Civil Code Volume IV Obligations Contracts

8/12/2019 Civil Code Volume IV Obligations Contracts

1/1824

CIVIL CODE OFTHEPHILIPPINES

BOOK IV

OBLIGATIONS ANDCONTRACTS

TITLE I. OBLIGATIONS

Chapter 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1156. An obligation is a jurii!al n"!"ssit# to gi$"%to o or not to o.

CO&&ENT'

(1) El"*"nts o+ an Obligation ("ri$" +ro* t," Latin

-obli gar"/0 to bin)

(a) an a!ti$" subj"!t (!all" t," oblig"" or !r"itor) 0 t,"oss"ssor o+ a rig,t2 ," in 3,os" +a$or t," obligation is

!onstitut".

(b) a assi$" subj"!t (!all" t," obligor or "btor) 0 ," 3,o

,as t," ut# o+ gi$ing% oing% or not oing.

1


2/1824

(!) t," obj"!t or r"station (t," subj"!t *att"r o+ t," obliga

tion).

() t," "++i!i"nt !aus" (t," $in!ulu* or jurii!al ti") 0 t,"

r"ason 3,# t," obligation "4ists.

(NOTE' In a +"3 !as"s% FO& 0 or t," *ann"r in

3,i!, t," obligation is *ani+"st"0 is also i*ortant.)


3/1824

Art. 1156CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

() E4a*l"A ro*is"s to aint 78s i!tur" +or 7 as a r"sult o+ an

agr"" *"nt.

(H"r" A is t," obligor2 7 is t," oblig""2 t," ainting o+ 78si!tur" is t," obj"!t or r"station2 t," agr""*"nt or !ontra!t ist," "++i!i"nt !aus".)

(9) Con!"t o+ Pr"station (7A :;ESTION)

A r"station is an obligation2 *or" s"!i+i!all#% it is t,"subj"!t *att"r o+ an obligation 0 an *a# !onsist o+ gi$ing at,ing% oing or not oing a !"rtain a!t. T," la3 s"a


4/1824


a) !i$il obligation0 t,at "+in" in Art. 1156. T,"

san!tion is jui!ial ro!"ss. E4a*l"' A

ro*is"s to a# 7 ,is (A8s) "bt o+ P1 *illion.

@


5/1824

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESArt. 1156

b) natural obligation 0 t," ut# not to r"!o$"r3,at ,as $oluntaril# b""n ai alt,oug, a#*"nt 3as no long"r r"uir". E4a*l"' A o3"s7 P1 *illion. 7ut t," "bt ,as alr"a#r"s!rib". I+ A%


6/1824


) bilat"ral 0 3,"r"bot, arti"s ar" boun (E4a*l"'In a !ontra!t o+ sal"% t," bu#"r is oblig" to a#% 3,il"t," s"ll"r is oblig" to "li$"r.)

6


7/1824


NOTE' 7ilat"ral obligations *a# b"'a) r"!iro!al

b) nonr"!iro!al (3,"r" "r+or*an!"b# on" is

non ""n"nt uon "r+or*an!"b# t,"

ot,"r).G

(5) Criti!is* o+ t," D"+initionb# t," Co"

Art. 1156 "+in"s obligation as -ajurii!al n"!"ssit# to gi$"%

to o% or not to o./ As 3ill b" noti!"% t,is str"ss"s *"r"l# t,"ut# o+ t," "btor (t," assi$" "l"*"nt) 3it,out "*,asiinga !orr"soning rig,t on t," art o+ t," !r"itor (t," a!ti$" "l"*"nt). On t,is oint% =usti!" =.7.L. "#"s o+ t," Sur"*"Court ,as r"*ar


8/1824


HELD' T," ,usban s,oul a#% "$"n i+ ," 3as not t,"on" 3,o !all" t," o!tor. It is ,is ut# to suort t," 3i+"%

B


9/1824


an suort in!lu"s *"i!al att"nan!". T," ut# to a# is anobligation to gi$"% an is i*os"b# t," la3.

Poss $. >ottli"b

19 N.K.S. @1B

FACTS' T,"r" 3"r" t3o artn"rs "ngag" in bu#ing an

r"s"lling lan. A+t"r t,"# ,a boug,t a i"!" o+ lan% on" as


10/1824


3i"l t,"ir n"3+oun o3"r inis!ri*inat"l# b# r"la!ing

"*lo#""s 3it, t,"ir o3n rot"gs% r"garl"ss o+ t," la3s an

r"gulations go$"rning t,"

1?


11/1824


!i$il s"r$i!". Vi!tor# at t," olls s,oul not b" ta 165% D"!. 9% ??1).

(B) Cas"

H"irs o+ Luis 7a!us% "t al. $. CA M Sous"s Faustinoan Vi!toriana Dura#

> 165% D"!. 9% ??1

FACTS' ,"n ri$at" r"son"nts ot" to bu# t," ro11


12/1824


"rt#% t,"ir obligation 3as to a$is" "tition"rs o+ t,"ir "!ision

1


13/1824


an t,"ir r"ain"ss to a# t," ri!". Issu"' At t,is oint in ti*"%3"r" r"son"nts alr"a# oblig" to *a


14/1824


T," "nu*"ration is not s!i"nti+i! b"!aus" in r"alit# t,"r"ar" onl# t3o sour!"s' t," la3 an !ontra!ts% b"!aus" obligations

arising +ro* uasi!ontra!ts% !ri*"s% an uasi"li!ts ar" r"all#

i*os"b# t," la3. (L"ung 7"n $. O87ri"n% 9B P,il. 1B).B9


15/1824

Art. 115BCIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

(9) O++"rs o+ "3ar in N"3sa"r or Publi! Cont"stAlt,oug, no "4r"ss ro$ision o+ la3 r"gulat"s sai !on

t"sts% it is un"rstoo t,at on!" !ont"stants a!!"t t," o++"r b#sub*itting "ntri"s% t,"r" is a sort o+ i*li" !ontra!t t,at

ri"s 3oul "$"ntuall# b" a3ar". It is un"rstoo t,at t,"

rul"s o+ t," !ont"st +or* art o+ t," !ontra!tual stiulations.

(@) E4!lusi$"n"ss o+ t," Enu*"ration

T," "nu*"rationb# t," la3 is "4!lusi$"2 ,"n!"% no obligation "4ists i+ its sour!" is not on" o+ t,os" "nu*"rat" un"r

Art. 115. (Na$al"s $. ias% B P,il. 5?B).

Art. 115B. Obligations "ri$" +ro* la3 ar" not

r"su*". Onl# t,os" "4r"ssl# "t"r*in" in t,is Co" or

in s"!ial la3s ar" "*anabl"% an s,all b" r"gulat" b#

t," r"!"ts o+ t," la3 3,i!, "stablis,"s t,"*2 an as to

3,at ,as notb""n +or"s""n%b# t," ro$isions o+ t,is 7oo


16/1824


+i!". T,"r" is no n"!"ssit# to +il" a s"arat" a!tion. (Not"

t,at in a $"r# r"al s"ns"% a +inal jug*"nt +or suort !an

n"$"r b" r"all# +inal as t," a*ount gi$"n *a# in!r"as"%

"!r"as"% or *a# "$"n !"as"% at l"ast% t"*oraril#.)B@


17/1824


18/1824

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESArt. 115B

not go$"rn" b# t," Cororation La3 but b# its o3n !,art"r. A

sto!


19/1824


tion o+ its boo.@5% S"t. 15@% 3,"r" a *o$i" ,ous" guar% +or!" to "+"n

,i*s"l+ in !ourt +or o$8t.

!annot b" r"uir" to a# int"r"st on t," a*ount r"+unabl" int," abs"n!" o+ a statutor# ro$ision "4r"ssl# ir"!ting or

aut,oriing su!,a#*"nt. (Coll"!tor o+ Int. "$. $. Fis,"r% "tal.% L116 an L1166B% =an. B% 161).

Hilario =ara$ata $. Saniganba#an

L561?% =an. 91% 1B@

A ,ig, s!,ool rin!ial ,as no l"gal obligation to +a!ilitat"

t," r"l"as" o+ t," salar# i++"r"ntials o+ t," t"a!,"rs un"r

,i*. So i+ ," r"!"i$"s r"i*burs"*"nt +or ,is -"4"ns"s/ or as

-gi+ts%/ ," !annot b" ajug" guilt# un"r t," Anti>ra+t La3%+or a+t"r all% ," ,a no ut# to o sai +a!ilitation.

(9) Con+li!t 7"t3""n Ci$il Co" an S"!ial La3s

I+ r"garing an obligation "4 l"g"% t,"r" is a !on+li!tb"t3""n t," N"3 Ci$il Co" an a s"!ial la3% t," latt"r

r"$ails unl"ss t," !ontrar# ,as b""n "4r"ssl# stiulat" in t,"

N"3 Ci$il Co". (S"" Art. 1B).

Art. 115. Obligations arising +ro* !ontra!ts ,a$" t,"

1


20/1824


+or!" o+ la3 b"t3""n t," !ontra!ting arti"s an s,oul b"!o*li" 3it, in goo +ait,.

?


21/1824


CO&&ENT'(1) Obligations E4Contra!tu

,il" obligations arising +ro* a !ontra!t ,a$" t," +or!"

o+ la3 b"t3""n t," arti"s% t,is o"s not *"an t,at t," la3 isin+"rior to !ontra!ts. T,is is b"!aus" b"+or" a !ontra!t !an b""n+or!"% it *ust +irst b" $ali% an it !annotb" $ali i+ it isagainst t," la3. &or"o$"r% t," rig,t o+ t," arti"s to stiulat" isli*it". H"n!"% Art. 19?6 o+ t," Ci$il Co" sa#s' -T," !ontra!t

ing arti"s *a# "stablis, su!, stiulations% !laus"s% t"r*s an!onitions as t,"# *a# ""* !on$"ni"nt% ro$i"% t,"# ar" not!ontrar# to la3% *orals% goo !usto*s% ubli! or"r% or ubli!oli!#./

As long as Art. 19?6 is !o*li" 3it,% t," !ontra!t s,oul

b" gi$"n "++"!t% "$"n i+ at t," ti*" it 3as "nt"r" into% no l"galro$ision "4ist" go$"rning it. (:uiana $. "ug"rio% 5? O.>.

@@@% =un. 15@).

() &"aning o+ t," Arti!l"

T," Arti!l" *"ans t,at n"it,"r art# *a# unilat"rall# anuon ,is o3n "4!lusi$" $olition% "s!a" ,is obligations un"r t,"!ontra!t% unl"ss t," ot,"r art# ass"nt" t,"r"to% or unl"ss +or!aus"s su++i!i"nt in la3 an ronoun!" a"uat" b# a !o*"t"nt

tribunal. (L1?99% &a# % 15).

-Co*lian!" in goo +ait,/ *"ans t,at 3" *ust int"rr"t -not b# t," l"tt"r t,at olang!o Constru!tion Cor. $. PCI7% @B5SCA ?9 ??6G.).

&artin $. &artin% "t al.

L1@9% &a# 9% 15

,"r" t," arti"s to a !o*ro*is" agr""*"nt sign" an"4"!ut" t," sa*" ILLIN>LK an VOL;NTAILK% t,"#ar" 7O;ND b# its t"r*s% "$"n i+ t," CO;T b"+or" 3,i!, it

3as *a" ,a NO jurisi!tion o$"r t," !as". In a r"gi*" o+ la3an or"r% t," r"uiation o+ an agr""*"nt $alil# "nt"r" into!annotb" *a" 3it,out an# justi+iabl" r"ason. (NOTE' T," a

1


22/1824


ro$al o+ t," !ourt ,"r" is i**at"rial2 3,at is i*ortant is t,"*utual !ons"nt to t," !o*ro*is".)


23/1824


National &ar


24/1824


A as t," +or*"r8s ag"nt% 3" ,a$" t," !ontra!t o+ ag"n!#. As anag"nt% A ,as t," obligation% sa# to loo< aroun +or !li"nts or

@


25/1824


bu#"rs% as in t," r"al "stat" busin"ss. As a r"sult o+ su!, obligation% A *a# "nt"r into a !ontra!t o+ sal" 3it, C% a !usto*"r.T," !ontra!t o+ sal" its"l+ r"sults in t," obligations to a# an

to "li$"r. T," obligation to "li$"r *a# r"sult in a !ontra!t o+!arriag"% an so on% a in+initu*.

(5) So*" D"!i" Cas"s

D" los "#"s $. Al"jao

16 P,il. @

FACTS' Aborro3"r agr"" to a# ,is "bt% an in !as" o+

nona#*"nt% to r"n"r +r"" s"r$i!" as a s"r$ant. Issu"' Is t,"obligation $aliJ

HELD' T," obligation to a# is% o+ !ours"% $ali an !annot

b" u"stion" but t," un"rta


26/1824


HELD' K"s%b"!aus" a !ontra!t +or attorn"#8s +""s is i++"r

"nt +ro* ot,"r !ontra!ts. It *a# b" isr"gar" i+ t," a*ount

6


27/1824


+i4" is un!ons!ionabl" or unr"asonabl"% !onsi"ring t," $alu"o+ t," 3or< a!!o*lis,".

