebis mniSvnelobebs Caenacvla.
amgvarad, saaTs centraluri roli ukavia CvenTvis Cveuli drois
gagebaSi. amitom, misi gavlena imdenad Zlieria, rom Znelia am gavlenis mkafiod
formulireba. saaTis drois gansakuTrebuloba industriuli warmoebis
sferoSi Cans, sadac mrewvelebi TavianTi muSebisagan yiduloben dros. dro is
155
mediumia, romlis saSualebiTac samuSao abstaqtul gacvliT Rirebulebad
gadaiqceva. dro samuSaos fulSi gacvlis ZiriTadi saSualebaa (Giddens 1981: 130-
4). amasTan, dro industriul sazogadoebaSi konkurenciis sagania. droze
kontrolis mosapoveblad mimdinare konfliqti im brZolebis istoriaSi
SeiZleba davinaxoT, sadac samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis da vadis xangrZlioba,
muSaobis periodi da dasvenebis droebi, damatebiTi samuSao dro da
Svebulebebi, dasvenebebi da anazRaurebadi Tavisufali dro uTaxmoebis
ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo (Rinderspacher 1985: 217-27, Starkey 1988, Thompson 1967). samuSao
dro, rogorc raodenobrivi da abstraqtuli gacvliTi Rirebuleba, ukve
ubralod ki ar gadaecema, moixmareba an Seivseba, _ is moxmarebis sagnad iqceva.
amitom, drois kontroli industriuli sazogadoebis arsebobis ganuyofeli,
integraluri aspeqti gaxda. drois kontroli arsebiT gavlenas axdens am
industriuli realobis drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da temporalurobaze.
amrigad, moxmarebis sagnad drois gadaqcevac da kontrolic industriuli da
industrializebuli sazogadoebebis specifikur fenomenebad unda aRviqvaT. es
ormagi maxasiaTebeli pirobiTad saaTebTan da drois gazomvasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. Tumca es damokidebuleba rTulia. qronologiuri da
kalendaruli dro, romelic dakavSirebulia damoukidebeli, obieqturi,
TavisTavad arsebuli drois ekvivalentur realobasTan, ZiriTad rols
TamaSobs industriuli sazogadoebis drois aRqmaSi. magram arc kalendari da
arc meqanikuri saaTis gamogoneba drois amgvari materializebis, misi mogviano
komodifikaciisa da gakontrolebis mizezad ar unda ganixilebodes, radgan,
garkveuli saxiT, yvela sazogadoeba aRricxavs dros.
drois aRricxvis wyalobiT, viciT sagnebis, movlenebis da procesebis
dro. TiToeuli maTganis dros aRviqvamT, rogorc sakuTari adgilis mqones
sxva droebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ufro mokle an grZeli, Cqari an nelia.
amgvarad, es procesebi ki ar aris regularuli da ritmuli, aramed ufro Cveni
codna sxva movlenebTan da procesebTan maTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb. es
mniSvnelovania. magaliTad, brinjis momzadeba an joxis wva is procesia,
romelic, sxva procesebTan SedarebiT, ufro mdgradia da SeiZleba drois
mokle monakveTebis sazomad iqnas gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba davasxeloT sxva
mravali msgavsi mdgradi procesi, romlebic drois aRricxvis mizniT
gamoiyeneba mTel msoflioSi da kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi. am
meTodebiT mokle periodebis aRricxvis msgavsad, didi droiTi monakveTebis
gamoTvlis SesaZleblobebi marto Tanamedrove civilizaciebs ar gaaCnia.
bevrma Zvelma sazogadoebam ise Seqmna rTuli kalendaruli sistemebi, rom
aranairi warmodgena ar hqonia drois, rogorc resursis an moxmarebis sagnis
156
gagebaze. arqeoloiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom mTvaris kalendari 30.000 wlis
win Seqmnes (Marshak 1972, cited in Fraser 1987: 46). sTounhenji, romelic, rogorc
fiqroben, kalendris funqcias asrulebda, Zv.w. 1800-1400 wlebs Soris unda
agebuliyo; uZvelesi wylis saaTi, romelic egvipteSi gamoigones, Zv.w.
meToTxmete saukunidan arsebobs; adreulma civilizaciebma, magaliTad, maias
civilizaciam, rTuli kalendrebi Seqmnes; CineTma dasavleTze mravali saukuniT
adre gamoigona meqanikuri saaTi. amrigad, arc drois aRricxva da arc saaTis
meSveobiT misi gazomva warmoadgens industriuli drois arss. es ukanaskneli
ufro is droa, romelic abstragirebulia Tavisi bunebrivi sawyisisagan;
damoukidebeli, dekonteqstualizebuli, racionalizebuli dro, TiTqmis
usasrulod SeiZleba Tanabar, sivrcobrivad gaazrebul monakveTebad daiyos,
romlebic yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba da TavisTavad arsebul
drosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom drois gazomva ar aris is
maxasiaTebeli, romelic gamoarCevs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis
drosTan damokidebulebas. meqanikuri dro imdenad materialuri gaxda, rom Cven
davkargeT kontaqti sxva ritmebTan da Cveni arsebobis mraval drosTan. aseTi
materializebuli drois dominantobis pirobebSi, dagvaviwyda, rom awmyoSi
mTeli Cveni arseboba mudmiv ganaxlebasa da kvlavwarmoebas saWiroebs; Cveni
warsulidan yvelaferi awmyoSi gadmotanas da axali mecnierebis Suqze
rekonstruirebas moiTxovs. aseTi drois Semadgeneli procesebis aRqma mxolod
maSin SegviZlia, roca maT im sazogadebebs davupirispirebT, romelTac drois
Cvengan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT. aseTi sazogadoebebi awmyoSi
dros konstruirebas tradiciuli adaTebis, miTebisa da ritualis meSveobiT
axdenen. es maSin, roca Cven, miRebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, iseT droSi
varsebobT, romelic warmoadgens “Tanabrad dinebad xangrZliobas, sadac
samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT mimdinareobs” (Whorf 1956: 7). wlebis,
dReebis, saaTebisa da wamebis, drois dagegmvis, vadebis da drois zewolis
Cveneul samyaroSi, dro ukve ar aris umTavresad realobis formirebasTan
dakavSirebuli [3]. mecnierebam, filosofiam da istoriam Secvala miTosuri da
sakraluri tradiciebi. Tumca procesi igive darCa; misi meSveobiT vinaxavT da
gadavcemT ara marto Cvens codnas, aramed Cvens arsebobasac. “tradiciuli”
sazogadoebebis msgavsad, Cvenc awmyoSi vqmniT da vagebT dros. Cven, ubralod,
misi arseboba daviviwyeT. xelovnuri drois TavisTavad arsebul drod
gadaqcevam es codna Cveni gacnobierebuli aRqmiT Secvala.
dekonteqstualizebuli, abstraqtuli intervalebis es Seqmnili dro arsebobs
yvelgan, sadac dro kontroldeba da sadac is samuSao Zalis fulad
157
Rirebulebad gadaqcevis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. transcendenturi droisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic zogadad sakacobrio kulturas axasiaTebs, homogenuri,
raodenobrivi dro, romelsac viyenebT, vanawilebT, vakontrolebT da samuSao
bazarze vyidiT, universaluri ar aris. is mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
industrializaciis istoriasTan (Adam 1987; 327-63, Giddens 1981, Hohn 1984,Thompson
1967).
meore mxriv, “sakuTari” drois gadalaxvis mizani da SesaZlebloba
saerToa mTlianad kacobriobisaTvis. es Cans religiebis, miTebis da Teoriebis,
xelovnebis da arqiteqturis, agrikulturis da teqnologiebis arsebobaSi.
metafizikuri problemebis dasma, Cvens sasrulobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri
samyaros SesabamisobaSi moyvana ucvlelobis principebTan _ yvelaferi es
drois transcendenturobas uwyobs xels. es niSnavs, rom nuerebis da hopis
msgavsi “tradiciuli” sazogadoebebi, ubralod, ar ganicdian aseT
SesaZleblobebis simwires, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT obieqtivirebuli da
abstraqtuli dro. isini gansxvavdebian sxvebisagan mxolod imiT, Tu rogor
“gadalaxaven” dros. adamianebi cdiloben garemos kontrols, koleqtiur
qmedebaTa drois gansazRvrasa da sinqronizacias, zemoqmedebas Cveni sxeulebis
xrwnisa da gamofitvis entropiul procesebze. akontroleben ra dros,
romelic “CarTulia” maTi cxovrebis pirobebSi, adamianebi mudmivad
gadalaxaven arsebobis dros. hagerstrandi (Hägerstrand) ufro xazgasmiT
miuTiTebs am momentze, roca ambobs, rom “kultura SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas
rogorc materialur samyaroSi bunebrivad CarTuli drois umTavres
modifikaciaTa sistema (1985:10). es aris kacobriobisaTvis saerTo dro, romelic
unda ganvasxvaoT industrializaciasa da socialuri cxovrebis
racionalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili droisagan. Tumca
diferenciacia dualisturi terminebiT ar miiRweva.
mxolod Seqmnili dro, TiTqos raRac realuri, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas rogorc saSualeba, romelic sakuTari wesiT kontroldeba da SeiZleba
fulSi gaicvalos. industriuli dro, moxmarebis sagnad gadaqcevis da
gakontrolebis gamo, yvelaze kargad ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi SeiZleba iqnas
gaazrebuli. ufro meti, unda gavacnobieroT, rom ZalauflebasTan kavSiri
mxolod im konteqstiT ar Semoifargleba, rodesac dro fulSi icvleba. es
kavSiri vrceldeba, aseve, “rodis drois” momentebze, samoqmedod Sesaferisi
drois SerCevaze, urTierTobis drois gansazRvraze, bunebrivi da socialuri
procesebis tempebze da im droiT CarCoebze, romelTa farglebSic vaxdenT
sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas. cxovrebisa da socialuri struqturis
mravali da sxvadasxva ritmi erTmaneTSia mocemuli. axali ritmebi, ubralod,
158
damynobili ki ar aris romelime sxva ritmze, aramed cvlis mis bunebas
procesis mimdinareobis dros. erTxel Seqmnili, xelovnuri dro industriuli
socialuri cxovrebis Sinagani, ganuyofeli aspeqti gaxda da arsebiT gavlenas
axdens am cxovrebis kontrolze, drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da
temporalurobazec ki. amgvarad cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia “dasavluri dro”
“sxva droebisagan” romelime Sexedulebis an raimegvari opoziciis
TvalsazrisiT ganvasxvaoT. drois CarCoebi, drois gansazRvra, temporaluroba
da tempi zogadad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. Tumca, SeiZleba
romelime, an yvela am aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes
garkveuli kulturuli niSnebi. saaTis dro, romelic cvlis rogorc drois
mniSvnelobas praqtikaSi, ise mis kompleqsur struqturas, sxvadasxva doneze
mTel kacobriobas msWvalavs. dRes sazogadoebebis nawils saerTod ara aqvs
Sexeba am drosTan, mravali maTgani am xelovnuri droisa da sakuTari
lokaluri droebis Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi cxovrobs. magram arc erT
sazogadoebaSi socialuri drois mravalsaxeoba bolomde ar aris Secvlili
saaTis drois erTgvarovnebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, romlisTvisac meqanikuri saaTi socialuri drois erTaderT
wyaros warmoadgens. es aSkarad uaryofs anTropologiur kvlevebSi mocemul,
kulturuli TaviseburebebiT ganpirobebul drois gagebaTa diqotomiur
konstruqciebs.
anTropologiaSi miRebuli drois mravalgvari gagebidan zogierTi
sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg, SegviZlia ganvixiloT aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
warmomadgenlebis mier Sesrulebul kvlevebSi drois problemis Sesaxeb
arsebuli mosazrebebi da modelebi, SevafasoT maTi adekvaturoba.
Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili dualizmebidualizmebidualizmebidualizmebi Cven vqmniT modelebs, raTa gasagebi gavxadoT sakvlevi problema. sakuTar
Sexedulebebs imgvarad vagebT, rom, magaliTad, nuerebSi drois aRricxvis wesi
da hopis tomis kosmologia mniSvnelobas iZens Cveni sakuTari drois gagebis
konteqstSi. es aRwerebi da interpretaciebi amartiveben imas, rasac exebian.
sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos, radgan socialuri realobis yvelaze mcire
aspeqtic ki ganusazRvrelad rTulia. es aris ara modelebis agebis praqtika,
aramed modelebisa da maTi ganmamtkicebeli Sexedulebebis arsi. problemac
swored es aris. es Sexedulebebi iSviaTad dgeba eWvqveS da maTi detaluri
gamokvleva xSirad ar xdeba. maT safuZvelze iqmneba diqotomiebi, romelTa
mixedviT sxva kulturebis drois aRqma drois Cveneuli gagebis opoziciaSia
warmodgenili. cikluri dro da ganmeorebadoba dapirispirebulia xazovan
159
drosTan da istoriul yofierebasTan. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, “Tanabrad
dinebadi xangrZlioba, sadac samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT
mimdinareobs”, dapirispirebulia “gamofituli”, “mniSvnelobis armqone”
warsulidan mimavlisken “gaWimul” xangrZliobasTan (Whorf 1956: 57, Evans-Pritchard
1940: 108). levi strosma, “modelebis yvelaze cnobilma arqiteqtorma” (Barnes 1971:
538), anTropologiSi drois aRqmis Taviseburebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
damatebiTi diqotomiebi daamkvidra. yvela es diqotomia Zalian swrafad miiRes
sanimuSo modelebad. maT mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben “tradiciul”
da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebs [4].
levi-strosi ganasxvavebs dasavlur dros, romelSic dominirebs istoria,
Seuqcevadoba da Tanmimdevruloba, im sazogadoebebis “droebisagan”, romlebSic
Tanadrouloba da ara-kumulaciuri, cikluri da ganmeorebadi procesebi
batonobs. Sesabamisad, levi-strosis azriT, socialurma mecnierebebma drois
ori gansxvavebuli kategoria unda gamoikvlion:
anTropologia iyenebs “meqanikur” dros, ganmeorebads da ara-kumulaciurs... [maSin, rodesac amis sapirispirod] istoriuli dro “statistikuria”; is yovelTvis gvevlineba, rogorc mimarTulebis mqone da Seuqcevadi procesi. evoluciis procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas romis respublikis epoqaSi daabrunebs, iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Termodinamikis meore kanons daqvemdebarebuli procesebis ganmeorebadoba.
(levi-strosi 1972: 286) es pasaJi mokled gadmoscems droisa da anTropologiuri Teoriis
Sesaxeb levi-strosis eqstraordinarul mtkicebas. “evoluciis” procesi,
romelic mcire masStabis agrarul sazogadoebas monadirul-Semgroveblur
warsulSi “daabrunebs”, namdvilad ar aris ufro advili warmosadgeni, vidre
is procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas daabrunebs romis
respublikis xanaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba vilaparakoT socialur-ekonomikuri
organizaciis adreuli formebisaken “mibrunebul” sazogadoebebze, magram es
mxolod carieli sityvebia, radgan socialuri realobis ganmeoreba iseve
SeuZlebelia, rogorc gaaxalgazrdaveba, nacris isev xis morad gadaqceva an
dRis Sebruneba saRamodan SuadRemde da dilamde. ratom miiCneven, rom
tradiciuli xalxebis dro ganmeorebadi, ara-kumulaciuri, mimarTulebis
armqone, sinqronuli da cikluria, da ara Seuqcevadi, kumulaciuri,
mimarTulebis mqone, Tanamimdevruli da xazovani? rogor SegviZlia
gaviziaroT levi-strosis mier sakuTari Sexedulebebis safuZvelze
SemoTavazebuli “ganmeorebadi drois” meqanikuri modeli? am Sexedulebebis
mixedviT, modeli Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis adekvaturi unda iyos da “saukeTeso
modeli yovelTvis is aris, romelic sinamdviles asaxavs (1972:281). es kiTxvebi
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen, roca levi-strosis msgavsad, vacnobierebT, rom
160
aseTi diqotomiebi ar SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi, radgan
“yvelaze elementaruli msgavsi struqturebic ki sinqronulad da diaqronulad
arsebobs” (1972: 47)
Tu anTropologia, rogorc akademiuri disciplina, “ganmeorebadi drois”
ideis safuZvelze Seqmnili meqanikuri, arakumulaciuri (drois) modelebiT
dainteresdeba, maSin, xelovnuri drois zemoT motanili analizis Tanaxmad,
anTropologiuri midgoma ufro misaRebi iqneba ara tradiciuli, aramed
Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis Seswavlis dros! mxolod dasavluri
sazogadoebebi arseboben niutoniseuli ganmeorebadobis principebiT Seqmnili
meqanikuri saaTis wesebiT. Tumca, rogorc vaCvene, industriuli
sazogadoebebisTvisac meqanikuri dro mravalgvari socialuri drois mxolod
erTi aspeqts warmoadgens. iseT konstruqciebs, rogoricaa cikluri da
xazovani (an ganmeorebadi da Seuqcevadi) drois, ganmeorebebis da cvlilebebis
tendenciis, “civi” da “cxeli” sazogadoebebis, sinqronuli da diaqronuli
analizis diqotomiebi, imdenad Zlieri gavlena aqvs rogorc anTropologiasa
da, ufro zogadad, socialur mecnierebebze, rom aucilebelia maTi ufro
detalurad gamokvleva. Cemi mizani ar aris im mravali cvlilebisa da
adaptaciis dadgena, romelic am diqotomiebma ganicades anTropologiuri
Teoriis ganviTarebis manZilze; arc axali da ukeTesi interpretaciebis im
saxiT gadmocema, rogorc es diqotomiebi gamoyenebuli iyo calkeuli
avtorebis mier. me ufro maTi potenciali, an am potencialis nakleboba, minda
vaCveno, raTa socialuri dro misi kulturuli kompleqsurobis konteqstsSi
avxsna. amiT ki minda naTlad warmovadgino is Sexedulebebi, romlebic
safuZvels umagreben struqturul models da pirdapir klasikuri meqanikidan
momdinareoben. (levi-strosi 1972: 314)
cikluri dro drois gagebis is modelia, romelsac pirobiTad
tradiciul, mcire masStabis sazogadoebebs miaweren. mas upirispireben
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xazovan dros.