NOTE' A !lai* +or attorn"#8s +""s *a# b" ass"rt" "it,"r

in t," $"r# a!tion in 3,i!, t," s"r$i!"s in u"stion ,a$" b""n

r"n"r"% or in a s"arat" a!tion. I+ t," +irst alt"rnati$" is !,os"n%

t," !ourt *a# ass uon sai !lai* "$"n i+ its a*ount 3"r" l"ss

t,an t," *ini*u* r"s!rib"b# la3 +or t," jurisi!tion o+ t,"!ourt o$"r t," subj"!t *att"r o+ t," !as" +or so long as t," *ain

a!tion is 3it,in t," jurisi!tion o+ sai !ourt% uon t," t,"or#

t,at t," rig,t to r"!o$"r attorn"#8s +""s is but an INCIDENT o+t," !as" in 3,i!, t," s"r$i!"s o+ !ouns"l ,a$" b""n r"n"r".

(&aria "#"s " Tol"ntino $. >oo+r"o Es!alono% "t al.% L6556%

=an. @% 16?2 s"" Palan!a $. P"!son% @ P,il. @1 an Da,l. 9% =un. 155

FACTS' In a $alil# *a" !ontra!t% so*" ro$isions 3"r"

lat"r on ins"rt" b# a +alsi+i"r. Issu"' Is t," 3,ol" !ontra!t$oiJ

HELD' Onl# t," aitional ro$ision s,oulb" isr"gar"%

an t," original t"r*s s,oul b" !onsi"r" $ali an subsist

ing.

Al!antara $. Alin"a

B P,il. 111

FACTS' Aborro3" +ro* 7 P@B? an agr"" t,at in !as"o+ nona#*"nt on t," at" stiulat"% A8s ,ous" an lot 3oul

b" sol to 7 +or t," a*ount o+ P@B?. Issu"' Is t," stiulation

$aliJ

HELD' K"s% an i+ A o"s not a#% A s,oul s"ll t," ,ous"

an lot +or P@B?. T," agr""*"nt is not !ontrar# to la3. (S"" also

:uiana $. "ug"rio% 5? O.>. @@@% =un"% 15@).

(NOTE' It s""*s to t," aut,or t,at t," stiulation *a#b" !onsi"r" $oi as b"ing a a!tu* !o**issoriu*% unl"ss A


28/1824


b" allo3"% inst"a o+ s"lling% to s"l"!t t," otion o+ still b"ing

in"bt"% 3it, !ons"u"ntial a*ag"s or int"r"st.)

B


29/1824


>anon $. =ug" San!,o> 56@5?% =ul. 9% 1B9

I+ a *ortgag" is substitut" b# a guarant# or sur"t# bon

3it,out t," !ons"nt o+ all t," r"uir" arti"s% t," !ontra!t

*a#b" sai to b" i*air".

Oll"nor+ $. Abra,a*son9B P,il. 5B5

FACTS' Oll"nor+% n""l"3or< *anu+a!tur"r% ,ir" Abra

,a*son +or t3o #"ars% on t," !onition t,at +or +i$" #"ars% t,"latt"r s,oul not "ngag" in !o*"titi$" n""l"3or< *anu+a!tur".

A+t"r on" #"ar% t," latt"r l"+t +or r"asons o+ ,"alt,. S,ortl#a+t"r 3ars% a+t"r r"gaining ,is ,"alt,% ," !o*"t" 3it, ,is

+or*"r "*lo#"r% 3,o no3 s""


30/1824


r"air" t,"r"in an ur!,as"s !"rtain sar" arts% ,is liabil

it# t,"r"+or is go$"rn"b# t," Ci$il Co"% not t," Labor Co".

9?


31/1824


T,"r"+or"% it is t," !i$il !ourts% not t," &inistr# (D"art*"nt)o+ Labor% t,at ,as jurisi!tion o$"r t," !as".

7or!"na% "t al. $. IAC

> ??% =an. % 1B

Contra!ts +or attorn"#8s s"r$i!"s stan uon an "ntir"l#

i++"r"nt +ooting +ro* !ontra!ts +or t," a#*"nt o+ !o*"nsa

tion +or an# ot,"r s"r$i!"s. An attorn"# is not "ntitl"% in t,"

abs"n!" o+ "4r"ss !ontra!t% to r"!o$"r *or" t,an a r"asonabl"!o*"nsation +or ,is s"r$i!"s. An "$"n 3,"n an "4r"ss !on

tra!t is *a"% t," !ourt !an ignor" it an li*it t," r"!o$"r# o+r"asonabl" !o*"nsation i+ t," a*ount o+ t," stiulat" +"" is

+oun b# t," !ourt to b" unr"asonabl". T,is is a $"r# i++"r"nt

rul" +ro* t,at announ!" in S"!. 1?1 o+ t," Ci$il Co" o+ Sain

(no3 Art. 115% Ci$il Co") 3it, r"+"r"n!" to t," obligation o+

!ontra!ts in g"n"ral% 3,"r" it is sai t,at su!, obligation ,ast," +or!" o+ la3 b"t3""n t," !ontra!tingarti"s.

PN7 $. S"% =r.

? SCAD 99

(16)

As !ontra!ts% 3ar",ous" r"!"its *ust b" r"s"!t" b#

aut,orit# o+ Art. 115 o+ t," Ci$il Co".

Arior jug*"nt ,oling t,at aart# is a 3ar",ous"*an

obligat" to "li$"r sugar sto!


32/1824


3ar",ous"*an to "*an a#*"nt o+ ,is li"n b"!aus" ," los"s

,is li"n uon goos b# surr"n"ring oss"ssion t,"r"o+.

9


33/1824

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESArt. 116?

(6) T," So!all" Inno*inat" Contra!tsFor 3ant o+ an "4r"ss na*"% t," +ollo3ing ar" t"r*"

-!ontratos inno*inaos/'

(a) Do ut "s 0 I gi$" t,at #ou *a# gi$".

(b) Do ut +a!ias0 I gi$" t,at #ou *a# o.

(!) Fa!io ut "s 0 I o t,at #ou *a# gi$".

() Fa!io ut +a!ias0 I o t,at #ou *a# o.

E4a*l"' A 3or


34/1824


s,all b" subj"!t to t," ro$isions o+ C,at"r 1% Titl" VII% o+

t,is 7oo


35/1824

Art. 116?CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CO&&ENT'(1) :uasiContra!t8 D"+in"

A uasi!ontra!t is t,at jurii!al r"lation r"sulting +ro*

a la3+ul% $oluntar#% an unilat"ral a!t% an 3,i!, ,as +or its

uros" t," a#*"nt o+ in"*nit# to t," "n t,at no on" s,all

b" unjustl# "nri!," or b"n"+it" at t," "4"ns" o+ anot,"r. (S""

Art. 1@% Ci$il Co").

() T," Prin!ial ins

(a) n"gotioru* g"stio (unaut,ori" *anag"*"nt)

(b) solutio in"biti (unu" a#*"nt)

(9) N"gotioru* >"stio

T,is ta


36/1824


ant. ,"n Caball"ro 3as lat"r ai% t," Cit# o+ C"bu broug,t

an a!tion +or t," EF;ND o+ t," a#*"nt on t," groun t,at

96


37/1824


t," a#*"nt 3as ill"gal b"!aus" t," Cit# o+ C"bu ,a NOT b""n*a" a art# to Caball"ro8s *ana*us !as".

HELD' T," Cit# o+ C"bu CANNOT r"!o$"r. T," !lai* +or

r"+un isr"i!at" on -solutio in"biti./ T," r"uisit"s +or t,is

ar"' (a) ," 3,o ai 3as NOT un"r obligation to o so2 (b) t,"

a#*"nt 3as *a" b# r"ason o+ an "ss"ntial *ista


38/1824


s,all b" "ntitl" to r"i*burs"*"nt +ro* t," latt"r. (Art.

15% Ci$il Co").

9B


39/1824


() No ;njust Enri!,*"nt

Lirag T"4til" &ills% In!. $. "arations Co**ission SCA 65

I+ t," ri!" o+ !"rtain goos is "t"r*in"% !onsi"ring

t," rat" o+ "4!,ang" at t," ti*" o+ its ro!ur"*"nt% t,"r" is nounjust "nri!,*"nt in$ol$".

Art. 1161. Ci$il obligations arising +ro* !ri*inal o++"ns"ss,all b" go$"rn" b# t," "nal la3s% subj"!t to t,"

ro$isions o+ Arti!l" 1% an o+ t," "rtin"nt ro$isions o+

C,at"r % Pr"li*inar# Titl"% on Hu*an "lations% an o+Titl" VIII o+ t,is 7oo


40/1824


() P"rtin"nt Pro$ision o+ t," "$is" P"nal Co"

Art. 1??% .P.C. sa#s' -E$"r# "rson !ri*inall# liabl" +or

a +"lon# is also !i$ill# liabl"./ T," r"ason li"s in t," +a!t t,at

@?


41/1824


o+t"nti*"s t," !o**ission o+ a !ri*" !aus"s not onl# *oral "$ilbut also *at"rial a*ag". I+ no *at"rial a*ag" is on"% !i$il

liabilit# !annot b" "n+or!". (S"" Alb"rt% "$. P"nal Co"% Vol.

I% . @?@?B).

El!ano $. Hill SCA B

An a!!us" in a !ri*inal !as" *a# b" su" CIVILLK

3,"t,"r or not ," is +oun guilt# or is a!uitt". 7ut t," $i!ti*

!annot r"!o$"r a*ag"s in bot, !as"s (onl# in on").

(9) Liabilit# o+ an Insan" Cri*inal

An insan" *an 3,o !o**its a !ri*" is "4"*t" +ro*

!ri*inal liabilit#% but ,is guarian !an b" ,"l !i$ill# liabl"

unl"ss t," latt"r 3as ilig"nt in ,is tas< o+ ta


42/1824


or uasi"li!ts 3oul r"sult in an A7S;DITK +or% 3,il" in an"glig"nt a!t% t," ar"nts ar" subsiiaril# liabl" +or t," a*ag"

@


43/1824


!aus" b# t,"ir son% no liabilit# 3oul atta!, i+ t," a*ag" is!aus" 3it, !ri*inal int"nt. It is !l"ar% t,"r"+or"% t,at al#ing Art. ?B? o+ t," Ci$il Co"% t," ar"nts 3oul orinaril# b"liabl".

(5) ,at Ci$il Liabilit# Arising +ro* a Cri*" In!lu"s

(a) r"stitution2

(b) r"aration o+ t," a*ag" !aus"2

(!) in"*ni+i!ation +or !ons"u"ntial a*ag"s. (Art. 1?@% "$.

P"nal Co").

(NOTE' In t," !as" o+ P"ol" $. origu"% > L65%

=ul# % 156% it 3as ,"l t,at i+ a !ri*inal is !on$i!t"3it,out t," !ourt "!laring ,is !i$il liabilit# an ," i*

*"iat"l# !o**"n!"s s"r$ing s"nt"n!"% t," !ourt *a# still

grant in"*nit#% uon *otion o+ t," $i!ti*% 9 a#s a+t"r

t," !ri*inal b"gan to s"r$" s"nt"n!"% b"!aus" t,"

jug*"nt ,as not #"t b"!o*" +inal% +or t," "rio to

a"al ,as not #"t r"s!rib". In anot,"r !as"% P"ol" $.

&ostas"sa% > L56B@% =an. % 15@% it 3as ,"l t,at i+ a"rson !o**its a !ri*" b# ta


44/1824


t," "!r"asing $alu" o+ t," "so. (Loss o+ "arning !aa!it# an

*oral a*ag"s% a*ong ot,"r t,ings% s,oulb" gi$"n.)

@@


45/1824


(B) Ci$il A!tion I*li!itl# Institut" in Cri*inal Cas"As a g"n"ral rul"% 3,"n"$"r a !ri*inal a!tion is institut"%

t," !i$il a!tion +or t," !i$il liabilit# is also i*li"l# institut"tog"t,"r 3it, t," !ri*inal a!tion. (S"" ul" 9% S"!. 1% "$is"

ul"s o+ Court).

() E++"!t o+ D"at, o+ t," Cri*inal O++"n"r P"ning Trial

7u"na$"ntura 7"la*ala $. &ar!"lino PolinarL@?B% No$. 1B% 16

FACTS' T," "+"nant in a !ri*inal !as" +or ,#si!al

injuri"s i" b"+or" +inal jug*"nt. Issu"' Is ,is !i$il liabilit#

"4tinguis,"J

HELD'No% ,is !i$il liabilit# is not "4tinguis," +or% a+t"r

all% in Art. 99 o+ t," Ci$il Co"% t,"r" !an% in t," !as" o+,#si!alinjuri"s% still b" an in""n"nt !i$il a!tion. T," a!tion 3ill b"

ir"!t" against t," a*inistrator o+ t," "stat"% t," obligation,a$ing b"!o*" t," obligation o+ t," ,"irs2but o+ !ours" t,"liabilit# !annot "4!"" t," $alu" o+ t," in,"ritan!". (Art. @%

Ci$il Co"). In!i"ntall#% as alr"a# sai% t," r"*"# is an a!tion

against t," a*inistrator% an not *"r"l# a !lai* against t,""stat". T," r"ason isb"!aus" t," uros" is to r"!o$"r a*ag"s

+or an injur# to "rson or ro"rt# (,"n!"% "4tra!ontra!tual asit aros" +ro* "it,"r a !ri*" or a tort). (S"" Aguas $. Ll"*os%

L1B1?% Aug. 9?% 16). Ha t," liabilit# b""n !ontra!tual% a

*"r" !lai* against t," "stat" 3oul ,a$" su++i!". (S"" L"ung7"n $. O87ri"n% 9B P,il. 1B).

La*b"rto Torrijos $. Court o+ A"alsL@?996% O!t. @% 15

FACTS' In 16@% Torrijos ur!,as" a lot +ro* Dia*nuan.

Lat"r% Torrijos l"arn" t,at in 16% Dia*nuan sol t," sa*"

lot to D" >uia. Torrijos initiat" an "sta+a !o*laint against

t," s"ll"r% 3,o 3as "$"ntuall# !on$i!t"b# t," CFI (no3 TC).During t," "n"n!# o+ t," !as" in t," Court o+ A"als% t,"a!!us" Dia*nuan i". His la3#"r +il" a *otion to i*iss t,"

@5


46/1824


!as" all"ging t,at t," "at, o+ ,is !li"nt% rior to +inal jug*"nt%

"4tinguis," bot, t," "rsonal an t," "!uniar# "nalti"s.

@6


47/1824


Issu"' Is t," !i$il liabilit# also "4tinguis,"J S,oul t," !as"b" is*iss"J

HELD' T," !i$il liabilit# ,"r" is not "4tinguis,"% b"!aus"in""n"ntl# o+ t," !ri*inal !as"% t," a!!us" 3as !i$ill# liabl"to Torrijos. I+ a+t"r r"!"i$ing t," ur!,as"ri!" +ro* Torrijos% ,"+ail" to "li$"r t," ro"rt# ("$"n b"+or" s"lling it again to D">uia)% t,"r" 3oul as #"t b" no "sta+a%but t,"r" is no u"stiono+ ,is !i$il liabilit# t,ru an a!tionb# Torrijos "it,"r +or s"!i+i!"r+or*an!"lus a*ag"s% or r"s!issionlus a*ag"s. D"at,

is not a $ali !aus" +or t," "4tinguis,*"nt o+ a !i$il obligation.Ha t," onl# basis b""n t," !o**ission o+ "sta+a% it is !l"art,at t," "4tinguis,*"nt o+ t," !ri*inal r"sonsibilit# 3oulalso "4tinguis, t," !i$il liabilit#% ro$i" t,at "at, !o*"sb"+or" +inal jug*"nt.

Furt,"r*or"% un"r Arts. 1% ?% an 1 o+ t," Ci$il Co"%t," a!!us" 3oul b" !i$ill# liabl" in""n"ntl# o+ t," !ri*inalliabilit# +or 3,i!, ," !an b" ,"l liabl". An t,is !i$il liabilit#"4ists "sit" "at, rior to +inal jug*"nt o+ !on$i!tion.

T," !as"% t,"r"+or"% !annot as #"t b" is*iss".

(1?) in o+ Proo+ N"""

(a) I+ a !i$il a!tion *"r"l# is institut"% *"r" r"on"ran!"o+ "$i"n!" is su++i!i"nt.

(b) I+ a !ri*inal !as" is broug,t (an 3it, it% t," !i$il !as")%t," guilt *ust b" "stablis," b# roo+ b"#on r"asonabl"oubt.

(11) E++"!t o+ A!uittal in Cri*inal Cas"

Suos" a "+"nant in a !ri*inal !as" is a!uitt"% !an," still b" ,"l liabl" !i$ill#J

ANS.' It ""ns.

(a) I+ t," r"ason 3,# t,"r" 3as an a!uittal 3as b"!aus" t,"a!!us" !oul not ,a$" !o**itt" t," a!t (as 3,"n ," 3as

in anot,"r !ountr# at t," ti*" ," 3as suos" to ,a$"*ur"r" so*"bo# in t," P,iliin"s)% no !i$il a!tion!an lat"r on b" broug,t.

@


48/1824


(b) I+ t," r"ason +or t," a!uittal 3as b"!aus" o+ an "4"*ting

!ir!u*stan!" (as in t," !as" o+ an insan" "+"nant)% ,"

@B


49/1824


3oul still b" !i$ill# liabl" (i+ ," ,as no guarian% or i+ t,"guarian 3,o *a# un"r t," !ir!u*stan!" b" orinaril#liabl"% is insol$"nt).

(!) I+ t,"r" is an in""n"nt !i$il a!tion allo3"b# t," la3%!i$il liabilit# *a# still aris" i+ t,is a!tion is institut" an

t," "+"nant8s liabilit# is ro$"b# *"r" r"on"ran!"

o+ "$i"n!" (b"!aus" 3,il" guilt b"#on r"asonabl" oubt

*ig,t not ,a$"b""n ro$"% it 3oul b" a si*l"r *att"rto ro$" guiltb# *"r" r"on"ran!" o+ "$i"n!").

Co San $. Dir"!tor o+ Pat"nts% "t al.L1?569% F"b. 9% 161

A jug*"nt o+ a!uittal in a !ri*inal a!tion +or

+rauul"nt r"gistration o+ a tra"*ar< in $iolation o+ S"!.1B o+ A!t No. 666% !annot b" in$o


50/1824


FACTS' In a !ri*inal a!tion +or s"u!tion% t," o++"n"

art# "4r"ssl# r"s"r$" t," rig,t to +il" a s"arat" !i$il a!tion.

5?


51/1824


T," CFI (no3 TC) +oun t," a!!us" guilt#% an i*os" !i$illiabiliti"s. No *otion +or r"!onsi"ration 3as +il" b# t," o+

+"n" art#. Issu"' as t," i*osition o+ !i$il liabilit# ro"r%

"sit" t," r"s"r$ationJ

HELD' No% t," i*osition o+ t," !i$il liabilit# 3as not

ro"r b"!aus"'

(a) t,"r" 3as t," r"s"r$ation as to t," !i$il as"!t2

(b) t," *"r" +ailur" to +il" a *otion +or r"!onsi"ration o"s

not n"!"ssaril# r"sult in 3ai$"r or abanon*"nt.Abanon *"nt r"uir"s a *or" !on$in!ing uantu* o+

"$i"n!" t,an *"r" +orb"aran!" to a!tuall# +il" t," !i$ila!tion% "s"!iall# 3,"n 3" !onsi"r t," +a!t t,at t," sa*"

!oul b" +il" "$"n a+t"r t," "!ision in t," !ri*inal !as"

,a b""n r"n"r"2

(!) roo+ s,oulb" gi$"n 3it, r"s"!t to t," a*ount.

(1@) Is T,"r" N"" o+ &aar!ia $. Florio

L95?5% Aug. 91% 19

51


52/1824


FACTS' A+t"r a $",i!ular a!!i"nt% t," $i!ti*s 3"r"

broug,t to t," ,osital +or tr"at*"nt. In t," *"anti*"% t,"

5


53/1824


oli!" aut,oriti"s +il" a !ri*inal !as" o+ r"!"roni*o . &arau" an>"roni*o Co*an"r% "t al.

L6?% &a# % 1@

FACTS' Fran!is!o Ab"llana 3as ri$ing a !argo tru!ri*alt6 P,il. 6

FACTS' A 3ant" to bu# a arti!ular s,i +ro* 7 on !onition t,at 7 3oul ro$" b# a"rs t,at ," (7) 3as t," r"alo3n"r o+ t," s,i. Subs"u"ntl#% t," s,i 3as lost b# a

+ortuitous "$"nt alt,oug, t," a"rs ,a not #"t b""nrou!". Issu"' Is A r"uir" to a#J

HELD' A is not l"gall# boun to a# b"!aus" t,"r" 3asno "r+"!t" sal" #"t% sin!" t," !onition% na*"l#% t," roo+ o+o3n"rs,i ,a% at t,at ti*" o+ loss% not #"t b""n +ul+ill". A 3asnot a bu#"r2 ," 3as onl# a 3oulb"bu#"r.

NOTE' Ha A alr"a# boug,t t," s,i 0 (,a t," roo+o+ o3n"rs,i b""n r"s"nt" "arli"r) 0 ," 3oul ,a$" b""n!o*"ll" to a# t," ur!,as" ri!" "$"n i+ at t," ti*" o+ loss%t," t,ing ,a not #"t b""n "li$"r" to ,i*% sin!" a+t"r all% t,"sal" 3oul ,a$"b""n alr"a# "r+"!t".G

>uti"rr" "i" $. Al"lius9 P,il. 1?

FACTS' Aboug,t ro"rt# +ro* 7 on install*"nt. ,"nt," +irst install*"nt +"ll u"% A i not a#. His "+"ns" 3as t,at," i not ,a$" *on"#% an ," t,"r"+or" l"a" i*ossibilit#o+"r+or*an!". Issu"' Is A "4!us" +ro* ,is obligationJ

HELD' No. &"r" "!uniar# inabilit# to a# o"s not is!,arg" an obligation to a#% nor o"s it !onstitut" an# "+"ns"to a "!r"" +or s"!i+i! "r+or*an!". T," stabilit# o+ !o**"r!ialtransa!tions r"uir"s t,at t," rig,ts o+ t," s"ll"rb" rot"!t"

just as "++"!ti$"l# as t," rig,ts o+ t," bu#"r.

Art. 1166. T," obligation to gi$" a "t"r*inat" t,ingin!lu"s t,at o+ "li$"ring all its a!!"ssions an

a!!"ssori"s% "$"n t,oug, t,"# *a# not ,a$" b""n

*"ntion".

CO&&ENT'

(1) ,at t," Obligation to >i$" a D"t"r*inat" T,ing In!lu"s

B5


86/1824


E4a*l"'

I+ I a* oblig" to "li$"r a arti!ular !ar% I *ust also

gi$" t," a!!"ssori"s (li


87/1824


a i"!" o+ lan% I *ust gi$" also t," a!!"ssions (li


88/1824


(b) Also 0 to obtain a*ag"s. (Art. 11?% Ci$il Co"). (Da*

ag"s alon" !annot substitut" +or"r+or*an!" i+ o3n"rs !an

BB


89/1824


o it2 i+ ur"l# "rsonal or s"!ial 0 as a ainting to b"on" b# a r"ut" artist 0 onl# a*ag"s *a# b" as.% . B@56% CA).G

C,a$" $. >onal"s

L@5@% Ar. 9?% 1?

FACTS' A t#"3rit"r o3n"r "li$"r" t," sa*" to a

r"air*an +or r"airs agr"" uon orall#. D"sit" r""at"

"*ans% no 3or< 3as on" t,"r"on. E$"ntuall# t," r"

air*an r"turn" t," *a!,in"% unr"air" an 3ors"%

s"$"ral arts 3"r" *issing% t,us t," "s!rition -!annibali" an unr"air"./ T," o3n"r 3as t,"n !onstrain" to

,a$" t," t#"3rit"r r"air" in anot,"r s,o. O3n"r no3

!lai*s a*ag"s +ro* t," +irst r"air*an (+or t," !ost o+

t," r"airs an t," !ost o+ t," *issing arts). D"+"nant

r"air*an% ,o3"$"r% all"g"s t,at o3n"r s,oul ,a$" +irst

+il" a "tition +or t," !ourt to +i4 t," "rio 3it,in 3,i!,

t," job o+ r"airing 3as to b" +inis,".

ISS;ES'(a) Can t," "+"nantb" ,"l liabl" +or a*ag"sJ

B


90/1824


(b) Ho3 about t," +ailur" o+ t," o3n"r to +irst as


91/1824


HELD'(a) K"s% t," "+"nant !an b" ,"l +or a*ag"s an t,is

3oul in!lu" t," !ost o+ labor an n""" *at"rials%as 3"ll as t," $alu" o+ t," *issing arts. A!!oring

to Art. 116 0 -I+ a "rson oblig" to o so*"t,ing

+ails to o it% t," sa*" s,all b" "4"!ut" at ,is !ost.

T," sa*" rul" s,all b" obs"r$" i+ ," o"s it in !ontra$"ntion o+ t," t"nor o+ t," obligation./

(b) T," +ailur" o+ t," o3n"r o+ t," !o*ut"r not"boo"n"ral o+ D"*an

To ut a "btor in "+ault% as a rul"% DE&AND is n""".

T," "*an *a# b" jui!ial% as 3,"n a !o*laint +or s"!i+i!

"r+or*an!" is +il"2 or "4trajui!ial% 3it,out !ourt ro!""

ings.