aqedan gamomdinareobs “gamofituli”, mniSvnelobis armqone warsulisa da
mxolod momavalze orientaciis, “drois gareSe awmyos” idea (Kluckhohn and
Strodbeck 1961). es “maradiuli ganmeorebadobis” samyaroa, sadac warsulsa da
momavals Soris gansxvaveba moxsnilia, radgan rac xdeba da rac momavalSi
moxdeba, ukve iyo; samyaro, sadac bediswera sawyisis sinonimia. Tumca
istorikosebis da socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenelTa nawili
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs da miaCnia, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba, romelic
cikluri droiT cxovrobs (Adam 1990: 127-48, Aguessy1977, Bergmann 1992, Bourdieu 1979,
Dunne 1973, Eliade 1989, Fabian 1983, Kinget 1975, McElwain 1988: 267-78, Nowotny 1985). es ar
161
gamoricxavs, rom garkveuli sazogadoebebisaTvis momavlisken miswrafeba
erTdroulad warsulSi dabrunebaa. es Sexeduleba arc anTropologiur
mignebebs ewinaaRmdegeba, romelTa Tanaxmadac, zogi sazogadoeba, sxvebTan
SedarebiT, met Zalisxmevas iCens simyaris, stabilurobis Sesaqmnelad. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom es aris yvela kulturaSi arsebuli nairgvari
SesaZleblobebi, iseve rogorc drois CarCoebi, temporaluroba, drois
gansazRvra da tempi, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi damokidebuleba da,
garkveulwilad, saaTisa da kalendaruli droebi Tanamedrove adamianis
arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilebia. drois es mravalgvaroba ar SeiZleba
gamoixatos iseTi dualizmebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cikluri da
xazovani drois diqotomia. . . . sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, antinomiebi azrs
kargavs, roca vexebiT drois mimarTulebis, formisa da procesis sakiTxs, roca
vacnobierebT, rom yvelaze arqauli sazogadoebebis droisadmi damokidebuleba
efuZneba universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs. es ki antinomiebiT
klasifikacias gamoricxavs. miTebisa da religiuri warmodgenebis arseboba,
dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan damokidebuleba, iaraRebis, artefaqtebis,
xelovnebis da arqiteqturis gaCena gulisxmobs warsulsa da momavals Soris
distancias, drois gadalaxvis aucileblobas, rac bevrad aRemateba sezonebis
ciklebs da TviT pirovnebis sicocxlis xangrZliobas. es damokidebuli ar
aris imaze, dro ganviTarda rogorc damoukidebeli cneba, da aris Tu ara
dro obieqtivirebuli raime saxiT. metafizikuri problemebis dasma, vinmes
arsebobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri samyaros rekonstruireba ucvlelobis
principebis safuZvelze _ yvelaferi es kulturis niSnebia da adasturebs
drois “gaWimvas”, rac ar SeiZleba cikluri drois gagebaSi moTavsdes.
magaliTad, sikvdilTan damokidebulebas adamianebi “gahyavs” bunebis
ciklTa miRma, maSin roca maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba Semofarglulia
aRmavali sezonuri cikliT. ufro metic, damokidebuleba momxdarTan,
mimdinaresa da potenciurTan gardaqmnis arsebobis problemas samomavlo
cxovrebis, winaswargansazRvris, winaTgrZnobisa da qmnadobis gacnobierebul
aqtad. adamianebis saqmea ara mxolod cxovreba, moqmedeba, siyvaruli, _ wers
diuni (Dunne 1973: 20), _ aramed kavSiri sxvis cxovrebasTan, moqmedebasTan,
siyvarulTan, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri ubralod, Tanxmobaa, ubralod “ki”-a.
dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan, warmoSobasTan da bediswerasTan kavSiri
adamianebis kulturuli cxovrebis egzistencialuri pirobaa. diunis (1973: 23)
mtkicebiT, is, rac Cvens cxovrebas mexsierebaSi da istoriaSi Senaxvis Rirsad
xdis, is rac cocxali rCeba Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg, aris sicocxlesa da
sikvdils Soris zRvaris gadalaxva. es gadalaxva yovelTvis sulis ukvdavebaa,
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romelic sicocxlis warmavlobasTan Cveni damokidebulebiT aris
gansazRvruli. arqauli an tradiciuli sazogadoebebis ciklur drosTan
mimarTebaSi moazreba ara mxolod maTi sulierebis, aramed maTi kulturis
uaryofacaa. es aris maTi simbolizaciis unaris uaryofac, radgan
reprezentatiuli, simbolurobaze dafuZnebuli warmodgena warsulisa da
momavlis codnas emyareba. aseTi warmodgenis safuZvelze adamianebi ara
mxolod zemoqmedeben awmyosa da warsulze, aramed qmnian da cvlian maT.
mniSvnelobis miniWebis unaris meSveobiT, adamianebs SeuZliaT ara marto
warsulisken yureba, warsulis refleqsia da gaazreba, aramed misi
reinterpretacia, reprezentacia, restruqturizacia da modifikacia. maT
SeuZliaT dagegmon alternatiuli momavlebi, warmoidginon “warsuli
momavlebi” da eSinodeT “momavali warsulebis”. amgvarad, is idea, rom
romelime sazogadoeba ciklur droSi da mudmivad ganmeorebad igiveobaSi
arsebobs, iseve gamousadegaria, rogorc is sapirispiro idea, romlis Tanaxmad,
Cvens sazogadoebaSi mxolod xazovani drois gagebaa damkvidrebuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela socialuri procesi avlens xazovani da
cikluri drois aspeqtebs. cikluri drois struqturas maSin vacnobierebT,
roca fokusirebas im movlenebze vaxdenT, romlebic Tavis Tavs imeoreben,
xolo erTmimarTulebian sworxazovnebas maSin aRviqvamT, roca yuradRebas
ganmeorebad movlenaTa mimdinareobaze vamaxvilebT. drois sworxazovnebis an
ciklurobis gancda damokidebulia dakvirvebisa da interpretaciis CarCoze.
marTlac, tradiciuli sazogadoebebis gaazreba cikluri drois da “drois
gareSe” konteqstSi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens drois gansazRvras istoriuli,
qronologiuri daTariRebis meSveobiT. amave dros, ueWvelia, rom tradiciuli
sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois Seqmnis, drois uaryofisa da
drois gadalaxvis praqtika, romelic ritualebis, miTebis da Tayvaniscemis
meSveobiT vlindeba, xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
msgavsi praqtikisagan. am praqtikis “cikluri drois”, “drois gareSe” an
“drois miRma” konteqstSi ganxilva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda, radgan aseTi
cnebebi fundamenturad aris dakavSirebuli drois imgvar gagebasTan, romelic
qronologias efuZneba. es ar aris sakuTriv ciklurobis idea, romelzec aq
vsaubrobT, radgan cikluri procesebi, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, ganmeorebebis
da cvalebadobis, sworxazovnebis da Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias warmoadgens.
problema anTropologiaSi miRebuli cikluri drois gansazRvrebasa da misi
“dasavlur xazovan drosTan” gamogonil kontrastSi mdgomareobs. amgvarad,
SeiZleba Tavi avaridoT cikluri da xazovani drois naklebad sarwmuno
diqotomias, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am ori gagebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da
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damkvirveblis perspeqtivasTan maT Sesabamisobas. Tumca es gamosavali ar
iqneba Seuqcevadi da ganmeorebadi drois opoziciasTan mimarTebaSi.
reversulobis Tanamedrove idea, romelic levi-strosma warmoadgina da
ufro mogvianebiT gidensma (1981) gamoiyena, niutonis fizikidan momdinareobs,
sadac abstraqtuli moZraoba simetriulia warsulsa da momavalTan
mimarTebaSi. es fenomeni klasikur fizikaSi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc qanqaris
rxeva an biliardis burTebis Sejaxeba; Tu filmSi ar aris movlenebi, Cven ar
SegviZlia vTqvaT, kadrebi win midis Tu ukan. rogorc vaCvene, niutonis
reversulobis idea eyrdnoba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvelaferi isea
mocemuli, rom ar Seesabameba transformaciebis ricxvebs, romelsac sistema
gadis. realurad, is cvlilebas piruku gaivlis da sawyis mdgomareobas
ubrundeba. progoJinisa da sTrenjeris (Prigogine, Stenger 1984: 61) ganmartebiT, es
dinamikuri gaTanabrebis zogadi maTematikuri kanonia, “Tu sistemis yvela
Semadgenili nawilis siCqare ukumiiqceva, es sistema dauyovnebliv daubrundeba
winandel mdgomarebas... rasac erTma dinamikurma cvlilebam miaRwia, meore,
swrafi inversiiT ganpirobebuli cvlileba, winandel mdgomareobaSi
daabrunebs da, amrigad, zustad aRadgens mis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas”.
reversuloba aRniSnavs umoqmedobis, daukavSireblobis, arcodnisa da “ara-
qmnadobis” SesaZleblobas. es niSnavs, rom ferfls isev waekideba cecxli da
kvlav xis morad gadaiqceva; foTlebi moswydebian miwas da isev miekvrebian xis
totebs; Zveli, danjRreuli manqana kvlav brwyinvale limuzinad gadaiqceva.
yvelaferi es, principSi, iseve realuria, rogorc is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba
Cveni gamocdilebis samyaroSi. socialuri realobis TvalsazrisiT, am ideis
absurduloba cxadia. garda amisa, is sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
farglebSi mniSvnelovan problemebs warmoqmnis, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi modis
ara mxolod zogadad mecnierebasTan, aramed Teoriuli fizikis yvelaze
Tanamedrove TeoriebTanac (Hawking 1988, Prigogine 1980), romelTa mixedviT,
temporaluroba bunebis kanonad aris miCneuli.
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi movlenebi
regularuli intervaliT da aSkarad Seuqcevadi saxiT, ganumeoreblad xdeba.
kulturuli cxovreba ki badebs dros, iwvevs dros da gansazRvrulia droiT.
is qmnis axal warsuls da axal momavals da moicavs dros, rogorc
Tanamimdevrobas, xangrZliobas, intensiurobas, mdinarebas da Seuqcevad dinebas.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dro fundamenturad mocemulia yvelaze ganmeorebad
socialur fenomenSic. ufro metic, es aris ara dro TavisTavad, aramed
dausrulebeli ganmeorebadi movlenebi da amocanebi. amis sapirispirod,
amocanebis gacnobiereba, gamocdileba, codna da realizacia Seuqcevadi
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procesia, romliTac iqmneba dro. yovel diliT samsaxurSi siaruli,
cxovelebis movla, ojaxis wevrTaTvis saWmlis gakeTeba da WurWlis recxva
SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc periodulad ganmeorebadi, Cveuli saqmianoba.
magram arc es saqmianoba da arc dro, romelSic igi xorcieldeba, ganmeorebadi
araa, radgan SeiZleba visaubroT samsaxurSi arwasvlaze, cxovelebis
armovlaze, WurWlis argarecxvaze. araferi xdeba dasasarulis gareSe da
araferi aRdgeba Tavis “sawyis mdgomareobaSi”: dro arc Cerdeba da arc
ukumiiqceva.