(9) ,"n D"*an Is Not N""" to Put D"btor in D"+ault

9


94/1824


(a) ,"n t," la3 soro$i"s. (E4a*l"' Ta4"s s,oulb"ai

3it,in a "+init" "rio% ot,"r3is" "nalti"s ar" i*os"

3it,out n"" o+ "*an +or a#*"nt.)

@


95/1824


(b) ,"n t," obligation "4r"ssl# soro$i"s.NOTE' T," *"r" +i4ing o+ t," "rio is not "noug,2

t,"r" *ust b" a ro$ision t,at i+ a#*"nt is not *a"

3,"n u"% "+ault or liabilit# +or a*ag"s or int"r"stsauto*ati!all# aris"s. (S"" D" la osa $. 7an< o+ P.I.% 51

P,il. 6).G

(NOTE' T," !ontrar# ruling in Siulong an Co. $.

Klagan% @9 P,il. 99% is 3rong.)

(!) ,"n ti*" is o+ t," "ss"n!" o+ t," !ontra!t (or 3,"n t,"+i4ing o+ t," ti*" 3as t," !ontrolling *oti$" +or t," "stab

lis,*"nt o+ t," !ontra!t).

E4a*l"s' T," *a


96/1824


(a) *ora sol$"ni ("+ault on t," art o+ t," "btor)

6


97/1824


1) *ora sol$"ni "4 r" ("btor8s "+ault in r"al obligations)

) *ora sol$"ni "4"rsona ("btor8s "+ault in"rsonal

obligations)

(b) *ora a!!ii"ni ("+ault on t," art o+ t," !r"itor)

(!) !o*"nsatio *ora" (3,"n in a r"!iro!al obligation bot,

arti"s ar" in "+ault2 ,"r" it is as i+ n"it,"r is in "

+ault).

(5) &ora Sol$"ni

(a) T,"r" is no *ora sol$"ni in n"gati$" obligations (on" !an

not b" lat" in not oing or gi$ing).

(b) T,"r" is no *ora in natural obligations.

(!) "uisit"s +or *ora sol$"ni'

1) T," obligation *ust b" u"% "n+or!"abl"% an alr"a#

liuiat" or "t"r*inat" in a*ount. (TS% &ar. 15%

16).

) T,"r" *ustb" non"r+or*an!".

9) T,"r" *ust b" a "*an% unl"ss t," "*an is not

r"uir" (as alr"a# is!uss"). (,"n "*an is

n"""%roo+ o+ it *ustb" s,o3nb# t," !r"itor). (B&anr"sa 61).

NOTE' A *"r" r"*in"r% li


98/1824


1) I+ t," "btor is in "+ault% ," *a# b" liabl" +or int"r"stor a*ag"s.

B


99/1824


) H" *a# also ,a$" to b"ar t," ris< o+ loss.(In bot, !as"s% it is% ,o3"$"r% "ss"ntial t,at ,is b"ing

in "+ault is attributabl" to ,is o3n +ault.)

9) H" is liabl" "$"n +or a +ortuitous "$"nt (Art. 1165%

Ci$il Co")% alt,oug, a*ag"s ,"r" *a# b"

*itigat" i+ ," !an ro$" t,at "$"n i+ ," ,a not b""n

in "+ault% loss 3oul ,a$" o!!urr" just t," sa*".

(Art. 15% Ci$il Co").

(") In a ur!,as" b# install*"nts% t," !ontra!t *a# ro$i"+or an -a!!"l"ration !laus"/ (a !laus" 3,i!, 3oul *aaruno M &artin"% 6 P,il. B).

(6) &ora A!!ii"ni

(a) T," !r"itor is guilt# o+ "+ault 3,"n ," unjusti+iabl#

r"+us"s to a!!"t a#*"nt or"r+or*an!" at t," ti*" sai

a#*"nt or "r+or*an!" !an b" on". So*" justi+iabl"

r"asons +or r"+usal to a!!"t *a# b" t,at t," a#or ,as no

l"gal !aa!it# or t,at t,"r" is an o++"r to a# an obligationot,"r t,an 3,at ,as b""n agr"" uon.

(b) I+ an obligation aris"s "4 "li!to (as t," r"sult o+ a !ri*")%t," "btor!ri*inal is r"sonsibl" +or loss% "$"n t,oug,

t,is b" t,roug, a +ortuitous "$"nt% unl"ss t," !r"itor isin *ora a!!ii"ni. T," la3 sa#s'

-,"n t," "bt o+ a t,ing !"rtain an "t"r*inat"

ro!""s +ro* a !ri*inal o++"ns"% t," "btor s,all not b"

"4"*t" +ro* t," a#*"nt o+ its ri!"% 3,at"$"r *a#

b" t," !aus" +or t," loss% unl"ss t," t,ing ,a$ingb""n o+

+"r" b# ,i* to t," "rson 3,o s,oul r"!"i$" it% t," latt"r

r"+us" 3it,out justi+i!ation to a!!"t it./ (Art. 16B% Ci$ilCo").


100/1824


NOTE' ,at s,oul t," !ri*inal o i+ t," !r"itor

is in *ora a!!ii"niJ

1??


101/1824


ANS.' H" *ust "it,"r'1) !onsign it in !ourt ("4"ns"s !,arg"abl" to !r"i

tor)2

) or


102/1824


+or*an!" *ust b" si*ultan"ous. H"n!"% on" art# !annot

"*an "r+or*an!" b# t," ot,"r% i+ t," +or*"r ,i*s"l+

!annot "r+or*. An 3,"n n"it,"r ,as "r+or*"% t,"r"is !o*"nsatio *ora" ("+ault on t," art o+ bot,2 so it is

as i+ no on" is in "+ault). I+ on" art# "r+or*s% an t,"1


103/1824


ot,"r o"s not% t," latt"r 3oul b" in "+ault. (S"" >uti"rr" H"r*anos $. Oria H"r*anos% 9? P,il. @1).

&ariano origu"% "t al. $.

Por+irio 7"lgi!a% "t al.L1?B?1% F"b. B% 161

FACTS' origu" an 7"lgi!a 3"r" !oo3n"rs o+ lan

in t," roortion o+ B6Q an 1@Q% r"s"!ti$"l#. 7"lgi!a

o3" origu" P9?%???. To "nabl" 7"lgi!a to a# it% it3as *utuall# agr"" t,at origu" 3oul grant aut,orit# to 7"lgi!a to s"ll or *ortgag" 3it,in ? a#s 96Q o+

t," lan% so t,at 7"lgi!a 3oul b" abl" to rais" t," *on"#+ora#*"nt o+ t," loan. Issu"' Fro* 3,at ti*" s,oul t,"?a# "riob"gin to runJ

HELD' T," "rio !o**"n!"s +ro* t," ti*" o

rigu" grants sai aut,orit# to 7"lgi!a. For t,is arta


104/1824


P,il. @55

I+ a "bt is not ai at t," stiulat" "rio% int"r"st (as

a*ag"s) s,oulb" !,arg" not +ro* t," at" o+ *aturit#% but1B


105/1824


+ro* t," ti*" t," jui!ial a!tion is +il"% in !as" no "4trajui!ial"*an 3as *a".

Pri!"% In!. $. illoraa% "t al.LB?59% &a# 5% 155

FACTS' A t"nant l"as" a lan on t," lanlor8s ro*is"

t,at t," latt"r 3oul *aaruno an &artin"

6 P,il. BFACTS' A "bt 3as a#abl" in install*"nts. It 3as also

agr"" t,at i+ an# install*"nt 3as not ai on ti*"% t," 3,ol""bt 3oul *atur" (a!!"l"ration !laus"). T," "btor i not a#

on" install*"nt on ti*". A+t"r so*" ti*"% b"!aus" t," "btori not a# t," 3,ol" "bt% t," !r"itor broug,t t,is a!tion. Is

su"' Fro* 3,at ti*" 3as t," "btor in "+ault% +ro* t," ti*"t," install*"nt 3as not ai at t," stiulat" at"% or +ro* t,"ti*" t," a!tion 3as +il"J (T,is 3as "ss"ntial to "t"r*in" t,"

!o*utation o+ int"r"st.)

HELD' Fro* t," ti*" "*an 3as *a" b# t," +iling o+

t," a!tion% t,"r" ,a$ingb""n nor"$ious "4trajui!ial "*an.

H"n!"% int"r"st as a*ag"s s,oul b"gin onl# +ro* t,at at"."ason' It is tru" t,at t,"r" 3as an a!!"l"ration !laus"% ant,is is 3,# t," !r"itor is no3 "ntitl" to r"!o$"r t," 3,ol" "bt.7ut t," !ontra!t i not sa# t,at +ailur" to a# on" install*"nt3oul ut t," "btor in "+ault. H"n!"% "*an 3as still

"ss"ntial.

Causing $. 7"n!"r

1?5


106/1824


9 P,il. @1

FACTS' Plainti++ A% a!ting as guarian o+ so*" *inors%agr"" to s"ll to "+"nant 7 a ar!"l o+ lan o3n" in !o**on

1?6


107/1824


b# ,"r an ,"r 3ars on t," !onition t,at A 3oul +irst obtainjui!ial aro$al 3it, r"gar to t," 3ars8 s,ar". 7i**"iat"l#ai art o+ t," ur!,as" ri!" an ro!""" too!!u# t," lan. Alt,oug, jui!ial aro$al ,a b""nobtain"% A i not "4"!ut" a "" su++i!i"nt to !on$"# t,"

3,ol" ar!"l. Inst"a% s," as


108/1824


Su!, int"r"st is not u" to stiulation at,"r it is u" tot," g"n"ral ro$ision o+ la3 t,at in obligation to a# *on"#2

1?B


109/1824


3,"r" t," "btor in!urs in "la#% ," ,as to a# int"r"stb# 3a#o+ a*ag"s. (S"" East"rn S,iing Lin"s% In!. $. CA% 9@ SCA

B 1@G).

(1?) I*osition o+ Int"r"st

7ang


110/1824


a. On t," +irst billing +or P@5?%[email protected] R 6Q "r

annu* !o*ut" +ro* t," at" o+ "*an on F"b. 9%

16 3,il" an int"r"st o+ 1Q "r annu* s,allb" i*os"

11?


111/1824


on su!, a*ount +ro* +inalit# o+ "!ision until a#*"ntt,"r"o+.

b. On t," s"!on billing +or P6%@51.?5 R 6Q "r

annu* !o*ut" +ro* at" o+ "*an on S"t. 1?% 163,il" an int"r"st o+ 1Q "r annu* s,all b" i*os"on su!, a*ount +ro* +inalit# o+ "!ision until a#*"ntt,"r"o+.

!. On t," P1?B%61?.5 +or s"r$i!"s r"n"r" +ro*

Ar. 1?% 16 to =ul. 91% 16 0 6Q "r annu* !o*ut"+ro* at" o+ "!ision o+ IAC (Int"r*"iat" A"llat"Court) on F"b. ?% 1B 3,il" int"r"st o+ 1Q "rannu* s,allb" i*os" on su!, a*ount +ro* +inalit# o+"!ision untila#*"nt t,"r"o+.

Art. 11?. T,os" 3,o in t," "r+or*an!" o+ t,"irobliga tion ar" guilt# o+ +rau% n"glig"n!"% or "la# an

t,os" 3,o in an# *ann"r !ontra$"n" t," t"nor t,"r"o+% ar"

liabl" +or a*ag"s.

CO&&ENT'

(1) >rouns +or Liabilit# in t," P"r+or*an!" o+ Obligations

(a) +rau ("!"it or olo) (int"ntional "$asion o+ +ul+ill*"nt).

(b) n"glig"n!" (+ault or !ula). (S"" Art. 119% Ci$il Co").

(!) "+ault (or *ora) (i+ i*utabl" to t," "btor).

() $iolation o+ t," t"r*s o+ t," obligation ($iolatio) (unl"ss"4!us" in ro"r !as"s b# +ortuitous "$"nts).

NOTE' T," +ollo3ing o not "4!us" +ul+ill*"nt'

1) in!r"as" in !ost o+"r+or*an!". (;.S. $. Vara"ro "

la :uinta% @? P,il. @B).

) o$"rt#. ("i" $. Al"lius% 9 P,il. 1?).

9) 3ar b"t3""n t," subj"!t o+ a n"utral !ountr# an t,"subj"!t o+ a !ountr# at 3ar% as long as substantial

111


112/1824


!o*lian!" !an still b" on". (Int. Har$"st"r Co. $.

Ha*burgA*"ri!an Lin"% @ P,il. B5@).

11


113/1824


7;T !,aos in &anila in F"bruar# 1@5 uringt," lib"ration "rio !an b" !onsi"r" a su++i!i"nt

"4!us" +or not a#ing on ti*" t," obligations *atur

ing t,at *ont,. (&anala! $. >ar!ia% 6 P,il. 16).G

(NOTE' In &!Conn"l% "t al. $. Court o+ A"als%

L1?51?% &ar. 1% 161% it 3as ,"l t,at "$"n ini$iual sto!at!,alian $. Arl"gui5 SCA 9@

I+ a losing art# litigant isob"#s a 3rit o+oss"ssion a

r"ss" b# t," !ourt not to ,i* but to a s,"ri++% sai isob"i

"nt litigant is not% b# t,at +a!t o+ isob"i"n!" alon"% guilt# o+

!ont"*t o+ !ourt.