reversulobis abstraqtulobis Cvenebis Semdeg, niutonis idealizacias
adamianebis socialur cxovrebas ver mivusadagebT. axla aucilebelia igiveobis
ideis mokle ganxilva. unda gamovcadoT is mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad,
SesaZlebelia Tavi avaridoT warsulsa da momavals Soris gansxvavebis
xazgasmis aucileblobas, radgan rac ganmeorda da rac SeiZleba ganmeordes,
ukve iyo. “igives ganmeoreba”, miRebuli SexedulebiT, ZiriTadad, ufro
tradiciuli, an Zalin nela cvalebadi, an, levi-strosis terminologiiT, “civi”
sazogadoebebis cxovrebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. miiCneven, rom am
sazogadoebebSi adamianebis TvalTaxedva Semofarglulia socialuri cxovrebis
temporalurobis mxolod wliuri SedegebiT. fizikosebis azriT, Sexeduleba
igiveobaze friad problemuria. Tu “igives gameoreba” esoden iSviaTia
aracocxal bunebaSi, Cven SegviZlia Tavisuflad davaskvnaT, rom kidev ufro
naklebad mosalodnelia socialuri movlenebis ganmeordeba ise zustad, rom
SegveZlos maTi, rogorc “igives” klasificireba.
swrafwarmavali samyaros, rogorc Secnobadi stabilurobisa da
permanentulobis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba zogadadamianuri Tvisebaa da
mxolod tradiciuli da arqauli sazogadoebebisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.
musikis wera, filmis gadaReba, kompaqtdiskebis gamoSveba originalebis
ucvleli formiT reproducirebis Tanamedrove mcdelobaa. magram, miTis
Txrobis da Canawerebis mosmenis dros maTi “originali” arasodes meordeba.
moZvelda mTxrobelebic da maTi istoriebic, msmenelebic da maTi Canawerebic,
maTi aRWurvilobac. garkveuli mdgomareobis an movlenis ucvleli saxiT
aRdgenis aSkara mcdelobis miuxedavad, isini qmnian gansxvavebul warsuls da
awmyos da ganWvreten sxva momavals. rogorc stegmiuleri (Stegmuller 1969: 175)
drois problemaze haidegeris naSromTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:
ganmeorebadoba ar aris, ubralod, warsulis aRdgena, mxolod awmyos
dakavSireba imasTan, rac Seuqcevlad gavida, aramed Rrma gamoZaxili imaze, rac
iyo. amave dros, es warsulis awmyoze gavlenis gadaWriT uaryofaa.
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ganmeoreba “igive” SeiZleba mxolod abstraqciaSi, xelovnurad
gamomricxav konteqstebTan da efeqtebTan erTad iyos.
unda gavacnobieroT, rom ganmeorebadoba da Seuqcevadoba ar aris
sxvadasxva an calke gansaxilveli sakiTxebi. isini SesaZleblobis
ganxorcielebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ganmeorebadobis, ciklurobis da
igiveobis reversulobasTan dakavSirebiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli realobis
warmoSobis, ganmeorebaTa ciklebsa da Tanmimdevrul cvlilebebs Soris
kavSiris gaazrebis SesaZlebloba (adami 1990: 28-31). ufro metic, is rasac,
zogadad, “drois gareSes” uwodeben, umTavresad cvlilebebis temps
ukavSirdeba, romelic bevrad nelia, vidre is tempi, romelsac damkvirveblebi
mieCvivnen. anu, tradiciuli sazogadoebebi mxolod Tanamedrove dasavluri
standartebis mixedviT arian ukiduresad nela cvalebadni. magram evoluciur
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT igives Tqma ar SeiZleba. kidev erTxel aRmovaCineT,
rom mkvlevris damokidebuleba, ZiriTadad, anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtis
gansazRvrebasa da klasifikaciaSia mocemuli. amitom unda gaviTvaliswinoT
SexedulebaTa Cveni sistemis konstituciuri buneba da gavTavisufldeT im
obieqturi realobis arsebobis pozitivisturi rwmenisagan, romelsac Cveni
dakvirveba ar Sexebia.
saWiroa am codnis gamoyeneba anTropologiis sakvlevi problemis,
rogorc istoriisagan gansxvavebulis da masTan axlos mdgomis gansasazRvrad.
rogorc miiCneven, anTroplogia da istoria socialuri da kulturuli
fenomenebis sinqronul da diaqronul analizs cdilobs. sinqronul kvlevasTan
anTropologiis aseTi gaigiveba, SeiZleba, samecniero statusis mosapoveblad
mimarTuli Zalisxmevis nawilia, ramdenadac sinqronuli meTodi, rogorc
miiCneven, akmayofilebs moTxovnas, rom analizi ar iyos droiT daRdasmuli.
es, ra Tqma unda, iluziaa, radgan, rogorc fabiani (1983: 24) miuTiTebs,
“ara aqvs mniSvneloba vinme “diaqronul” an “sinqronul”, istoriul an
sistemur midgomebs airCevs Tu ara, [orive maTgani] “droiTia” da
warmoudgenela drosTan kavSiris gareSe”. orive midgoma dafuZnebulia saaTisa
da kalendris abstraqtul droze. orive midgomis safuZvelze sakvlevi
problema warmodgenilia an rogorc erT momentSi, an “didi xnis manZilze”
arsebuli. ufro metic, radganac sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizi uSualod
ukavSirdeba saaTisa da kalendris dros, orive midgoma SeiZleba gamousadegari
iyos im sazogadoebebis analizisas, romlebic ar iziareben Cvens abstraqtul,
obieqtivirebul droiT CarCos. garda amisa, TavisTavad arc erTi maTgani ar
aris sakmarisi socialuri cxovrebis aRsaqmelad. rogorc gidensi (1981: 17)
166
aRniSnavs, “stabiluri wesrigi aris is, sadac arsebobs didi msgavseba imas
Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos”. Sesabamisad, misi azriT, mcdaria varaudi,
“rom SesaZlebelia socialuri sistemis “drois miRma suraTis” gadaReba iseve, rogorc magaliTad, romelime arqiteqturuli nagebobis fotografireba, imitom rom socialuri sistema mxolod droSi da drois meSveobiT arsebobs da funqciobs”.