() E4a*l"s o+ Violation o+ a Contra!t (-In An# &ann"rContra$"n" t," T"nor T,"r"o+/)

(a) ,"n a lanlor +ails to *aintain a t"nant in t," l"gal os

119


114/1824


s"ssion o+ t," l"as" lan (b"!aus" t," lanlor 3as not itso3n"r% an t," o3n"r no3 3ants to o!!u# t," lan). (D"

11@


115/1824


la Cru $. S"*inar# o+ &anila% 1B P,il. 99?). Si*ilarl#% i+a l"ss"" or t"nant o"s not a# t," stiulat" r"nts "sit"oral an 3ritt"n "*ans b# t," l"ssor or lanlor% t,"latt"r is "ntitl" to a jug*"nt +or "j"!t*"nt an r"!o$"r#o+ a*ag"s su++"r". (D" los Santos $. >oros"% "t al.% L1?9% Ar. % 15).

(b) ,"n a "rson 3,o agr"" to sul# so*"

!in"*atogra,i! +il*s !annot o so b"!aus" o+ ,is +ault.(A!*" Fil*s $. T,"at"rs Sul#% 69 P,il. 65).

(!) ,"n a !o**on !arri"r +ails to ta


116/1824


FACTS' "garing a !ontra!t 3it, a !onstru!tion

+ir*% t," o3n"r 3rot" t," +ir* t,at ," int"n" to !an!"l

116


117/1824


t," !ontra!t% 3,"r"uon t," +ir* sto" !onstru!tion 3or L1?6?5 an L1?6?6% =un.9?% 15B). (H"r"% t," Court sai t,at aass"ng"r

o"s not ,a$" t," oortunit# +or ins"!tion%

3,i!, orinaril#% is a$ailabl" to t," !arri"r.)

Lour"s &unsa#a! $.7"n"i!ta " Lara

L1151% =un. 6% 16B

FACTS' A ri$"r o+ a j""n"# 3as +oun

r"!


144/1824


*ali!ious int"nt on t," art o+ t," ag"nt.


145/1824


A*baan% "t al. $. 7"llosillo% "t al.CA> 56B@% =ul. B% 1B1

T," injur" ass"ng"rs o+ a ubli! utilit#

j"" ri$"n b# a r"!


146/1824


ta4i!ab !o*an#. "ason' T," ri$"r is r"sonsibl"

+or ,is n"glig"n!" in *a


147/1824


9) THEEFOE% in t,is !as" o+ !ula auiliana% i+ t,"o3n"r !an ro$" u" ilig"n!" in t," s"l"!tion ansu"r$ision o+ ,is ri$"r% ," !oul not ,a$" b""n r"

sonsibl" in an# 3a# +or t," injur#. T,us% t,is "+"ns"

isro"r +or t," "*lo#"r% an i+ro$"% 3ill "4"*t

,i* +ro* liabilit#. (H"r"% t," *ast"rs"r$ant rul"

o"s not al#). (7a,ia $. Litonjua M L"#n"s% 9? P,il.

@@ an H"rnan" $. &"ral!o% @? O.>. 1? SG No. 1@%

. 95).

@) Sin!" it is t," ""strian 3,o all"g"s n"glig"n!" ont," art o+ t," "+"nant% it is ,is (t," ""strian8s)ut# to r"s"nt an ro$" sai n"glig"n!". In ot,"r

3ors% ," 3ill ,a$" t," bur"n o+ roo+. As stat" b#

t," Sur"*" Court' -As a g"n"ral rul"% it is logi!al

t,at in !as" o+ !ula auiliana% a suing !r"itor

s,oul assu*" t," bur"n o+ ro$ing t," "4ist"n!"

o+ t," n"glig"n!"% as t," onl# +a!t uon 3,i!, ,isa!tion isbas"./ (Cang!o $. &anila ailroa Co.% 9B

P,il. 6% !iting &anr"sa).

Iba"% "t al. $. Nort, N"grosSugar Co.% In!.% "t al.L6?% &ar. B% 155

Pass"ng"rs o+ ari$at" auto*obil" 3,obroug,t

a !ri*inal a!tion against t," ri$"r o+ a train% an3,o r"s"r$" a !i$il a!tion against t," train o3n"r%

!an still bring on t," basis o+ !ula auiliana t,"!i$il !as" against t," train o3n"r% "$"n i+ t," ri$"r

b" a!uitt" in t," !ri*inal !as".

(NOTE' E$"n 3it,out r"s"r$ation% t," !i$il !as"

!an also ros"r. T,is is b"!aus" t," train o3n"r is

not r"all# a "+"nant in t," !ri*inal !as". &or"o$"r%

s"" Art. 1% Ci$il Co".)

a*os $. P"siColaL599% F"b. % 16


148/1824


FACTS' A ri$"r o+ P"siCola is a*itt"l#

n"glig"nt in a $",i!ular !ollision. Suit 3as broug,t


149/1824


b# t," ot,"r !ar o3n"r against bot, t," ri$"r anP"siCola. 7ut P"siCola 3as abl" to ro$" ilig"n!"

in s"l"!tion (no !ula in "ligi"no) an su"r$ision

(no !ula in $igilano) o+ t," ri$"r. Issu"' Is P"si

Cola still liabl"J

HELD'No% ot,"r3is" it 3oul ,a$"b""n liabl"

soliaril# 3it, t," ri$"r. In P,iliin" torts% 3" o

not +ollo3 t," o!trin" o+ r"son"at su"rior (3,"r"

t," n"glig"n!" o+ t," s"r$ant is t," n"glig"n!" o+ t,"

*ast"r). Inst"a% 3" +ollo3 t," rul" o+bonus +a*ilias(goo +at,"r o+ a +a*il#). T," n"glig"n!" o+ t," "*

lo#"r ,"r" is onl# r"su*ti$"2 it !an t,"r"+or" b"

r"butt"% as in t,is !as".

Vinluan $. Court o+ A"alsL1@B1% Ar. % 166

FACTS' Aass"ng"r o+ a bus 3as ,urt b"!aus"

o+ t," n"glig"n!" o+ t," ri$"r o+ t," bus as 3"ll ast," n"glig"n!" o+ t," ri$"r o+ anot,"r $",i!l". Issu"'

,o s,oulb" liabl"J

HELD' A!!oring to t," !ourt% +our "rsons ar"liabl"' t," o3n"r o+ t," bus% t," ri$"r o+ t," bus%

t," o3n"r o+ t," ot,"r $",i!l"% an t," ri$"r o+ sai

ot,"r $",i!l" 0 an t,"ir liabilit# is SOLIDAK

0 not3it,staning t," +a!t t,at t," liabilit# o+ t,"

bus !o*an# is r"i!at" on a CONTACT% 3,il"t," liabilit# o+ t," o3n"r an ri$"r o+ t," ot,"r $"

,i!l" is bas" on a :;ASIDELICT. (Obs"r$ation'

T," bus ri$"r !an b" "4!us" on t," basis o+ !ula

!ontra!tual +or t," !ontra!t o+ !o**on !arriag" 3as

not 3it, ,i*% but 3it, t," bus !o*an#2 non"t,"l"ss%

," !an b" ,"l liabl" on t," basis o+ !ula auiliana%t,"r"b"ing nor""4isting !ontra!t b"t3""n ,i* ant," ass"ng"r. Not" also t,at t," o3n"r o+ t," ot,"r

$",i!l" !an b" "4!us" i+ ," !an ro$" u" ilig"n!"in t," s"l"!tion an su"r$ision o+ ,is ri$"r% un"r

Art. 1B?% last aragra,% unl"ss at t," ti*" o+ t,"


150/1824


!ollision% sai o3n"r 3as also in ,is $",i!l"% in 3,i!,

!as"% not3it,staning u" !ar" in s"l"!tion an su


151/1824


"r$ision% ," 3oul still b" liabl"% i+ ," !oul ,a$"% b#us" o+ ilig"n!" r"$"nt" t," *is+ortun". (S"" Art.

1B@% Ci$il Co").

P"ol" $. Al"janro O. Tan% =r.CA> 1@C% =ul. 1% 1B1

I+ a ri$"r on on" si" o+ t," str""t "sir"s to

!ross t," sa*" to b" on t," ot,"r si"% it is not su+

+i!i"nt +or ,i* to ut on t," l"+t signal lig,t o+ t,"$",i!l". It is o+ jui!ial noti!" t,at *an# ri$"rs in

our !ountr# toa# a# littl" ,"" to su!, a signal%

ar ti!ularl# i+ t," $",i!l" b"ing ri$"n b# an

aroa!,ing ri$"r is s""ing. ,at t," ri$"r

int"nt on !rossing s,oul o is to si*l# AIT +or

t," ot,"r $",i!l" to ass% +or a+t"r all% t," ot,"r

ri$"r ,as t," rig,t o+ 3a#. Failur" to so 3ait is

s,""r n"glig"n!".

(!) C;LPA CI&INAL

A""strian 3as injur" b"!aus" o+ t," r"!


152/1824


,is liabilit# is auto*ati! an subsiiar#. T,"r" is no

n"!"ssit# o+r"$iousl# r"s"r$ing t," !as" against t,"

o3n"r (b"!aus" t," o3n"r is not a "+"nant in t,"!ri*inal !as"). A+t"r t," !ri*inal !as" is t"r*inat"%

t," !on$i!t" ri$"r s,oula#. I+ t," ri$"rb" insol15


153/1824


$"nt% t," $i!ti* !an no3 +il" a !i$il a!tion against t,"o3n"r to r"!o$"r on t," latt"r8s subsiiar# liabilit#.

All t," $i!ti* ,as to o is'

a) To r"s"nt t," jug*"nt in t," !ri*inal !as"%

"!laring t," ri$"r guilt#.

b) To r"s"nt roo+ o+ ri$"r8s insol$"n!# b# s,o3

ing t,at t," "4"!ution att"*t" b# t," s,"ri++

!oul not b" satis+i". In t," abs"n!" o+ !ollusion

b"t3""n t," ri$"r an ros"!uting attorn"#%on!" t," "4,ibits ar" r"s"nt" or ro$"% t,"jug" s,oul or"r t," o3n"r to a#. T," o3n"r

3ill not b" allo3" to r"s"nt an# "+"ns" an#

*or". H" !annot% ,o3"$"r%b" sai to ,a$" b""n

"ri$" o+ ,is a# in !ourt b"!aus" ," also ,a

,is !,an!"% na*"l#% in t," !ri*inal !as" against

t," ri$"r. In sai !as"% ," s,oul ,a$" gi$"n

,is ri$"r a goo "+"ns" !ouns"l% b"!aus" in

"+"ning t," int"r"st o+ t," ri$"r% t," o3n"r3oul also b" "+"ning ,is o3n int"r"st% +or

,is liabilit# is auto*ati! an ""n"nt on t,"

ri$"r8s guilt an insol$"n!#. T,is is t," rul"

in !ula !ri*inal. (S"" &aria Luisa &artin"

$. &anu"l H. 7arr"o% "t al.% > @9?B an7arr"o $. >ar!ia% 9 P,il. 6?).

(NOTE' I+ a ass"ng"r su"s +or !ula

!ri*i nal% substantiall# t," sa*" ro!"ur"

as t," abo$" 3oul b" +ollo3".)

() So*" Cas"s

7arr"o $. >ar!ia an Al*ario9 P,il. 6?

FACTS' A ta4iri$"r o+ 7arr"o


154/1824


a ass"ng"r. T," ri$"r 3as +oun guilt# in t," !ri*inal !as"

(!ula !ri*inal). 7ut t," !i$il a!tion ,a b""n r"s"r$". Lat"r%

t," ,"irs o+ >ar!ia broug,t a !i$il a!tion (!ula auiliana)

ir"!tl# against 7arr"o% t," o3n"r o+ t," ta4i!ab !o*an#159


155/1824


(&alat" Ta4i!ab Co*an#). It 3as ro$" t,at 7arr"o 3asn"glig"nt +or ,is ri$"r ,a b""n "*lo#" b# ,i* "$"n i+ ,"

,a r"$iousl# b""n !on$i!t" +or $iolation o+ t," Auto*obil"

La3. 7arr"o !ont"n"% ,o3"$"r% t,at t," a!tion s,oul not

,a$" b""n broug,t against ,i* at on!"% b"!aus" a!!oring to

t," "$is" P"nal Co"% ," s,oul b" liabl" onl# i+ t," ri$"r

!annota#% an t,at t,"r"+or"% t," !i$il a!tion s,oul ,a$"b""n

broug,t +irst against t," ri$"r% an t,"n% i+ t," ri$"r is +oun

guilt# an insol$"nt% t,is 3oul not b" t," ro"r ti*" to ta


156/1824


+or% un"r t," la3% ,is is a !o*l"t" subsiiar# liabilit#.

156


157/1824


&aria Luisa &artin" $. &anu"l 7. 7arr"o%"t al.% > @9?B

FACTS' On Ar. 11% 1@? a ta4i!ab o3n" b# Fausto

7arr"o an ri$"n b# os"no Dig*an !olli" 3it, a C,"$

rol"t !ar ri$"nb# &aria Luisa &artin". A !ri*inal !as" 3as

institut" against t," ta4i ri$"r% 3,o l"a" guilt#% an 3as

*a" to a# a +in" an to in"*ni+# &artin". Du" to Dig*an8s

insol$"n!#% &artin" +il" an a!tion against 7arr"o to ,ol ,i*

subsiiaril# liabl". At t," trial% &artin" r"li" sol"l# on'a) t," jug*"nt o+ !on$i!tion against Dig*an2

b) t," 3rit o+ "4"!ution issu" against Dig*an an roo+ o+

,is insol$"n!#.

ISS;E' oul t," "$i"n!" o+ &artin" b" su++i!i"nt to

,ol 7arr"o !i$ill# liabl"J

HELD' K"s% t," jug*"nt o+ !on$i!tion lus roo+ o+ in

sol$"n!# is su++i!i"nt to ,ol t," "*lo#"r subsiiaril# liabl"2in t," abs"n!" o+ !ollusion b"t3""n t," ri$"r an t," $i!ti*%

t," stig*a o+ a !ri*inal !on$i!tion surass"s in "++"!t *"r" !i$il

liabilit#. Co**on s"ns" i!tat"s t,at a +ining o+ guilt in a

!ri*i nal !as" in 3,i!, roo+ b"#on r"asonabl" oubt is

n"!"ssar#% s,oul not b" nulli+i" in a subs"u"nt !i$il a!tion

r"uiring onl# r"on"ran!" o+ "$i"n!". 7arr"o !annot b"

sai to ,a$"b""n "ri$" o+ ,is a# in !ourt b"!aus" t,"

liabilit# r"all# ""n" uon t," ri$"r8s guilt an

insol$"n!#% t," liabilit# b"ing auto*ati! an subsiiar#. It is,ig, ti*" t,at "*lo# "rs s,oul ,a$" t,"ir "*lo#""s

"+"n" $"r# 3"ll% sul#ing t,"* 3it, !ouns"l% +or in

"+"ning ,is "*lo#""s8 int"r"st (in a !ri*inal !as")% ,"% t,"

"*lo#"r% is auto*ati!all# "+"ning ,i*s"l+. It 3oul ,a$"

b""n i++"r"nt ,a t," !as" b""n on" o+ !ula auiliana.

NOTE' T,is ruling 3as r"it"rat" in t," !as" o+ &analo%

"t al. $. obl"s Trans. Co.% In!.% LB11% Aug. 16% 156. In sai

!as" t," Court also ,"l t,at t," s,"ri++8s r"turn o+ t," 3rit o+

"4"!ution s,o3ing nonsatis+a!tion o+ t," jug*"nt b"!aus" o+

a!!us"8s insol$"n!# 3as a*issibl" in "$i"n!" an t," s,"ri++

15


158/1824


o"s not n"" to t"sti+# in !ourt as to t," +a!t stat" in t," "ntr#

b"!aus" it is an o++i!ial jug*"nt. &or"o$"r% t," !i$il !as" !an

15B


159/1824


b" broug,t not 3it,in onl# +our #"ars but 3it,in t"n (1?) #"arsb"!aus" it aris"s out o+ a +inal jug*"nt.G

P"ol" o+ t," P,iliin"s $. ="sus V"ranoL15B?5% F"b. B% 161

FACTS' Do*inaor Paras% a ass"ng"r in a tru!< o+ t,"&inanao 7us Co.% 3as


160/1824


t," ,"irs *a# still r"!o$"r P%???% t," art t,at ,a NOTb""n $alil# 3ai$". In ot,"r 3ors% t," in"*nit# in t,"

!ri*inal !as" 3as r"u!" to P%???.

16?


161/1824


) Art. 1 sa#s' -"sonsibilit# +or +ault or n"glig"n!" un"rArt. 16 0 !ula auiliana 0 is "ntir"l# s"arat" an

is tin!t +ro* t," !i$il liabilit# arising +ro* n"glig"n!"

un"r t," P"nal Co" ("4 "li!to). 7ut t," lainti++ !annot

r"!o$"r t3i!" +or t," sa*" a!t or o*ission o+ t,"

"+"nant./

Virata $. O!,oaL@61% =an. 91% 1B

A ri$"r8s a!uittal in a !ri*inal !as" is not a bar to

a !i$il !as" +or a*ag"s. ,at is ro,ibit" is a oubl"

r"!o$"r# +or t," sa*" n"glig"nt a!t.

(B) E++"!ts o+ Vi!ti*8s O3n N"glig"n!" an o+ His Contributor# N"glig"n!"

(a) ,"n a lainti++8s o3n n"glig"n!" 3as t," i**"iat" an

ro4i*at" !aus" o+ ,is injur#% ," !annot r"!o$"r a*ag"s

(b"!aus" t,"r" is no !ula auiliana on t," art o+ t," "+"nant). (Art. 1% Ci$il Co"). E4a*l"' A""strian%

not loo


162/1824


n"glig"n!" o+ t," "+"nant2

) art# !,arg" is r"uir" to a!t instantan"ousl#2

16


163/1824


9) injur# !annot b" a$oi" "sit" t," ali!ation atall ti*"s o+ all t," *"ans to a$oi t," injur# (a+t"r

t," "ril is% or s,oul ,a$"b""n% is!o$"r")% at l"astin all instan!"s 3,"r" t," r"$ious n"glig"n!" o+ t,"

art# !,arg" !annot b" sai to ,a$" !ontribut" to

t," injur# at all.

(b) I+ t," lainti++8s n"glig"n!" 3as onl# CONTI7;TOK%

t," i**"iat" an ro4i*at" !aus" o+ t," injur# b"ing

t," "+"nant8s la!< o+ u" !ar"% t," lainti++ *a# r"!o$"r

a*ag"s% 7;T t," !ourts s,all *itigat" t," a*ag"s tob" a3ar". (Art. 1% Ci$il Co").

a


164/1824


HELD'No% t,is n"glig"n!" o+ a


165/1824


a!!i"nt2 ," onl# !ontribut" to t," injur# or a*ag" uon,i*s"l+. T,"r"+or"% ," !an still r"!o$"r% but t," a*ag"s

s,oul b" r"u!" or *itigat" b"!aus" o+ ,is o3n

!ontribu tor# n"glig"n!".

() So*" Do!trin"s

(a) I+ an "*lo#"r !o*an# +ails to 3arn an ignorant "*lo#""

to b" !ar"+ul about an un+a*iliar *a!,in"% it s,oul r"

son +or a*ag"s in !as" o+ injur#. (Ta*a#o $. >s"ll% 95

P,il. 59).

(b) T," *"r" +a!t t,at a *an 3as run< at t," ti*" o+ ana!!i "nt o"s not *"an ," 3as n"glig"nt% ro$i" ,"

"4"r!is" u" !ar". (rig,t $. &anila El"!tri! Co.% B

P,il. 1).

(!) Storing otato"s in a $"r# tig,t an un$"ntilat" lor!,"run"r a burning sun !ausing t,"* to rot is gross n"glig"n!". (Has,i* an Co. $. o!,a an Co.% 1B P,il. 915).

() Abanoning a to3" $"ss"l in a !al* s"a just b"!aus" t,"to3 lin" bro. . 5). A

tir" blo3out o"s not !onstitut" n"glig"n!" unl"ss t,"

tir" 3as alr"a# ol an s,oul not ,a$" b""n us" at all.In""% t,is 3oul b" a !l"ar !as" o+ a +ortuitous "$"nt.

(origu" $. " Lin" Transortation Co.% C.A.G 51 O.>.

9??6% =un". 155).

(+) N"glig"n!" is a u"stion ""ning uon t," +a!ts o+ "a!,

arti!ular !as"2 in"" it is a u"stion o+ +a!t. (Tu!


166/1824


(a) T," +at,"r an% in !as" o+ ,is "at, or in!aa!it#% t,"*ot,"r% ar" r"sonsibl" +or t," a*ag"s !aus" b# t,"

*inor !,ilr"n 3,o li$" in t,"ir !o*an#% unl"ss t," ar"nt !an ro$" t,at ," or s," obs"r$" all t," ilig"n!" o+

166


167/1824


a goo +at,"r o+ a +a*il# to r"$"nt a*ag". (Art. 1B?%Ci$il Co").

(b) >uarians ar" liabl" +or a*ag"s !aus"b# t," *inors or

in!aa!itat" "rsons 3,o ar" un"r t,"ir aut,orit# an

li$" in t,"ir !o*an#% unl"ss sai guarians obs"r$" all

t," ilig"n!" o+ a goo +at,"r o+ a +a*il# to r"$"nt a*

ag". (Art. 1B?% Ci$il Co").

(!) E*lo#"rs s,allb" liabl" +or t," a*ag"s !aus"b# t,"ir

"*lo#""s an ,ous",ol ,"l"rs a!ting 3it,in t," s!o" o+t,"ir assign" tas


168/1824


,"n n"glig"n!" s,o3s ba +ait,% t," ro$isions o+Arti!l"s 111 an ?1%aragra, % s,all al#.

16B


169/1824


I+ t," la3 or !ontra!t o"s not stat" t," ilig"n!"3,i!, is to b" obs"r$" in t," "r+or*an!"% t,at 3,i!, is

"4"!t" o+ a goo +at,"r o+ a +a*il# s,all b" r"uir".

CO&&ENT'

(1) D"gr""s o+ Cula ;n"r o*an La3

Art. 119 !,ang"s t," "gr""s o+ !ula


170/1824


ETAODINAK an lasts +ro* t," ti*" t," goos ar"la!" in its oss"ssion until t,"# ar" "li$"r" a!tuall#

or !onstru!ti$"l#% to t," !onsign"" or to t," "rson 3,o

,as a rig,t to r"!"i$" t,"*. (Art. 196% Ci$il Co"). It !an161


171/1824


onl# b" "4"*t t,"r"+ro* +or !aus"s "nu*"rat" in Art.19@. (A*"ri!an Pr"s. Lin"s $. i!,ar A. l""r% "t al.%

L1561%No$. % 16?).G

(!) in t," abs"n!" o+ (b)% t,at "4"!t" o+ a goo +at,"r o+ a+a*il# (bonu* at"r +a*ilia)

NOTE' In a !ontra!t 3it, a !o**on !arri"r +oras

s"ng"rs (li


172/1824


9B S % 6 (159)

ISS;E' I+ an auto*obil" 3it, a +ur !oat insi" is l"+t

insi" a ar


173/1824


o+ t," ar


174/1824


i not 3it,ra3 ,"r "osit b"!aus" s," r"li" on "tition"r

ban


175/1824

Art. 11@CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

a+t"r *aturit# o+ t," ti*" "osit an s," s"t asi" t," *on"#t,"r"in +or ,"r r"tir"*"nt.

Art. 11@. E4!"t in !as"s "4r"ssl# s"!i+i" b# t,"

la3% or 3,"n it is ot,"r3is" "!lar" b# stiulation or

3,"n t," natur" o+ t," obligation r"uir"s t," assu*tion

o+ ris L5?1B% No$. B% 159).G

(!) ,"n t," natur" o+ t," obligation r"uir"s t," assu*tion

o+ ris< (t," o!trin" o+ CEATED IS) E4a*l"' ,"n

a !arri"r transorts #na*it"% an b"!aus" o+ an

a!!i"ntal tir" blo3out it injur"s n"arb# ro"rt#% t,"

!arri"r 3oul b" r"sonsibl". T,is is b"!aus" o+ t,"

natur" o+ !arr#ing #na*it". ;on t," ot,"r ,an%injuri"s !aus" b# a tir"blo3out o+ a "r+"!tl# n"3 tir"%or at l"ast a still goo on"% 3,"n no "4losi$"s or

15


176/1824


ang"rous t,ings 3"r" b"ing !ar ri"% ar" u" to an

una$oiabl" a!!i"nt% an t," o3n"r o+ t," !ar 3oul not

b" liabl". (S"" origu" $. " Lin" Transortation Co.%C.A.G 51 O.>. 9??6% =un. 155).G

16


177/1824

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESArt. 11@

(9) Eui$al"nt T"r*s +or Fortuitous E$"nt(a) !aso +ortuito (lit"ral translation)

(b) a!t o+ >o (lio%/ t," +ollo3ing *ust

!on!ur' (a) t," !aus" o+ t," br"a!, o+ t," obligation *ust

b" in""n"nt o+ t," 3ill o+ t," "btor2 (b) t," "$"nt *ust

b" "it,"r un+or"s""abl" or una$oiabl"2 (!) t," "$"nt *ust

b" su!, as to r"n"r it i*ossibl" +or t," "btor to +ul+ill ,is

obligation in a nor*al *ann"r2 an () t," "btor *ust b"

+r"" +ro* an# arti!iation in% or aggra$ation o+% t," injur#

to t," !r"itor.