es ar aris mxolod drois cvlilebebTan gaigiveba, romelic kvlevis
dros sinqronuli da diaqronuli dayofis saxiT aris formulirebuli. es
Secdomaa. aseve arasworia msgavs kvlevebSi cvlilebaTa bunebis dakavSireba
niutonis fizikis reversul drosTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, es gamoricxavs
sagnebisa da procesebis, cxovrebisa da codnis “CarTuli” drois arsebobas.
vrCebiT safuZvlis gareSe, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia
SemoqmedebiTobis, siaxlis an awmyoSi drois organizebis konceptualizacia.
rutinulobisa da igiveobis dapirispireba progresul cvlilebebTan da
qmnadobasTan mkacrad SemosazRvravs Cvens gagebas alternativiT “an_an”, rasac
garduvalad mivyavarT mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo, integraluri aspeqtebis
diqotomizaciamde. sakuTar sazogadoebaSi drois sworxazovnebis xazgasma
bevri CvenganisTvis misi ciklurobis uaryofas niSnavs; ver vxedavT, Tu ra
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ganmeorebadoba Cveni sazogadoebis socialuri
struqturis Camoyalibebaze. sakuTari drois ciklurobasTan kavSiris dakargvis
Semdeg, Cven mas gamokvlevebSi aRvadgenT da “sxva drois” saxiT vayalibebT. Tu
gvinda davZlioT am amosavalze damyarebuli arazusti daskvnebi, aucilebelia
gaviazroT sakuTari dro da misi fundamenturi roli im adamianebis drois
gagebis konstituirebaSi, romelTac vikvlevT.
daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna
“sxva drois” Seswavla refleqsias moiTxovs. es uciloblad iwvevs “Cveni
sakuTari drois” mravalgvarobis detalur gaazrebas da im Sexedulebebis
mkacr Semowmebas, romlebic safuZvels umagreben CvenTvis tradiciul
modelebs. honeTi da joasi (Honneth and Joas 1988: 8) aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa
“bunebrivi wanamZRvrebisa da normad qceuli daskvnebis identifikacia,
romlebic yovelTvis gvxvdeba socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi arsebul
SromebSi”, igulisxmeba kvlevebi, romlebic anTropologebs, tradiciulad, maTi
Seswavlis sferos miRma egulebodaT _ epistemologiisa da ontologiis
damabneveli problemebi. am kvlevebSi dros aucileblad centraluri adgili
uWiravs, radgan is fundamenturad monawileobs rogorc damkvirveblis, aseve
dakvirvebis obieqtis da maTi Sesabamisi Teoriebis “realobis” formirebaSi.
drois problemis (mis zogad da calkeuli gamovlinebebSi) kompleqsurobis
kargad gaazrebis gareSe drois anTropologiuri kvlevebi darCeba “Caketil”
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mecnierebad, “Caketiloba” ki ukve daZleulia Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis mier. am mecnierebebma miiRes drois gamowveva da gaacnobieres, rom
mtkicebebi “drois gareSe”-obaze da detemporalizebuli modelebi
konkretulad niutonis mecnierebas ekuTvnis, da ara mecnierebas rogorc aseTs..
am mecnierebebma temporaluroba bunebis principad aRiares da mas bunebis
kanonis statusi mianiWes. amiT ki sakuTriv “kanonis” namdvili arsi Secvales
(adami 1988: 211-14, 1990: 61-9). mecnierad yofna dRes aRar moiTxovs temporaluri
samyaros Targmnas detemporalizebuli da reversuli drois modelTa enaze. es
gulisxmobs disciplinebs Soris arsebuli sazRvrebis moSlas, radgan dro
Cvens realobas yvela doneze msWvalavs. ufro meti, ar arsebobs sxvebTan
SedarebiT ufro kargi an misaRebi erTi gza. ar arsebobs analizis mokle gza
dekartis dualizmisa da niutonis mecnierebis daZlevisaken. dro,
temporaluroba, drois gansazRvra, ritmi, warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan
damokidebuleba _ yvelaferi es urTierTdakavSirebuli unda iyos, erTi
romelime aspeqtis axsna ki pirveli nabiji iqneba am mimarTulebiT.
SeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebi
1. fizikosebisaTvis aq fundamenturi dilema arsebobs, radgan, faqtobrivad,
SeuZlebelia erTdroulad ori drois erTmaneTTan Sedareba. sizustis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac, tradiciulad, vicavT, unda iTqvas, rom saaTi zomavs “igive” dros, romelic damoukidebelia konteqstisagan.
2. saaTebis proeqtireba SeiZleba ucvlelobis principis safuZvelze moxdes, magram saaTis, wuTis da wamis gazomva arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvaria. es problema garemos gavlenis sferos miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gravitaciis sakiTxs, magram Cven am cvalebadobisadmi indiferentuloba gvaxasiaTebs da fokusirebas ucvlel abstraqciaze – wamis, wuTis da saaTis ideaze vaxdenT. sazomis ucvleloba universaluri dayofis artefaqtia.
3. ingoldis (1986: 202) azriT, Cven “drois Seqmnis” procesis gacnobiereba mxolod mas Semdeg SegviZlia, Tu movaxerxebT dualisturi modelis gadalaxvas, romliTac erTmaneTs vupirispirebT ucvlelobas da cvalebadobas, sinqronizms da diaqronizms.
4. barnsi (1971), fabiani da (1983) da ingoldi (1986) cnobili gamonaklisebi arian.
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Summaries
Malkhaz Toria
Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang
Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”
The paper deals with the issue of time manipulation in Georgian and Icelandic Middle
Ages’ written sources, namely Juansheri’s “The history of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri
Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”. The comparative perspective is taken as a method for the analyses
of the problem.