An a!t o+ >o is an a!!i"nt% u" ir"!tl# an "4

!lusi$"l# to natural !aus"s 3it,out ,u*an int"r$"ntion%3,i!, b# no a*ount o+ +or"sig,t% ains or !ar"% r"asonabl#

to ,a$"b""n "4"!t"% !oul ,a$"b""n r"$"nt".

(!) +or!" *aj"ur" (li


178/1824


E4a*l"' Da*ag" to train ass"ng"rs 3,"n t," train is

,it b# lig,tning.

1B


179/1824


(!) t," o!!urr"n!" *ust b" su!, as to r"n"r it i*ossibl" +ort," "btor to +ul+ill ,is obligation in a nor*al *ann"r.

E4a*l"s' Ar*" robb"r# !ausing t," loss o+ a s"!i+i! raio% but not i+ *on"# is ta"n. " Taba!os% L% &ar. % 15).

(5) So*" Cas"s

Lasa* $. S*it,@5 P,il. 65

FACTS' Aass"ng"r 3as ,urt 3,"n t," !ar ," 3as riing

on +igur" in an -a!!i"nt/ !aus" "it,"r b# t," ri$"r8s r"!


180/1824


HELD' K"s% t," !ontra!tor is liabl"% b"!aus" ro"rl# in

t"rr"t"% t," ro$ision uot" abo$" is on" t,at !l"arl# i*os"s

1B?


181/1824


liabilit# "$"n +or +ortuitous "$"nts. Su!, a stiulation is !l"arl#allo3"b# t," la3.

Vi!torias Plant"rs Assn.% "t al. $.

Vi!torias &illing Co.% In!. P,il. 91B

FACTS' In a !ontra!t% it 3as agr"" t,at +or 9? #"ars% t,"lant"rs 3oul "li$"r t,"ir sugar to a *illing !o*an#. Ho3

"$"r% uring t," 3ar (@ #"ars) an uring t," "rio o+ r"!onstitution ( #"ars)% t," *illing !o*an# !oul not o"rat" its *ill.

Issu"' S,oul t," "rio o+ 6 #"ars b" *a" uJ In ot,"r 3ors%

s,oul t," lant"rs b" r"uir" to "li$"r +or 6 *or" #"ars t,"irsugar to t," sa*" *ill to *a


182/1824


sin!" t," !ontra!t i not ro$i" +or liabilit# "$"n in !as" o+

+or!" *aj"ur".

1B


183/1824


7ail"# $. L" Cr"sign#La3 "orts% @? 7 1B?

FACTS' A "nt"rs into a !ontra!t 3it, 7 obligating ,i*s"l+

un"r a bon to !onstru!t a 3"lling ,ous" uon a arti!ular

tra!t o+ lan. 7ut b"+or" !o*l"tion o+ t," !onstru!tion% t,"

go$"rn*"nt "4roriat" t," lan2 ,"n!"% +ul+ill*"nt 3as not

*a". Issu"' Is A liabl"J

HELD'No% +or t,is 3as un+or"s""n. To "!i" !ontra!t3is"

3oul b" naus"ating to t," $"r# i"a o+justi!".

Sian% "t al. $. Lo"% "t al.

L59B% O!t. ?% 15@

I+ a +ir" +ortuitousl# br"a


184/1824


o+ bot, t," s,i an its !argo% t," o3n"r 3ill still b" ,"l liabl".

H" !annot absol$" ,i*s"l+b# !r#ing -an a!t o+ >o./

1B@


185/1824


Soriano $. D" L"on% "t al.(C.A.) @B O.>. @5% =un. 15

I+ a "btor +ails to"r+or* b"!aus" o+ +loos an ina"uat"

transortation% ," is not r"sonsibl".

;.S. $. &a*bag96 P,il. 9B@

I+ a stol"n !arabao i"s b"!aus" o+ a +ortuitous "$"nt% t,"t,i"+ is still liabl" unl"ss t," !r"itoro3n"r is in *ora a!!ii

"ni.

Na @B51% O!t. 9% 1B6

FACTS' T," builing !ontra!tor an t," ar!,it"!t *a"

substantial "$iations +ro* t," lans an s"!i+i!ations an+ail" to obs"r$" t," r"uisit" 3oro +or 3,i!, ," is not r"sonsibl"% int"r$"n"s to

r"!iitat" t," loss.

>at!,alian $. D"li*

> 56@B% O!t. 1% 11

To "4"*t a !o**on !arri"r +ro* liabilit# +or "at, or

1B5


186/1824


,#si!al injuri"s toass"ng"rs uon t," groun o+ +or!" *aj"ur"%t," !arri"r *ust !l"arl# s,o3 not onl# t,at t," "++i!i"nt !aus"

o+ t," !asualt# 3as "ntir"l# in""n"nt o+ t," ,u*an 3ill% but

1B6


187/1824


also t,at it 3as i*ossibl" to a$oi. An# arti!iation b# t,"!o**on !arri"r in t," o!!urr"n!" o+ t," injur# 3ill "+"at t,""+"ns" o+ +or!" *aj"ur". ,"r" +ortuitous "$"nt or +or!" *aj"ur"

is t," i**"iat" an ro4i*at" !aus" o+ t," loss% t," obligor

is "4"*t +ro* liabilit# +or non"r+or*an!". T," artias%t," ant"!""nt o+ Arti!l" 11@ o+ t," Ci$il Co"% "+in"s -!aso

+ortuito/ as an "$"nt t,at ta 1561% Aug. B% ??

FACTS' ;n"r S"!. 1 o+ C"ntral 7an< Cir!ular 9@%

ul"s an "gulations +or Pa3ns,os% 3,i!, too< "++"!t on

=ul. 19%

19% an 3,i!, 3as issu" ursuant to PD No. 11@% t," Pa3n

*a


188/1824


ul# i*os" on "tition"r to insur" t," a3n" j"3"lr# in

3,i!, !as" it 3as "rror +or t," Court o+ A"als (CA) to

!onsi"r it as a +a!tor in !on!luing t,at "tition"rs 3"r"n"glig"nt.

1BB


189/1824


HELD' T,"r" is non". N"$"rt,"l"ss% t," r"on"ran!" o+"$i"n!" s,o3s t,at "tition"rs +ail" to "4"r!is" t," ilig"n!"

r"uir" o+ t,"* un"r t," N"3 Ci$il Co". T," ilig"n!" 3it,

3,i!, t," la3 r"uir"s t," ini$iual at all ti*"s to go$"rn ,is

!onu!t $ari"s 3it, t," natur" o+ t," situation in 3,i!, ," isla!" an "!"its La3. (Piliinas 7an< $. Ong% @95 P,il.

9 ??G). Furt,"r% t," art# in$o


190/1824


not "4tinguis,". (It is !on$"rt" into a *on"tar# obligation

+or a*ag"s.)

1?


191/1824


Art. 115. ;surious transa!tions s,all b" go$"rn"b#s"!ial la3s.

CO&&ENT'

(1) ;sur#8 D"+in"

It is !ontra!ting +or or r"!"i$ing so*"t,ing in "4!"ss o+

t," a*ount allo3"b# la3 +or t," loan or us" o+ *on"#% goos%

!,att"ls% or !r"its. (Tol"ntino M &anio $. >onal"s S# C,ia*%

5? P,il. 55B). In ot,"r 3ors% usur# is t," "4a!tion o+ "4!"ssi$"int"r"st.

() ins o+ Int"r"st

T,"r" ar" t3o


192/1824


"++"!ti$" =an. 1% 1B9.

1


193/1824


(@) D"+inition o+ Si*l" Loan (&utuu*)7# t," !ontra!t o+ si*l" loan% on" o+ t," arti"s "li$"rs

to anot,"r *on"# or ot,"r !onsu*abl" t,ings uon t," !onition t,at t," sa*" a*ount o+ t," sa*"


194/1824


NOTE' T," rat"s gi$"n abo$" ,a$" alr"a#b""n !,ang" (+ro* ti*" to ti*") b# t," &on

"tar# 7oar an b# t," 7ang


195/1824


(b) L"gal at" (t,at r"su*"b# t," la3 to ,a$"b""n agr""uon i+ t," loan *"ntions int"r"st but no rat" 3as stiulat")

T,is us" to b" 6Q "r annu* (Art. ?% Ci$il Co"2

s"" S"!. 1% A!t 655). It is no3 1Q "r annu* as ir"!t"

b# a C"ntral 7an< (7ang. . ?).

() In!onsist"n!# in t," Co"

In !as" o+ !on+li!t% 3,i!, s,oul r"$ail% t," Ci$il Co" or

t," ;sur# La3J

ANS.' T," Ci$il Co" ans3"r" t,is in!onsist"ntl#.

(a) In Art. 115% it is "$i"nt t,at t," ;sur# La3 r"$ails

0 -;surious transa!tions s,all b" go$"rn" b# s"!ialla3s./

(b) K"t% in Art. 161% t," la3 sa#s t," Ci$il Co" r"$ails

0 -;surious !ontra!ts s,allb" go$"rn"b# t," ;sur# La3

an ot,"r s"!ial la3s so +ar as t,"# ar" not in!onsist"nt

3it, t,is Co"./

(NOTE' Eit,"r o+ t," t3o !on+li!ting arti!l"s *ust b" r"

"al".)

(NOTE' In t," !as" o+ C,"ri" Palil"o $. 7"atri Cosio% L

66% No$. B% 155% t," Sur"*" Court ali" t," Ci$il

15


196/1824


Co" inst"a o+ t," ;sur# La3. Ho3"$"r% t," "!ision i

not is!uss t," !on+li!t.)

16


197/1824


(NOTE' In t," !as"% ,o3"$"r% o+ Ang"l =os" ar",ousingCo.% In!. $. C,"la Ent"rris"s an Da$i S#jui!o% L5?@% Ar.

@% 16B% t," Court ,"l t,at 3it, r"s"!t to t," u"stion 0

-,o3 *u!, int"r"st !an b" r"!o$"r" b# a "btor 3,o ,as ai

usuri ous int"r"stJ88 0 t," int"r"st r"!o$"rabl" is t," "ntir"

int"r"st agr"" uon +or su!, "ntir" int"r"st is VOID. T," Court

+urt,"r ,"l t,at 3it, r"s"!t to sai u"stion% t,"r" is NOCONFLICTb"t3""n t," Ci$il Co" an t," ;sur# La3.)

Ang"l =os" ar",ousing Co.% In!. $.C,"la Ent"rris"s an Da$i S#jui!o

L5?@% Ar. @% 16B

FACTS' A artn"rs,i (C,"la Ent"rris"s an Da$i

S#jui!o) borro3" P?%??? +ro* Ang"l =os" ar",ousing Co.

at !l"arl# usurious rat"s (+ro* Q to 1UQ PE &ONTH).

ISS;ES'

(a) Can !r"itor r"!o$"r t," PINCIPAL "btJ

(b) I+ t," "ntir" usurious rat" ,as b""n ai b# t," "btor%

,o3 *u!, o+ it !an b" r"!o$"r" b# sai "btor +ro* t,"!r"itorJ

HELD'

(a) K"s% t," !r"itor !an r"!o$"r t," PINCIPAL "bt. T,"

!ontra!t o+ loan 3it, usurious int"r"st is $ali as to t,"

loan% an $oi onl# 3it, r"s"!t to t," int"r"st 0 +or t,"loan is t," rin!ial !ontra!t 3,il" t," int"r"st is *"r"l#an a!!"ssor# "l"*"nt. T," t3o ar" s"arabl" +ro* "a!,

ot,"r. (S"" Lo" $. El Hogar Filiino% @ P,il. @). T,"

ruling on t,is oint b# t," Court o+ A"als in t," !as" o+

S"bastian $. 7autista% 5B O.>. No. 15% . 91@6% ,oling t,at

"$"n t," loan its"l+ is $oi is ON>.

(b) it, r"s"!t to t," usurious int"r"st% t," "ntir" int"r"st

agr"" uon is $oi% an i+ alr"a# ai% *a# b" r"!o$"r"

b# t," "btor. It is 3rong to sa# t,at t," "btor !an r"!o$"ronl# t," "4!"ss o+ 1Q or 1@Q% as t," !as" *a# b" 0 +or t,"si*l" r"ason t,at t," "ntir" int"r"st stiulation is ini$is

1


198/1824


ibl"% an b"ing ill"gal% s,oulb" !onsi"r" "ntir"l# $oi. It

is tru" t,at Art. 1@19 o+ t," Ci$il Co" stat"s t,at -int"r"st

1B


199/1824


ai in "4!"ss o+ t," int"r"st allo3"b# t," ;sur# La3*a# b" r"!o$"r"b# t," "btor 3it, int"r"st t,"r"on +ro*

t," at" o+a#*"nt.88 7ut% as 3" !onstru" it% Art. 1@19% ins"a


200/1824


to a# *on"#% 3,"r" t," "btor in!urs in "la#% ," ,as to

a# int"r"stb# 3a# o+ a*ag"s. (Art. ?% Ci$il Co").

??


201/1824


Lia* La3 $. Ol#*i! Sa3*illL9?1% &a# B% 1B@

1. T," r"uir"*"nt in t," ;sur# La3 an t," ul"s o+

Court t,at an all"gation o+ usur#% i+ it is "ni"%*ust b" "ni" un"r oat,% ali"s onl# i+ it is t,"

lainti++ *a


202/1824


o+ t," rin!ial% t," a!!u*ulat" int"r"st *a# in !"rtain !as"s

still b" r"!o$"r". (S"" &agal"na Estat"s% In!. $. origu"%

L1B@11% D"!. 1% 166).

?


203/1824


() E4a*l" o+ Par. ("!"it o+ a Lat"r Install*"nt)I+ a !r"itor r"!"i$"s t," +ourt, install*"nt o+ a "bt% it is

un"rstoo t,at t," +irst t,r"" install*"nts ,a$"b""n ai.

(NOTE' I+ I a# *# in!o*" ta4 t,is #"ar% no r"su*tion

aris"s about *# a#*"nt o+ t," ta4 last #"ar. Ta4"s a#abl" b#

t," #"ar !annotb" !onsi"r" install*"nts.)

NOTE' T," r"su*tion in ar. is also r"buttabl".

(&anila Traing M Sul# Co. $. &"ina% L16@% &a# 91%

161).G

(NOTE' In &anila Traing an Sul# Co. $. &"ina% L

16@% &a# 91% 161% it 3as rul" t,at +or t," r"su*tion inar. % Art. 116 to al#% it is not "noug, t,at t," r"!"it +or

t," install*"nt ai b" at"2 it *ust also s"!i+# t,at t,"r"!"it is +or t," a#*"nt o+ a arti!ular install*"nt u"% +or

"4a*l"% on a !"rtain *ont,. T,us% i+ t," at" o+ t," r"!"it is

=anuar#%

1% t,is +a!t alon" b# its"l+ !annot justi+# t," in+"r"n!" t,att," =anuar# install*"nt ,a b""n ai. T," r"!"it *a# ,a$"

b""n +or a rior install*"nt.)

Art. 11. T," !r"itors% a+t"r ,a$ing ursu" t," ro

"rt# in oss"ssion o+ t," "btor to satis+# t,"ir !lai*s% *a#

"4"r!is" all t," rig,ts an bring all t," a!tions o+ t," latt"r

+or t," sa*" uros"% sa$" t,os" 3,i!, ar" in,"r"nt in ,is

"rson2 t,"# *a# also i*ugn t," a!ts 3,i!, t," "btor

*a# ,a$" on" to "+rau t,"*.

CO&&ENT'

(1) ig,ts o+ Cr"itors

(a) "4a!t a#*"nt.

(b) "4,aust "btor8s ro"rti"s% g"n"rall# b# atta!,*"nt ("4

!"t ro"rti"s "4"*t"b# t," la3). (S"" Art. 96% Ci$il

Co").

(!) a!!ion subrogatoria (subrogator# a!tion) 0 i.".% "4"r!is"

?9


204/1824


all rig,ts an a!tions "4!"t t,os" in,"r"nt in t," "rson

(li


205/1824


not r"*"# o+ subrogation r"+"rr" to in t," C,at"r onNo$ation. (S"" B &anr"sa%. ).

() a!!ion auliana (i*ugn or r"s!in a!ts or !ontra!ts on"

b# t," "btor to "+rau t," !r"itors). (S"" Arts. 19B? to

19B o+ t," Ci$il Co" 3,i!, "als 3it, r"s!issibl" !on

tra!ts.)

E4a*l"'

"galao $. Lu!,asing!o an Co.5 P,il. 65

FACTS' A 3as a "+"nant in a !i$il !as". H" lost% an at

ta!,*"nt 3as issu" against ,is ro"rt#. 7% t," 3inn"r% !oul

not !oll"!t ,is !lai* b"!aus" it 3as is!o$"r" t,at A ,a sol

,is 3ar",ous" to ,is son% C% a+t"r atta!,*"nt ,a b""n issu"

on su!, ro"rt#. 7% 3,o !oul not !oll"!t in an# ot,"r 3a# b"

!aus" A ,a no *on"#% broug,t an a!tion to r"s!in t," !ontra!t

all"g"l# *a" to "+rau ,i*. It 3as ro$" t,at'

1) Alt,oug, t," 3ar",ous" 3as 3ort, P5%???% t," son al

l"g"l#ai onl# P15%??? +or it2

) T," sonrobabl# i not ,a$" t," P15%??? or an# ot,"r

su* o+ i*ortan!" 3it, 3,i!, to bu# t," sai 3ar",ous".

HELD' T," transa!tion is +rauul"nt an sin!" 7% t,"

!r"itor% !annot r"!o$"r in an# ot,"r 3a#% t," !ontra!t oug,t to

b" r"s!in".

S"rrano $. C"ntral 7an


206/1824


207/1824


() E4a*l"s o+ ig,ts In,"r"nt in t," P"rson o+ t,"D"btor an ,i!, T,"r"+or" Cannot 7" E4"r!is" b#t," Cr"i tors

(a) T," rig,t to "4ist"n!"% t,"r"b# "4"*ting +ro* t," r"a!,o+ !r"itors% 3,at"$"r ," *a# b" r"!"i$ing as suort.

(b) ig,ts or r"lations o+ a ubli! !,ara!t"r (li


208/1824


$alu" not "4!""ing on" ,unr" t,ousan "sos2

(+) Pro$isions +or ini$iual or +a*il# us" su++i!i"nt +or +our

*ont,s2

?B


209/1824


(g) T," ro+"ssional librari"s an "ui*"nt o+ jug"s% la3#"rs% ,#si!ians% ,ar*a!ists% "ntists% "ngin""rs% sur$"#ors% !l"rg#*"n% t"a!,"rs% an ot,"r ro+"ssionals% not"4!""ing t,r"" ,unr" t,ousan "sos in $alu"2

(,) On" +is,ing boat an a!!"ssori"s not "4!""ing t," total$alu" o+ on" ,unr" t,ousan"sos o3n" b# a +is,"r*anan b# t," la3+ul us" o+ 3,i!, ," "arns ,is li$"li,oo2

(i) So *u!, o+ t," salari"s% 3ag"s% or "arnings o+ t,"jug*"nt obligor +or ,is "rsonal s"r$i!"s 3it,in t,"+our *ont,sr"!"ing t," l"$# as ar" n"!"ssar# +or t,"suort o+ ,is +a*il#2

(j) L"tt"r" gra$"ston"s2

(


210/1824


jui!ial aro$al% s,all b" "4"*t +ro* "4"!ution% +or!"sal"% or atta!,*"nt% "4!"t'

1?


211/1824


1) +or nona#*"nt o+ ta4"s (all


212/1824


A !r"itor o+ an insol$"nt !ororation !an su" a subs!rib"rt,"r"to 3,o ,as not !o*l"t"l# ai +or ,is subs!rition% ro

1


213/1824


$i" su!, !r"itor su"s not in ,is o3n ri$at" !aa!it#%but ina r"r"s"ntati$" !aa!it#% t,at is% in b",al+ o+ t," !ororation.T,is is un"r t," rational" t,at sai unai subs!rition is anass"t o+ t," !ororation an t,"r"+or" 3it,in t," r"a!,% not o+t," suing !r"itor alon"%but o+ all t," $arious !ororat" !r"itors. A !ontrar# rul" 3oul b" un+air to all t," ot,"r !ororat"!r"itors.

Art. 11B. Subj"!t to t," la3s% all rig,ts a!uir" in $irtu" o+ an obligation ar" trans*issibl"% i+ t,"r" ,as b""n nostiulation to t," !ontrar#.

CO&&ENT'

(1) Trans*issibilit# o+ ig,ts

(a) >"n"ral rul" 0 ig,ts ar" trans*issibl".

(b) E4!"tions

1) i+ t," la3 ro$i"s ot,"r3is"2

) i+ t," !ontra!t ro$i"s ot,"r3is"2

9) i+ t," obligation is ur"l# "rsonal.

NOTE' Intrans*issibilit# b# !ontra!tual stiulation%b"ing t," "4!"tion to t," rul"% *ust b" !l"arl# ro$". (S""Estat" o+ H"rnan" $. Luon Sur"t# Co.% LB@9% No$. B%156).G

() NonN"gotiabl" Pro*issor# Not"E$"n i+ a ro*issor# not" is not n"gotiabl"% it *a# still

b" gi$"n% onat"% or assign" to anot,"r. T," "++"!ts 3ill b"go$"rn" not b# t," la3 on n"gotiation but b# t," la3 on assign*"nt or onations. (>onal"s $. 7las% 9 P,il. 9). Pa#*"nt!an b" *a" to trans+"r""% ro$i" ," is in la3+ul oss"ssiono+ t," !r"it. (Aarraga $. origu"% P,il. 69).

(9) Trans+"r o+ ig,ts +ro* t," =aan"s" to t," A*"ri!ans

to t," Filiinos

"ubli! $. E*ilio >uanon

19


214/1824


L9@% D"!. 1B% 1@

FACTS' E*ilio >uanon borro3" *on"# +ro* t," 7anATIONS

Art. 11. E$"r# obligation 3,os" "r+or*an!" o"s not""n uon a +utur" or un!"rtain "$"nt% or uon a ast

"$"nt un


221/1824


E4a*l"'

(a) I8ll bu# #our lan +or P1? *illion i+ #ou ass t," last bar

1


222/1824


"4a*inations. (T,is is sus"nsi$" +or t," r"sults 3ill b"a3ait").

(b) I8ll gi$" #ou *# lan no3% but s,oul #ou +ail in t," lastbar"4a*inations% #our o3n"rs,i 3ill !"as" an it 3ill b" *in"again. (T,is is r"solutor# b"!aus" it "ns uon +ailur".).

(9) D"+inition o+ Conition

-It is an un!"rtain "$"nt 3,i!, 3i"ls an in+lu"n!" on al"gal r"lations,i./ 0 &anr"sa.

(@) D"+inition o+ a T"r* or P"rio

T,at 3,i!, n"!"ssaril# *ust !o*" (li


223/1824


,"r" is% +utur"


224/1824


a !onition is r"all# -a +utur" AND !"rtain "$"nt%/ not -a +utur"O un!"rtain "$"nt./ (=.7.L. "#"s% Obs"r$ation on t," N"3 Ci$ilCo"% La3#"r8s =ournal% =an. 91% 151% . @).

() Classi+i!ation o+ Conitions

(a) 0 1)

sus"nsi$"0 t," ,a"ning o+ t," !onitiongi$"s ris" to t," obligation.

)

r"solutor#0 t," ,a"ning o+ t," !onition

"4tin guis,"s t," obligation.(b) 0 1

)

ot"stati$"0 ""ns uon t," 3ill o+ t,""btor

)

!asual0 ""ns on !,an!" or ,aar or t,"

3ill o+ a t,ir "rson (i+ I 3in in t," lotto).

9

)

*i4" 0 ""ns artl# on t," 3ill o+ on" o+

t,"arti"s an artl# on !,an!" or t," 3ill o+ at,ir"rson (i+ Iass t," bar).

(!) 0 1 i$isibl" (!aabl" o+artial "r+or*an!").

)

ini$isibl" (not !aabl" o+ artial"r+or*an!" b"!aus" o+ t," natur" o+ t,"t,ing% or b"!aus" o+ t," int"ntion o+ t,"

() 0 1 ositi$"0 an a!t is to b" "r+or*".

n"gati$"0 so*"t,ing 3ill b" o*itt".

(") 0 1 "4r"ss 0 t,"!onition

isstat".

i*li"0 t," !onition *"r"l# in+"rr".

(+) 0 1)

ossibl"0 !aabl" o+ +ul+ill*"nt in natur" anin la3.

)

i*ossibl" 0 not !aabl" o+ +ul+ill*"nt u" tonatur" or u" to t," o"ration o+ t," la3 or*or als or ubli! oli!#2 or u" to a

!ontrai!tion in its t"r*s.

(g) 0 1)

!onjun!ti$" 0 i+ all t," !onitions *ust b"

"r +or*".

@


225/1824


)

alt"rnati$"0 i+ onl# a +"3 o+ t," !onitions,a$" to b" "r+or*". (S"" B &anr"sa 19?).

5


226/1824

Art. 11B?CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Art. 11B?. ,"n t," "btor bins ,i*s"l+ to a# 3,"n,is *"ans "r*it ,i* to o so% t," obligation s,all b"

""*" to b" on" 3it, a "rio% subj"!t to t," ro$isions o+

Arti!l"11.

CO&&ENT'

(1) D"btor to Pa# -,"n His &"ans P"r*it/

Alt,oug, it *a# s""* t,at Art. 11B? s"a

8/12/2019 Civil Code Volu

Civil Code Volume IV Obligations Contracts

Documents

Transcript of Civil Code Volume IV Obligations Contracts