Types of time manipulation differs through cultures and epochs. The attempt of time
manipulation is the specific form of time’s perception. Revealing of peculiarities of time’s
perception in particular culture will contribute to understand the nature of this culture.
Ketevan Kakitelashvili
The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts
(5-11th
centuries)
The paper aims to analyze the problem of cultural processes’ management in Georgian
cultural space (5-11th
centuries) on the basis of hagiographic texts. Control of these processes
was implemented by means of rational limitation of cultural influences, selection of information
and, correspondingly, determination of historical memory, stressing the role of language, as one
of the determinants of cultural identity. The purposeful formation of the Georgian culture and
cultural space played an important role in the management of cultural processes, contributing to
the construction of the future basis for cultural/ethnic identity and statehood.
Quotations form hagiographic texts of the 5-11th
centuries serve for the illustration of the
proposed statements. The problem is highlighted in the framework of determination of Georgian
culture’s typological characteristics.
Bejan Djavakhia
Georgia in the Common European Space
(From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)
Middle Ages are the most remarkable period in the history of Georgia. This is the time of
laying the foundation for the Georgian culture, for forming the Georgian nation, the period when
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the single Georgian state was established. Both for Georgia and Europe the Middle Ages
developed on the basis of common Christian ideology. History of peoples being at the Christian
medieval origins developed differently some of them qualitatively even left this space.
Analysis of the genesis of medieval Christian civilization manifests that Georgians,
together with Greeks and other Indo-European peoples form medieval civilization. This space
was uniform, only later, in result of varied prerequisites and different terms of development this
space was divided into the West European and Byzantine civilization. Georgia, being closer to
East Roman Empire, both geographically and by their Hellenistic culture, which was less spread
on the territory of West Europe, remained in the area of East Christian civilization. Georgia was
assigned to belong to the medieval Byzantine civilization but it chose a different from
Byzantium way of development, which made it closer to the peoples of the West. All through the
period of its existence Byzantium tried to exist as the only Christian empire. Christianity, later in
the form of orthodoxy, had become the only means of its self-identification as the world empire,
while Georgia formed its national culture based on the general Christian ideas. The same task
was characteristic to the West European states, sprung up on the ruins of great empire of Carlos
the Great, in high Middle Ages.
David Matsaberidze
The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus
(The End of the 80’s and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th
Century)
This article deals with the importance of the national factor in the Caucasian conflicts (90’s
of the 20th
century). In the light of the well-known nationalism theories (the Liberal Nationalism,
the Conservative Nationalism, the Expansionist Nationalism and the Anticolonial-Postcolonial
Nationalism), the role and place of the national factor in these conflicts are highlighted. The
general analysis of the relevant political situation is also presented, in order to fully apprehend
the development of these conflicts. Some valuable conclusions are elaborated, contributing to the
future analyses of these conflicts.
Shota Khinchagashvili
Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition
(Aims, Importance and Theoretical Background of Research)
The paper aims to overview and analyze the processes that took place within the Muslim
societies of the Caucasus region after the breakdown of the Soviet political system to present
171
days. The major shift in ideological and spiritual life of Muslim population of the region, as well
as its consequences and relations with other dimensions of public life are the main subjects of
our interest. Societies where Muslims represent a majority or at least play a relevant importance
and influence existing socio-cultural environment in any way are discussed. Therefore we avoid
the cases of those Georgian and Armenian republics and its Muslim minorities as well as the
case of Azerbaijan of South Caucasus, due to its political and other factors, giving a different
disposition regarding the Muslim revival in the period of transition. Following issues serve us as
a background for analyzing: a.) the dynamics in religious life; b) the role of Muslim faith in
developing post-soviet identity among Caucasian peoples. Concepts which we use all along the
paper, as well as an importance and the methodological background of our research are defined.
Shalva Mekravishvili
Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future
Perspectives
In the wake of it’s research the study of the Georgian Culture was undertaken in the
framework of the Positivist Methodology. In the Soviet era the Historical Materialism was
proclaimed as a sole theoretical basis for research. Nowadays, positivistic methodology, and the
historical materialism in particular, is out of date. The need for new theoretical approaches is
obvious. The article highlights some prospects of the Georgian culture to be discussed in the
framework of the civilizational approach and P.Sorokin’s theory.
Tea Kamushadze
The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life
The paper deals with the relations and contacts between the Next World and Earthly life.
It’s an attempt to analyze these two worlds as a binary opposition. It suggests us several valuable
conclusions regarding the relations between them.
In the ancient Georgian religious worldview the world is represented as a trichotomic
model of the whole, consisting of the nether world, the mid-nether world, and the up-nether
world. Different colors, (black, red and white), terminology and symbols are attributed to them.
This model is represented in horizontal and vertical forms. The Next World corresponds to
the outer space and the Earthly life to the inner one.
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All above mentioned things had a certain terminology. We tried to determine their
meanings and we offer certain conclusions, in particular several negative constructs related to the
Next World.
There exist permanent and temporary contacts, the forms and ways of communication
between the Next World and Earthly life in the form of a symbolic or real person.
Giorgi Lobjanidze
The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran
The paper deals with the one of the most important issue’s of comparative study of
religions – the parallel study of different religions’ Holly Writings. The parallel study of fables’
function and the importance of its results in the framework of Holly Writing’s understanding is
the subject of this paper.
Ia Udzilauri
The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population
The essay deals with the problem of naming. It’s an interdisciplinary work, exploring one
of the most important issues’ of culture studies, by using the methods of psychology.
The research is based on the experiment, conducted in Tbilisi, among 5-17 years old
children, 70 persons totally. The participant’s task was to name 6 different kinds of flowers.
They were not familiar with the proposed subjects. The research had some noteworthy results,
considering the issue of language and cultures’ mutual determination. The work is the part of the
future research. The same experiment will be conducted among different ethnic population,
residing in Georgia. An urbanized and non-urbanized environment will also be taken into
consideration.